Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Article

Tongue Growth during Prenatal Development in Korean Fetuses and Embryos: Soo Jeong Hong, Bong Geun Cha, Yeon Sook Kim, Suk Keun Lee, Je Geun Chi; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(6):497-510. Published online October 16, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.09.17

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Background
Prenatal tongue development may affect oral-craniofacial structures, but this muscular organ has rarely been investigated. Methods: In order to document the physiology of prenatal tongue growth, we histologically examined the facial and cranial base structures of 56 embryos and 106 fetuses. Results: In Streeter’s stages 13–14 (fertilization age [FA], 28 to 32 days), the tongue protruded into the stomodeal cavity from the retrohyoid space to the cartilaginous mesenchyme of the primitive cranial base, and in Streeter’s stage 15 (FA, 33 to 36 days), the tongue rapidly swelled and compressed the cranial base to initiate spheno-occipital synchondrosis and continued to swell laterally to occupy most of the stomodeal cavity in Streeter’s stage 16–17 (FA, 37 to 43 days). In Streeter’s stage 18–20 (FA, 44 to 51 days), the tongue was vertically positioned and filled the posterior nasopharyngeal space. As the growth of the mandible and maxilla advanced, the tongue was pulled down and protruded anteriorly to form the linguomandibular complex. Angulation between the anterior cranial base (ACB) and the posterior cranial base (PCB) was formed by the emerging tongue at FA 4 weeks and became constant at approximately 124°–126° from FA 6 weeks until birth, which was consistent with angulations measured on adult cephalograms. Conclusions: The early clockwise growth of the ACB to the maxillary plane became harmonious with the counter-clockwise growth of the PCB to the tongue axis during the early prenatal period. These observations suggest that human embryonic tongue growth affects ACB and PCB angulation, stimulates maxillary growth, and induces mandibular movement to achieve the essential functions of oral and maxillofacial structures.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal.2018; 55(4): 562. CrossRef
Tongue development in stillborns autopsied at different gestational ages
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Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português).2018; 94(6): 616. CrossRef
Coexisting Congenital Subglosso-palatal Membrane and Tongue Dermoid in a Neonate
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Journal of Cleft Lip Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies.2017; 4(2): 168. CrossRef

Case Report

Bilateral Frontal Polymicrogyria: An Autopsy Case Report.: Yi Kyeong Chun, Jong Sun Choi, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S62-S65.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S62

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Abstract PDF: Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria is a recently recognized syndrome characterized by symmetric polymicrogyria of both frontal lobes that presents with delayed motor and language development, spastic quadriparesis, and variable mental retardation. However, the postmortem findings of this syndrome are not fully elaborated. Here we describe an autopsy case of bilateral frontal polymicrogyria in a male fetus delivered at 22 weeks gestation due to extensive chorioamnionitis. The microscopic findings included a thinned cortical plate with fair neuronal maturation. There were no signs of neuronal damage and the white matter was unremarkable.

Original Articles

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis: A Clinico-Cytological Review of 10 Cases with Immunocytochemical Analysis.: Eun Hee Suh, Seong Hoe Park, Je Geun Chi; Korean J Cytopathol. 2008;19(1):27-33.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.1.27

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Abstract PDF: Although subacute granulomatous thyroiditis(SGT) is usually diagnosed clinically, papillary carcinoma or other thyroid conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and fine-needle aspiration(FNA) cytologic findings seen in 10 SGT cases to decide what are the most reliable cytologic findings and the most helpful molecular tools for reaching a confident cytologic diagnosis. The most representative smear slides were retrieved to perform immunocytochemistry for cytokeratin19(CK19) and Ret protein. Five papillary carcinomas(PTCs) were included as controls. The constant and typical cytologic findings of SGT were multinucleated giant cells(MGCs) (100%), epithelioid granulomas(90%), an inflammatory dirty background(90%) and plump transformed follicular cells(80%) without fire-flare cells, oncocytic cells or transformed lymphocytes. The immunoreactivities for CK19(37.5%) and Ret(10%) of the follicular cells of SGT were less than those(CK19 and Ret:100%) of PTC. CK19 immunoreactivity of the MGCs was seen in only one case of PTC. There was no significant difference between CK19 and Ret immunocytochemical staining for the MGCs of both SGT and PTC. The results of this study demonstrate that the cytological diagnosis of SGT can be improved by employing a combination of the typical and constant diagnostic cytological features and immunocytochemical results.

Prenatal Development of Eccrine Sweat Gland: Morphologic and Morphometric Analysis.: Nam Bok Cho, Tae Jin Lee, Je G Chi, Kye Yong Song; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):121-134.

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Abstract PDF: To elucidate the developmental sequence of the eccrine sweat gland, a morphologic and a morphometric observation were done using developing human embryos and fetuses. Five embryos and sixty four fetuses from the 9th to the 38th week of the gestational age were studied. The skin was sampled in eight different areas, i.e., scalp, forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, palm and sole. Routine histological sections were made for histological evaluation and morphometric analysis. The results obtained were as follows : The primordia of the eccrine sweat glands appeared first as regular undulation of the basal cells in the palm and the sole in the 13th week of getation. Subsequently, elongation and coiling of the cell cords were noted from the 16th to the 18th weeks. Intraductal lumen formation was first noted in the 20th week. Secretory segment of the eccrine sweat glands were noted from the distal part of the coiling intradermal sweat duct in the 22nd week of the gestational age. The eccrine sweat glands became fully developed by the 28th week of gestation and this included the clear cell, the dark cell and the myoepithelial cell. In the morphometric analysis, the number of eccrine epithelial buddings were decreased with aging and the highest were in the palm and the sole. The diameter of the eccrine sweat duct showed no significant change by gestational age or in the different sites observed. Straight and coiled eccrine sweat ducts or glands were lengthened into the deep reticular dermis and upper portion of the subcutaneous adipose tissue with an increase of the gestational age. The above results suggest that developmental stage and the number of eccrine glands of the skin in the fetal stage is different from other areas of the body, especially in the palm and the sole.

Prenatal Development of Sebaceous Gland: Morphologic and Morphometric Observation.: Im Joong Yoon, Je Geun Chi, Kye Yong Song; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(4):273-282.

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to illustrate the histological and morphometric features of the sebaceous gland of human fetal skin. For this purpose, we studied 12 human embryos and 60 fetuses from the 4 th to 38 th week of gestation. In each case, we sampled eight different areas of skin, i.e., scalp, forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, extremity, and palm and sole. Through routine tissue processing, hematoxylin and eosin preparations were made for morphology and morphometric analysis. The sebaceous gland anlagen is noted in the face and scalp by the 14th week of gestation, being subsequently generalized in other parts of the body, namely by 16th week of gestation. The lobation of the sebaceous gland subsequently differentiated into multilobular appearance in the face and scalp by the 17th week of gestation and in the chest and abdomen by the 26th week of gestation. The sebaceous ducts were seen by the 21th week of gestation in face and scalp, and in the chest and abdomen by the 27th week of gestation. In morphometric observation, the number and diameter of sebaceous gland were reached its peak during the 21st to 24th week of gestation, and then decreased gradually until it became constant in later days of the gestational period. In general, cephalic portion of the body had more sebaceous glands and also was larger in diameter. This difference became negligible as fetuses reached the term.

The Role of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in the Cardiac Development.: Eo Jin Kim, Hyo Soo Kim, Jeong Wook Seo; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(12):1049-1057.

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Abstract: The functional and morphologic cardiac developments are determined by the morphogenesis, growth and remodeling of the heart resulted from the cell proliferation and apoptosis. We studied the distribution of the proliferation and apoptotic activity of myocardial cells according to the developmental stages in embryos of C57bl/6 mice. Serial histologic sections were stained with PCNA and TUNEL method and were analyzed with image analyzer (BMI, Seoul). The ventricular myocardium of an embryonic heart could be divided into trabecular, inner compact and outer compact layers. Proliferation indices at layers of the left ventricular myocardium on embryonal days (ED) 13, 14, 16, 17 and 18 were 19.9%/47.4%/60.4%, 16.1%/45.8%/60.3%, 24.6%/45.6%/38.1%, 23.3%/17.7%/18.3% and 31.2%/28.0%/19.4% (trabecular/ inner compact/ outer compact) and the right ventricle, 11.0%/34.4%/60.5%, 23.0%/44.0%/69.0%, 29.2%/42.9%/35.1%, 30.4%/30.5%/22.3% and 32.4%/28.4%/16.3%. The apoptotic indices of the left ventricle/VIF were 0.23%/3.66% on ED 13-14, 0.42%/1.31% on ED 16 and 0.05%/0.60% on ED 17-18. The results show that the proliferation of the myocytes was maximal at the outer compact layer on ED 13 and 14 but lowest on ED 17 and 18. This decrease was more pronounced at the left ventricle. The innermost trabecular layer showed a constant proliferation activity of 11.0-32.4%. The presence of spatiotemporal differences in the cell proliferation reveals regional regulation in the developmental timing of cardiac development. Functional maturation is considered to be responsible for the change of proliferation activity. The apoptosis was most frequent and intense in the VIF and crux throughout the periods of each embryonal day where as rarely seen in the ventricular myocardium, especially in the trabecular layer of myocardium. These findings suggest that the apoptosis plays the role in the development of atrioventricular, ventriculoarterial septation and valve formation. Our results also reveal that the participation of apoptosis in formation of the trabeculation can be denied.

Abnormal Development and Apoptosis Observed in Brains of the Trisomy 16 Mouse.: Eun youn Cho, Yeon Lim Suh, Je Geun Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(8):570-580.

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Abstract PDF: We have studied morphologic characteristics and apoptosis on the fetal brain of the trisomy 16 mouse, a model for human trisomy 21 syndrome. This study was based on serial sections of the whole brain from a sample of sixteen trisomy 16 mice and forty-six age-matched control littermates from embryonic day (ED) 12 to ED 18. Trisomy 16 brains showed a reduction of telencephalic size and abnormal cortical development. At ED 13 trisomy 16 and control brains appeared similar. By ED 14 difference in the cortical thickness and telencephalic growth became evident, and by ED 16 a marked size difference had developed between the trisomy 16 and control brains. By ED 18, however, the thickness of the trisomy 16 cortex had increased considerably and was not significantly different with respect to the thickness and cross-sectional areas of the pallium and its constituent cortical layers. The cell density of the trisomy 16 cortex had persistently decreased before ED 17, when the cell density of control and trisomy 16 corteces was similar within each layer. At ED 18 cell density of trisomy 16 cortex in each layer increased. There was inverse relationship between a number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells and cell density in the trisomy 16 brains. Our results suggest that developmental abnormalities of the trisomy 16 brain indicated developmental delay of the telencephalon growth, which may be caused by apoptosis rather than by a proliferation defect.

Expression of Cytokeratin 1, 10 and 14 in Fetal Skin.: Kye Yong Song, Sun Lee, Dong Hye Suh, Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Jung Min, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(3):226-231.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
During the fetal stage, the epidermis and adnexal epithelium might express different types of cytokeratin (CK) by developmental stages. The objective of this study is to observe the expressions of CK1, CK10 and CK14 in the skin of human fetuses.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical stains were applied to the skin of 42 fetuses ranging from 10 to 36 gestation weeks. Three different portions of the body (i.e., scalp, chest and sole) were sampled. Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against CK1, 10, 14 were done.
RESULTS
We found that CK14 was expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis and adnexae of fetuses beween 10 to 36 gestation weeks. However, stronger expression in the middle than the basal layer was noted in the soles of 15-week fetuses followed by exclusive basal expression. The sebaceous gland, the outer root sheath of the hair follicle and the eccrine duct epithelium also showed CK14 expressions, while CK14 was negative in hair germ and acini. Both CK1 and CK10 were expressed in the epidermis of fetuses ranging between 10 to 36 gestation weeks at the suprabasal layer of the scalp, chest and sole; while they were negative in the basal layer and skin adnexae including sebaceous, hair and eccrine gland.
CONCLUSIONS
Expression of cytokeratins in the fetal skin were noted at 10 weeks throughout the entire gestation period and were similar in the three different sites, except in the early stage of the sole. The main expression sites of K14 were the basal layer of the epidermis, the eccrine ducts and the outer root sheath cells of hair, suggesting the same origin, while those of K1 and K10 were in the suprabasal layer of epidermis.

The Pattern of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Human Embryonic and Fetal Brain.: Suk Jin Choi, Jung Ran Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(1):38-44.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Cell proliferation and apoptosis account for the major morphogenetic mechanisms during development of the central nervous system. We investigated these processes in developing human brains.
METHODS
We examined human embryonic and fetal brains. Cell proliferation was analysed by classical histology and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry; cell death was investigated by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling method.
RESULTS
Most proliferating cells were observed in the ventricular zone (VZ) in the 3rd-10th week of gestational age (GA), and in both the VZ and the subventricular zone (SV) in the 19-24th week of GA. The proliferation index of the VZ was highest in the 8th week of GA and then decreased as the GA advanced. Apoptotic cells were observed in the VZ as early as the 5th week of GA. They were also observed in the intermediate zone in the 19-24th week of GA, although they were significantly lower in amount compared to that in the VZ and SV.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that apoptosis occurring early in the embryonic period is related to a cellular mechanism which selects and determines the cells that are committed to migration and differentiation during the development of the human brain.

Prenatal Development of Human Lip with Immunohistochemical Study.: Su Jung Hong, Young Joon Lee, Yeon Sook Kim, Suk Keun Lee, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(4):212-221.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
This study is aimed to elucidate the developmental pattern of human fetal lip by histological and immunohistochemical examinations.
METHODS
Totally 231 normal human lip tissues obtained from autopsied fetuses were fixed with 10% buffered formalin, sectioned in cross and longitudinal directions, routinely stained for H&E and performed for immunohistochemistry with antibodies of S-100 protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), transglutaminase C (TGase-C), metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-10, tenascin, KL1, K8.12, E-cadherin, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and total keratin (TK).
RESULTS
The lip structure first appeared as an orifice of stomodeum around the 7-8th week of gestation, and a major structure of the midface was observed by the 11-12th week. As the squamous epithelium of the lip became thick and was keratinized, the vermilion border became distinguished in the 15-16th week, and the lip structure was almost completed with the presence of orbicularis oris muscle in the lingual side of vermilion border by the 17-18th week. Immunohistochemically, the vermilion border showed strong reactions for tenascin, E-cadherin and MMP-3 and increased positivity for PCNA, cytokeratins (TK, KL1, K8.12), and TGase-C.
CONCLUSIONS
With the above findings we suppose that the cytodifferentiation of vermilion border epithelium plays an important role for the development of human fetal lip.

Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Investigations of Exocrine and Endocrine Cells in Fetal Human Pancreas.: Jung Ran Kim, Je G Chi, Jung Hee Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(3):286-295.

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Abstract PDF: The pancreas consists of two types of tissue arising from same primitive cells, but with entirely different functions. Although the adult human pancreas and fetal islet tissue have been the subject of numerous electron microscopic studies, little is known of the ultrastructure of the developing human exocrine pancreas. The purpose of the current study is to investigate development of endo and exocrine of pancreas, especially during the middle trimester of human fetal life, which is the period of acinar cell maturation. Fresh autopsy specimens of pancreas, taken from 15 human fetuses at the 12th (n=2), 13-16th (n=5), 17-20th (n=4), 21-24th (n=2) and 25-28th (n=2) weeks of gestation, were studied electron microscopically, and immunohistochemically. Antisera against insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin, were used for immunohistochemistry. By the 12th week, primitive exocrine acini were identified and these were matured rapidly in the next 6 weeks. At the 17th week stage, ultrastructural examination revealed atypical zymogen granules in the acinar cells. These became progressively less numerous in the 21-28 week period when classical zymogen granules increased upto the level of adult stage. All the endocrine cells were found at the 12th week, forming primitive or mature islets. The relative ratio of endocrine cells at the 12th week was about 35.4%, 24.9%, 39.8%, 0.5% for A, B, D & PP cell, respectively. But at the 25th to 28th week of development, the relative numbers of A and D cells decreased somewhat, whereas those of the B cells increased. The PP cells were constant. The G cells were found at the 12th week of fetal period, which appeared through out the on period.

Development of Intrahepatic Bile Duct in Human Embryos and Fetuses; Histologic and Immunohfstochemical Observations.: Yeon Lim Suh, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(1):8-21.

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Abstract PDF: Sequential development pattern of the intrahepatic bile ducts is analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically using 50 embryonal and fetal liver specimens. Serial sections are made to reconstruct the intrahepatic biliary system, and monoclonal antibodies were used for differential antigenic expression of the biliary system. By 9 weeks of gestation a layer of small round cells, namely plate cells, became first noticed around large portal vein branches close to the hepatic hilum. These plate cells extended subsequently to more distal branches. The ductal plates became duplicated to contain cleft-like spaces and tubular structures. These tubules gradually became incorporated into surrounding connective tissue around the protal vein, and gave the appearance of the individualized bile duct. At term(40 weeks of gestation) the smallest branches of the portal vein were still surrounded by a discontinuous ductal plate. The ductal plate cells showed strong positive reaction for CAM 5.2 and AE1/AE3. They also expressed CK 19 and AE1 from 9 weeks of gestation on. The immunoreactivity of bile duct cells for cytokeratins persisted throughout the whole gestational period. Carcinoembryonic antigen was expressed along the luminal border of the bile duct, duplicated ductal plate and intrahepatic bile canaliculi. Laminin was demonstrated along the basement membrane of the bile duct cells from 9 weeks of gestation. Few duplicated ductal plates were composed of two different types of cells, duct-like cells and hepatocyte-like cells. The duct-like cells and hepatocyte-like cells showed same imrhunoreactivity with the hepatocytes and the bile duct cells, respectively, suggesting that the intrahepatic bile duct cells are actually coming from the hepatocytes around the branches of the portal vein.

Embryogensis of Human Liver.: Woong Kim, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1990;24(4):393-401.

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Abstract PDF: The morphologic development of the liver in the embryonic period is described in serial sections of 18 human embryos representative of Horizons 12 to 23 . In the earliest specimen of horizon 12, the liver is seen as branching cord of endodermal cells originating from the hepatic diverticulum and invading into the loose stroma of septum transversum, transforming the surrounding stromal cells into primitive blood spaces and blood cells. Thereafter, the parenchymal cells rapidly proliferated so that the size of the organ was reaching a fifth of the CR length in horizon 23. The vascular system of the liver was in a symmetric configuration in horizon 12, which is composed of umbilical and vitelline veins and hepatocardiac channels on both sides. The evolution of the vascular system includes intergration of the vitelline veins into the portal vein, obliteration of the right umbilical vein and left hepatocardiac channel, and creation of the ductus venosus. The intrahepatic biliary tract is found to be formed by the "in situ transformation" mechanism, which involves transformation of the parenchymal cells, adjacent to the fibrous tissue surrounding the portal and umbilical veins, to networks of cuboidal epithelial cells lining the ductal lumen. These intrahepatic duct systems were found to communicate with the extrahepatic system at the porta hepatis.

Development and Growth of Tongue in Korean Fetuses.: Suk Keun Lee, Chang Yun Lim, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1990;24(4):358-374.

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Abstract PDF: We examined sixty-three human embryos ranged from three weeks to eight weeks of fertilization age and 117 human fetuses from eleven weeks to fourty weeks of gestational age. Anatomical structure of developing tongue could be classified into eight developmental stages. The first is the sgage of mesial swelling of tongue primordium in the fertilization age of 28~40 days (Streeter stage 13~16), the second is the stage of lateral swelling of tongue primordium in the fertilization age of 41~46 days (Streeter stage 17~18), the third is the sgage of vertical positioning of tongue in the fertilization age of 47~53 days (Streeter stage 19~21), the fourth is the transitional stage of tongue from vertical position to horizontal position in the fertilization age of 54~56 days (Streeter stage 22~23), the fifth is the stage horizontal positioning of tongue in the gestational age of 11 weeks, the sixth is the stage of protrusion of tongue in the gestational age of 12 weeks, the seventh is the stage of maturation of tongue muscle in the gestational age of 7-10 months. The development of tongue papilla characteristically progresses into three stages. The first stage is the epithelial ingrowth for the crypt formation, the second stage is the anatomical formation of vallate, fungiform and filiform papillae, and the third stage is the differentiation of taste buds in the vallate and fungiform papillae or the formation of thick spike-like keratinization at the tip of filiform papilla. We observed that the tongue primordium mainly derived from occipital myotome developed more repidly than other oro-facial structures, so it transitionally occuied the spaces of the pharynx and the posterior nasal cavity, and directly affected the formation of palate and the growth of maxilla and mandible. Whereas the tongue papilla development showed continuous developmental sequences during the fetal period.

Morphological Observation on the Prenatal Development of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract.: Yeon Lim Suh, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1990;24(2):103-119.

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Abstract PDF: A total of 322 fetuses and 29 embryos were examined light microscopically to evaluate the morphological development of the human gastrointestinal tract with increasing gestational age. The human embryos were analysed by reconstruction of serial section slides. One hundred and forty fetuses ranging from 15 to 41 weeks of gestation were used for correlating the gestational age and the body weight with the measurement of the small and large intestines. 1) The esophagus develps from the distal part of the foregut through a partition of the tracheoesophageal septum. Initially the esophagus is short, but it elongates rapidly and reaches its final relative length and position by the seventh week. The epithelium of the esophagus proliferates and completely obliterates the lumen by the seventh week, but recanalization occurs by the ninth week. The esophageal epithelia consist of three different groups of cells; stratified squamoid cells, ciliated columnar cells and tall columnar cells by the 21th week. 2) The stomach appears as a fusiform enlargement of the caudal part of the esophagus at the fourth week. During next two weeks the stomach acquires its adult shape and final position. The primordial gastric pits and the parietal cells appear at the eighth and eleventh weeks, respectively. 3) As the midgut elongates, it forms a ventral U-shaped loop, called primitive intestinal loop by the fifth week. At this stage the cecum appears as a swelling from the caudal limb of the intestinal loop. By the seventh week the bulks of the caudal limb of the intestine herniate into the umbilical cord, in which the loop rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery. During the tenth week, the intestine returns to the abdomen and undergoes a further 180 degrees counterclockwise rotatation. 4) The cloaca is divided into two parts by a urorectal septum at the fifth week. By the seventh week the urorectal septum has fused with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and ventral urogenital membrane. The anal membrane ruptures at the eighth week. 5) During the sixth week the duodenal lumen becomes completely filled with proliferating epithelium. The villi project from the mucosa of the small and large intestines at the eighth and eleventh weeks, respectively. The villi of large intestine become resorbed again after the 21th week. At the fifth week Paneth cells appear through the entire length of the intestine including the rectum, but disappear in the colon and the rectum after the 36th week. 6) The developing Auerbach's plexuses are well recognized along the outside of muscle coat throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but demonstrate no immunoreactivity for the anti-neuron specific enolase antibody. The neuroblasts in the myenteric plexus reveal strong positivity for the anti-neuron specific enolase antibody at the eleventh week, but the ganglion cells differentiate by the fourteenth week. 7) Differentiation of the gastrointestinal wall and development of the myenteric plexus begin form the esophagus and progress caudally down to the colon. But the anorectal wall is differentiated from the cloaca more earlier than the esophagus, stomach and colon are. 8) The small and the large intestines elongate progressively with the increasing gestational age and body weight and increase approximately 5.6 and 5.4 folds, respectively during the 25 weeks from the 15th to 41th week of gestation. At the 40th gestational week the small intestine is 5.68 times the length of the colon. 9) The correlation between the body weight (BW), crown-rump length (CR) and intestianl length (small intestine (SI), large itestine (LI) is presented as: SI (cm)= -33.67 + 4.14CR + 11.62 (BW)(1/3), LI (cm)= 5.56 + 0.76CR + 0.007BW (gm), CR (cm)= 7.82 + 0.015 SI + 0.41 (BW)(1/2).

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