Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Review

Current Status of and Perspectives on Cervical Cancer Screening in Korea: Sung-Chul Lim, Chong Woo Yoo; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):210-216. Published online May 16, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.04.11

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Since the introduction of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear system in 1943, cervicovaginal cytology has been used as a standard screening test for cervical cancer. The dissemination of this test contributed to reductions of the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer worldwide. In Korea, regular health check-ups for industrial workers and their family members were introduced in 1988 and were performed as part of the National Cancer Screening Program in 1999. As a result, the incidence of cervical cancer in Korea has been steadily decreasing. However, about 800 cases of cervical cancer-related deaths are reported each year due to false-negative test results. Hence, new screening methods have been proposed. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in 1996 to overcome the limitations of conventional Pap smears. Since then, other LBC methods have been developed and utilized, including the human papilloma virus test—a method with higher sensitivity that requires fewer screenings. In this study, we review current issues and future perspectives related to cervical cancer screening in Korea.

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A questionnaire study on disparity of cervical cancer prevention programs in Asia‐Oceania
Ka Yu Tse, Kimio Ushijima, Ai Ling Tan, Perapong Intasorn, Jitendra Pariyar, Chih‐Long Chang, Efren J. Domingo, Hiralal Konar, Suresh Kumarasamy, Brahmana Askandar Tjokroprawiro, Sarikapan Wilailak
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research.2023; 49(4): 1230. CrossRef
Current state of cytopathology residency training: a Korean national survey of pathologists
Uiju Cho, Tae Jung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Kyo Young Lee, Hye Kyoung Yoon, Hyun Joo Choi
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(2): 95. CrossRef
Meeting the challenges of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination in the UK
Roxanne Westwood, Joanna Lavery
Primary Health Care.2022; 32(01): 22. CrossRef
Local and Metastatic Relapses in a Young Woman with Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Ha Young Woo, Hyun-Soo Kim
Diagnostics.2022; 12(3): 599. CrossRef
Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 as a Prognostic Marker in Cervical Cancer
Woo Yeon Hwang, Dong Hoon Suh, Kidong Kim, Yong Beom Kim, Jae Hong No
Cancer Control.2022; 29: 107327482210977. CrossRef
HPV detection and/or cytological diagnostics
Sanja Milenković
Glasnik javnog zdravlja.2022; 96(3): 313. CrossRef
Clinical management of abnormal Pap tests: differences between US and Korean guidelines
Seyeon Won, Mi Kyoung Kim, Seok Ju Seong
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(3): 213. CrossRef
Current status of cytopathology practices in Korea: annual report on the Continuous Quality Improvement program of the Korean Society for Cytopathology for 2018
Yosep Chong, Haeyoen Jung, Jung-Soo Pyo, Soon Won Hong, Hoon Kyu Oh
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(4): 318. CrossRef
Cytomorphological Features of Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups in Liquid-Based Cervicovaginal Cytology: A Single Institutional Experience
Youngeun Lee, Cheol Lee, In Ae Park, Hyoung Jin An, Haeryoung Kim
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2019; 53(6): 393. CrossRef

Case Studies

A Rare Case of Intramural Müllerian Adenosarcoma Arising from Adenomyosis of the Uterus: Sun-Jae Lee, Ji Y. Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):433-440. Published online June 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.06.11

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Abstract PDF

Müllerian adenosarcomas usually arise as polypoid masses in the endometrium of post-menopausal women. Occasionally, these tumors arise in the cervix, vagina, broad and round ligaments, ovaries and rarely in extragenital sites; these cases are generally associated with endometriosis. We experienced a rare case of extraendometrial, intramural adenosarcoma arising in a patient with adenomyosis. A 40-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset suprapubic pain. The imaging findings suggested leiomyoma with cystic degeneration in the uterine fundus. An ill-defined ovoid tumor with hemorrhagic degeneration, measuring 7.5 cm in diameter, was detected. The microscopic findings showed glandular cells without atypia and a sarcomatous component with pleomorphism and high mitotic rates. There was no evidence of endometrial origin. To recognize that adenosarcoma can, although rarely, arise from adenomyosis is important to avoid overstaging and inappropriate treatment.

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Mucinous carcinoma originating from uterine adenomyosis: a case report
Satoshi Ohira, Ryota Tachibana, Sayaka Yasaki, Koji Tsunemi, Natsuki Uchiyama, Eri Ikeda, Kenji Sano
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Endometrial Cancer Arising in Adenomyosis (EC-AIA): A Systematic Review
Antonio Raffone, Diego Raimondo, Manuela Maletta, Antonio Travaglino, Federica Renzulli, Daniele Neola, Umberto De Laurentiis, Francesco De Laurentiis, Mohamed Mabrouk, Manuel Maria Ianieri, Renato Seracchioli, Paolo Casadio, Antonio Mollo
Cancers.2023; 15(4): 1142. CrossRef
Adenomyosis and Its Possible Malignancy: A Review of the Literature
Liviu Moraru, Melinda-Ildiko Mitranovici, Diana Maria Chiorean, Raluca Moraru, Laura Caravia, Andreea Taisia Tiron, Ovidiu Simion Cotoi
Diagnostics.2023; 13(11): 1883. CrossRef
Case Report: Uterine Adenosarcoma With Sarcomatous Overgrowth and Malignant Heterologous Elements
Yunuén I. García-Mendoza, Mario Murguia-Perez, Aldo I. Galván-Linares, Saulo Mendoza-Ramírez, Norma L. García-Salinas, Julio G. Moctezuma-Ramírez, Blanca O. Murillo-Ortiz, Luis Jonathan Bueno-Rosario, Marco A. Olvera-Olvera, Guillermo E. Corredor-Alonso
Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Adenomyosis as a Risk Factor for Myometrial or Endometrial Neoplasms—Review
Maria Szubert, Edward Kozirog, Jacek Wilczynski
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(4): 2294. CrossRef
Uterine adenosarcoma arising from a subserosal adenomyoma: A case report
Shazia Fakhar, Tehreem Zahid, Yamina Ishtiaq
Gynecologic Oncology Reports.2022; 40: 100957. CrossRef
Uterine Adenosarcoma Originating in Adenomyosis: Report of an Extremely Rare Phenomenon and Review of Published Literature
Karen L. Talia, Yael Naaman, W. Glenn McCluggage
International Journal of Gynecological Pathology.2021; 40(4): 342. CrossRef
Uterine adenosarcoma. Report of 5 cases and review of literature
I.V. Barinova, I.N. Voloshchuk, A.A. Fedorov, N.V. Puchkova, S.N. Buyanova, M.A. Chechneva, A.A. Popov, O.V. Kapitanova, N.I. Kondrikov
Arkhiv patologii.2021; 83(3): 25. CrossRef
New Aspects of Sarcomas of Uterine Corpus—A Brief Narrative Review
Stoyan Kostov, Yavor Kornovski, Vesela Ivanova, Deyan Dzhenkov, Dimitar Metodiev, Rafał Watrowski, Yonka Ivanova, Stanislav Slavchev, Dimitar Mitev, Angel Yordanov
Clinics and Practice.2021; 11(4): 878. CrossRef
Uterine Adenosarcoma with Sarcomatous Overgrowth: A Case Report of Aggressive Disease in a 16-Year-Old Girl and a Literature Review
Hanyuan Liu, Zhen Shen, Dabao Wu, Ying Zhou
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology.2018; 31(4): 426. CrossRef
Uterine Adenosarcoma
Uwe A. Ulrich, Dominik Denschlag
Oncology Research and Treatment.2018; 41(11): 693. CrossRef

A Case of Malignant PEComa of the Uterus Associated with Intramural Leiomyoma and Endometrial Carcinoma: Yoo Jin Choi, Jin Hwa Hong, Aeree Kim, Hankyeom Kim, Hyeyoon Chang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(6):469-473. Published online July 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.04.20

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Abstract PDF

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) refers to a family of mesenchymal neoplasms composed of angiomyolipomas, clear cell “sugar” tumors of the lung, and lymphangioleiomyomatoses. These tumors have a distinctive and common component of perivascular epithelioid cells that show an association with blood vessel walls and immunohistochemically display myomelanocytic differentiation. The unique neoplasms have been shown to have an expanded range through a variety of case reports, including visceral, intra-abdominal, soft tissue, and bone tumors. The retroperitoneum, abdominopelvic region, and uterus have been reported to be the most common sites. Most PEComas follow a benign course. However, reports of malignant PEComas are increasing. Many papers have described uterine PEComas, but to our knowledge, there have not yet been any reports of a malignant PEComa arising concomitant with another epithelial tumor and mesenchymal tumor. We report herein the case of a 67-year-old woman who experienced a malignant uterine PEComa infiltrating a preexisting intramural leiomyoma with synchronous well differentiated endometrial carcinoma and multiple liver and lung metastases.

Citations

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Metastasis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma to Uterine Leiomyoma: First Case Report and Review of Literature
Sarvenaz Karamooz, Paula D. Binsol, Jaya Ruth Asirvatham, Anjali Pargaonkar
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Uterine collision tumor (PEComa and endometrioid carcinoma) in a tuberous sclerosis patient: a case report
Nektarios Koufopoulos, Ioannis S. Pateras, Christos Koratzanis, Alina-Roxani Gouloumis, Argyro-Ioanna Ieronimaki, Alexandros Fotiou, Ioannis G. Panayiotides, Nikolaos Vrachnis
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
TFE3-associated perivascular epithelioid cell tumor with complete response to mTOR inhibitor therapy: report of first case and literature review
Roli Purwar, Kishan Soni, Mridula Shukla, Ashish Verma, Tarun Kumar, Manoj Pandey
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A case of perivascular epithelioid nodules arising in an intramural leiomyoma
Yoldez Houcine, Karima Mekni, Emna Brahem, Mouna Mlika, Aida Ayadi, Chiraz Fekih, Imene Ridene, Faouzi El Mezni
Human Pathology: Case Reports.2021; 23: 200470. CrossRef
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) of the female genital tract: A challenging question for gynaecologic oncologist and pathologist
Angiolo Gadducci, Gian Franco Zannoni
Gynecologic Oncology Reports.2020; 33: 100603. CrossRef
Five cases of uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) and review of literature
Weiwei Shan, Yue Shi, Qin Zhu, Bingyi Yang, Liying Xie, Bing Li, Chengcheng Ning, Qiaoying Lv, Yali Cheng, Bingying Xie, Mingzhu Bai, Yuhui Xu, Xiaojun Chen, Xuezhen Luo
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2019; 299(1): 185. CrossRef
Uterine PEComas
Jennifer A. Bennett, Ana C. Braga, Andre Pinto, Koen Van de Vijver, Kristine Cornejo, Anna Pesci, Lei Zhang, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Takako Kiyokawa, Gian Franco Zannoni, Joseph Carlson, Tomas Slavik, Carmen Tornos, Cristina R. Antonescu, Esther Oliva
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2018; 42(10): 1370. CrossRef

Cotyledonoid Dissecting Leiomyoma of the Uterus with Intravascular Luminal Growth: A Case Study: Na Rae Kim, Chan Yong Park, Hyun Yee Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):477-480. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.477

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Abstract PDF

Here, we report the case of a 43-year-old female who was diagnosed with a cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma (CDL) of the uterus. CDL is a recently described and extremely rare variant of a benign leiomyoma that can grossly masquerade as a malignancy. The 13-cm sized tumor was located primarily on the extrauterine surface as an intrauterine continuity, which showed dark red, congested, bulbous protuberances. It was multinodular appearance, encasing the bilateral adnexae and the left iliac vein. Microscopically, the nodules were separated by extensive hydropic degeneration. The nodules were composed of cigar-shaped spindle cells with no mitosis, cellular pleomorphism or coagulation necrosis. They also showed an intravascular luminal growth pattern. CDL with intravascular growth was diagnosed after excluding intravascular leiomyomatosis, disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis, and benign metastasizing leiomyoma. The present case is the second reported case of CDL in Korea. Recognition of this rare and bizarre, malignancy-mimicking leiomyoma is crucial to prevent inappropriate treatment.

Citations

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Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus: a case report and review of the literature
Mahboobeh Chahkandi, Marzieh Ataei, Amir Reza Bina, Farnaz Mozayani, Ali Fanoodi
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cotyledonoid Leiomyoma Clinical Characteristics, Imaging Features, and Review of the Literature
Francesca Buonomo, Sofia Bussolaro, Giorgio Giorda, Federico Romano, Stefania Biffi, Giuseppe Ricci
Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.2021; 40(7): 1459. CrossRef
The Management of the Cotyledonoid Leiomyoma of the Uterus: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Francesca Buonomo, Sofia Bussolaro, Clarice de Almeida Fiorillo, Giorgio Giorda, Federico Romano, Stefania Biffi, Giuseppe Ricci
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8521. CrossRef
Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus: A report of four cases and a review of the literature
TIANMIN XU, SHUYING WU, RULIN YANG, LIPING ZHAO, MINGXING SUI, MANHUA CUI, WEIQIN CHANG
Oncology Letters.2016; 11(4): 2865. CrossRef
COTYLEDONOID DISSECTING LEIOMYOMA (CDL) OF UTERUS MIMICKING MALIGNANCY: A CLINICAL DILEMMA
Roma Isaacs, Rupinder Kaur, Sunita Goyal
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2016; 5(57): 3973. CrossRef

Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosacoma of Uterus: A Case Study: Dae Woon Kim, Jung Hwan Shin, Ho Jung Lee, Young Ok Hong, Jong Eun Joo, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(4):388-391. Published online August 26, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.4.388

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Abstract PDF

Uterine rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) typically presents as a mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. Pure RMSs of the female genital tract are uncommon. Spindle cell variant of RMS is a rare morphologic subtype of embryonal RMS and mostly occurs in the paratesticular region of children. Here, we present a case of uterine spindle cell RMS in a 76-year-old woman. The tumor, 20×15×7 cm in size, was highly necrotic and adherent to the colon and rectum. Tumor cells were mostly spindle-shaped, and isolated rhabdomyoblasts were scattered. Immunohistochemical stains for myoglobin and myo-D1 showed diffuse positivity for tumor cells. The patient died only of disease three months after diagnosis.

Citations

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Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine corpus: a clinicopathological and molecular analysis of 21 cases highlighting a frequent association with DICER1 mutations
Jennifer A. Bennett, Zehra Ordulu, Robert H. Young, Andre Pinto, Koen Van de Vijver, Eike Burandt, Pankhuri Wanjari, Rajeev Shah, Leanne de Kock, William D. Foulkes, W. Glenn McCluggage, Lauren L. Ritterhouse, Esther Oliva
Modern Pathology.2021; 34(9): 1750. CrossRef
Vaginal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in young woman: A case report and literature review
Lalya Issam, Laatitioui Sana, Essadi Ismail, El Omrani Abdelhamid, Khouchani Mouna
Archives of Cancer Science and Therapy.2020; 4(1): 034. CrossRef
Is fertility-preservation safe for adult non-metastatic gynecologic rhabdomyosarcoma patients? Systematic review and pooled survival analysis of 137 patients
Maha AT Elsebaie, Zeinab Elsayed
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2018; 297(3): 559. CrossRef
Spindle cell sarcoma – a rare diagnosis
SK Kathpalia, Manju Mehrotra, Pinky Jena, Archana H Deshpande
Women's Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the uterus – time to advocate a genetic classification
Birgit Rommel, Carsten Holzmann, Jörn Bullerdiek
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy.2016; 16(11): 1155. CrossRef
Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells express functional pituitary and gonadal sex hormone receptors: Therapeutic implications
AGATA PONIEWIERSKA-BARAN, GABRIELA SCHNEIDER, WENYUE SUN, AHMED ABDELBASET-ISMAIL, FREDERIC G. BARR, MARIUSZ Z. RATAJCZAK
International Journal of Oncology.2016; 48(5): 1815. CrossRef
Primary third ventricular tumor in an 18‐year‐old man
Tianping Yu, Mengni Zhang, Qiao Zhou, Jing Gong, Ling Nie, Xueqin Chen, Ni Chen
Neuropathology.2015; 35(6): 599. CrossRef
Rhabdomyosarcoma of vulva in a young lady
Tapesh Bhattacharyya, Firuza D. Patel, Radhika Srinivasan, Bhavana Rai, Pradeep Saha, R. Nijhawan
Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2015; 11(3): 650. CrossRef
Uterine sarcoma in a 14year-old girl presenting with uterine rupture
Jane Özcan, Özlem Dülger, Latif Küpelioğlu, Ali İhsan Gönenç, Aynur Erşahin
Gynecologic Oncology Reports.2014; 10: 44. CrossRef

Extrapelvic Uterus-like Masses Presenting as Colonic Submucosal Tumor: A Case Study and Review of Literature: Ki Yong Na, Gou Young Kim, Kyu Yeoun Won, Hyun-Soo Kim, Sang Won Kim, Chi Hoon Lee, Jae Myung Cha; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(2):177-181. Published online April 24, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.2.177

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Abstract PDF

A uterus-like mass (ULM) is a central cavity lined by endometrial glands and stroma and surrounded by thick-walled smooth muscles. To date, 31 cases of ULM have been reported in the English literature. ULM typically presents as a single mass and is located in the pelvic cavity. We report here a very rare case of multiple extrapelvic ULMs involving the cecum, descending colon, and mesocolon. After extensive literature research, our case appears to be the first case of multiple ULMs found in extrapelvic sites and the first case of ULM in the colon. The present case suggests that ULM should be included in the differential diagnosis of colonic submucosal tumors in female patients with chronic abdominal pain or menstruation-associated symptoms.

Citations

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Extrauterine adenomyoma: A case report and systematic review of the literature
Matteo Giorgi, Luca Labanca, Gabriele Centini, Lucia Lazzeri, Francesco Giuseppe Martire, Ester Sorrentino, Virginia Mancini, Diego Raimondo, Antonio Raffone, Daniele Neola, Anna Chiara Aru, Nassir Habib, Paolo Casadio, Renato Seracchioli, Errico Zupi
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.2024; 164(3): 869. CrossRef
Extrapelvic “Uterus Like Mass” Following Laparoscopic Morcellation Hysterectomy - a Consequence of Iatrogenic Implantation?
Neha Bakshi, Shashi Dhawan
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2023; 31(5): 791. CrossRef
Extrauterine adenomyoma of the lesser omentum: A case report and review of the literature
Yanlin Chen, Liangyong Deng, Jingbo Zhao, Tianwen Luo, Zhong Zuo
Medicine.2022; 101(36): e30240. CrossRef
Pelvic Pain and Adnexal Mass: Be Aware of Accessory and Cavitated Uterine Mass
Pooya Iranpour, Sara Haseli, Pedram Keshavarz, Amirreza Dehghanian, Neda Khalili, Michael S. Firstenberg
Case Reports in Medicine.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Endomyometriosis of the Rectum With Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis 8 Years After Laparoscopic Myomectomy: A Case Report
Giorgio La Greca, Cristina Colarossi, Paolo Di Mattia, Cecilia Gozzo, Marco De Zuanni, Eliana Piombino, Lorenzo Memeo
Frontiers in Surgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Imaging Manifestations of Accessory Cavitated Uterine Mass—A Rare Mullerian Anomaly
Tharani Putta, Reetu John, Betty Simon, Kirthi Sathyakumar, Anuradha Chandramohan, Anu Eapen
Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging.2021; 31(03): 545. CrossRef
A rare case of ovarian adenomyoma mimicking primary invasive ovarian cancer with a contralateral serous borderline ovarian tumor: A case report and review of the literature
Viola Liberale, Alessandra Surace, Lorenzo Daniele, Luca Liban Mariani
Heliyon.2020; 6(7): e04406. CrossRef
Extrauterine adenomyoma located in the inguinal region: a case report of a 44-year-old woman
Winesh Ramphal, Chloé M L Peters, Luthy S M Alcalá, Dennis van Hamont, Paul D Gobardhan
Journal of Surgical Case Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Accessory and Cavitated Uterine Mass: Is It a Müllerian-Duct Anomaly?
Vani Malhotra, Sonia Dahiya, Smiti Nanda, Meenakshi Chauhan, Vandana Bhuria
Journal of Gynecologic Surgery.2020; 36(6): 350. CrossRef
Uterus-like mass in the right broad ligament
Lei Liu, Hui Yang, Shu-Peng Zhang
Medicine.2019; 98(38): e17246. CrossRef
Extrauterine adenomyoma: a review of the literature
P.G. Paul, Gunjan Gulati, Hemant Shintre, Sumina Mannur, George Paul, Santwan Mehta
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2018; 228: 130. CrossRef
Uterus-like mass
Jian He, Jie Xu, Hong-Yan Zhou
Medicine.2016; 95(39): e4961. CrossRef
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma in an Extrauterine Adenomyoma
Michael A. Ulm, David B. Robins, Edwin M. Thorpe, Mark E. Reed
Obstetrics & Gynecology.2014; 124(2): 445. CrossRef
Endomyometriosis (“Uterus - like mass”) in an XY Male
Raul S. González, Cindy L. Vnencak-Jones, Chanjuan Shi, Oluwole Fadare
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2014; 22(5): 421. CrossRef

Case Reports

Cavernous Hemangioma of the Uterus in a Postmenopausal Woman: A Case Report.: Hye Ra Jung, Chi Hum Cho, Sang Hun Kwon, Sun Young Kwon; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(5):520-522.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.5.520

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Abstract PDF

Cavernous hemangioma of the uterus is an uncommon mesenchymal tumor. Most cases have been reported in young, pregnant women and the condition is very rare in a postmenopausal patient. An 81-year-old woman presented with a huge pelvic mass. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging results suggested a leiomyoma with degenerative change and hemorrhage. Microscopically, large, thick-walled and variable-sized vascular channels were evident in the majority part of myometrium; the lining cells were immunohistochemically reactive for CD31. Vascular tumors of the female genital tract should be cautiously excised due to the profuse intra-operative bleeding. The pathological examination of a hysterectomy specimen is the only method to confirm the diagnosis of this tumor.

Citations

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A rare case report of cervical hemangioma and a comprehensive literature review of 137 cases of cervical and uterine hemangiomas
Maasomeh Farahani, Seyyed‐Ali Hashemi, Sogand Goodarzi, Bardia Hajikarimloo, Farzad Pour‐Ghazi, Shahrzad Noori, Saba Alijani, Armin Khavandegar
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.2024; 164(2): 421. CrossRef
Cavernous hemangioma of corpus imitating endometrial polyp in a young non‐pregnant woman: A case report study
Ali Emami, Ensiyeh Bahadoran, Fatemeh SamieeRad
Clinical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the uterus mimicking adenomyosis- A rare case report
Saloni Naresh Shah, N Geetha
Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research.2020; 7(2): 283. CrossRef
Haemangioma- Common Neoplasm in an Unusual Location - A Case Report
Dahlia Joseph, Elizabeth Joseph, Ajitha K
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare.2019; 6(51): 3216. CrossRef

Pure Uterine Lipoma, a Very Rare Benign Tumor.: Elif Ulker Akyildiz, Sema Ozuysal, Akgul Arici, Mehmet Aral Atalay; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(6):679-681.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.6.679

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Abstract PDF

Pure lipomas of the uterus are very rare tumors that may be misdiagnosed on radiological examination due to their rarity and fat content. We present here the case of a 57-year-old postmenopausal woman who presented to the hospital with lower abdominal pain. Abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed under the prediagnoses of benign cystic ovarian teratoma or leiomyoma. On the histopathological examination of tissue samples, the tumor was composed of mature fat cells. There were a few smooth muscle cells confined to the periphery. Pure uterine lipoma may be asymptomatic or it may have symptoms similar to those of leiomyoma such as vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain. A pure lipoma should be diagnosed only if smooth muscle cells are confined to the periphery.

Citations

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Coexistence of uterine lipoma, leiomyoma and endometrial polyp
Nilgün SÖĞÜTÇÜ, Nazlı Sena ŞEKER
Cukurova Medical Journal.2019; 44(3): 1139. CrossRef

Original Article

Gene Expression Profiles of Uterine Normal Myometrium and Leiomyoma and Their Estrogen Responsiveness In Vitro.: Eun Ju Lee, Prati Bajracharya, Dong Mok Lee, Kyung Hyun Cho, Keuk Jun Kim, Young Kyung Bae, Mi Jin Kim, Ki Ho Lee, Hang Jin Kim, Gun Ho Song, Sang Sik Chun, Inho Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(3):272-283.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.3.272

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Uterine leiomyomas are common benign smooth muscle tumors among the reproductive aged-women. The research has been aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes between normal myometrium and leiomyoma and to investigate the effects of E2 on their expression.
METHODS
Gene microarray analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes between normal myomerium and leiomyoma. The data was confirmed at protein level by tissue microarray.
RESULTS
Gene microarray analysis revealed 792 upregulated genes in leiomyoma. Four genes (tropomyosin 4 [TPM4], collagen, type IV, alpha 2 [COL4alpha2], insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 [IGFBP5], tripartite motif-containing 28 [TRIM28]) showed the most dramatic upregulation in all leiomyoma samples. Tissue microarray analyses of 262 sample pairs showed significantly elevated expression of TPM4, IGFBP5, estrogen receptor-alpha, and progesterone receptor (PR) protein in leiomyoma from the patients in their forties, COL4alpha2 in the forties and fifties age-groups, and TRIM28 in the thirties age-group. PR, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and IGFBP5 were induced by E2 in in vitro culture of tissue explants from which cells migrated throughout the plate. Among these, PR, IGF-1, IGFBP5 genes showed higher expression in tissue compared to cells-derived from tissue in leiomyoma and IGF-1R in leiomyoma cell.
CONCLUSIONS
This observation implies the importance of the whole tissue context including the cells-derived from tissue in the research for the understanding of molecular mechanism of leiomyoma. Here, we report higher expression of TRIM28 in leiomyoma for the first time and identify E2-responsive genes that may have important roles in leiomyoma development.

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In vivo mechanisms of uterine myoma volume reduction with ulipristal acetate treatment
Guillaume E. Courtoy, Jacques Donnez, Etienne Marbaix, Marie-Madeleine Dolmans
Fertility and Sterility.2015; 104(2): 426. CrossRef
Common fibroid-associated genes are differentially expressed in phenotypically dissimilar cell populations isolated from within human fibroids and myometrium
Sarah J Holdsworth-Carson, Marina Zaitseva, Jane E Girling, Beverley J Vollenhoven, Peter A W Rogers
REPRODUCTION.2014; 147(5): 683. CrossRef
Complex networks of multiple factors in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma
Md Soriful Islam, Olga Protic, Piergiorgio Stortoni, Gianluca Grechi, Pasquale Lamanna, Felice Petraglia, Mario Castellucci, Pasquapina Ciarmela
Fertility and Sterility.2013; 100(1): 178. CrossRef

Case Reports

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of a Myxoid Leiomyosarcoma with Epithelioid Features and It Metastasized to the Abdominal Wall: A Case Report.: Lee So Maeng, Hiun Suk Chae, Anhi Lee, Yongan Chung, Kyo Young Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):220-224.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.220

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Abstract PDF: We present the cytologic findings observed in a fine needle aspiration biopsy specimen of a rare myxoid variant of leiomyosarcoma with epithelioid features and the tumor had metastasized to the abdominal wall. The aspirate showed hypercellularity in a hemorrhagic background. Some large 3-dimensional aggregates of spindle cells were observed. Each cell had a solitary ovoid-to-elongated nucleus with finely granulated chromatin, one or two small distinct nucleoli and an irregular nuclear membrane. There were irregular fascicles of spindle cells with cigar-shaped, blunt-ended nuclei admixed with inflammatory cells. Epithelioid cells with a rather narrow, dense cytoplasmic rim and a well-defined cell border were embedded in a myxoid matrix in a cord-like and cluster arrangement. The matrix appeared as a pale green substance with sharply defined edges. There were very few mitoses. These cytologic features were the same as those of a uterine myxoid leiomyosarcoma that was surgically excised 7 years ago, and immunohistochemical staining revealed the smooth muscle origin of the tumor.

Arteriovenous Malformation of the Uterus: A case report.: Mi Seon Kwon, Seok Jin Kang, Byung Kee Kim, Sun Moo Kim, Sang In Shim; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(10):943-946.

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Abstract PDF: Arteriovenous malformation of the uterus is rarely encountered. It is potentially lethal because of profuse, uncontrollable bleeding at the time of diagnostic dilatation and curettage. To our knowledge, only 38 cases of localized uterine arteriovenous malformation have been reported in English and Korean literature. Recently we experienced a case of uterine arteriovenous malformation in a 28-year-old multiparous woman. Under the clinical impression of uterine tumors or arteriovenous malformation, a total hysterectomy was done. Gross examination demonstrated a vascular nature of the mass in the posterior wall of the fundus. Microscopically, there was an ill-defined mass composed of numerous irregular, anastomosing large vessels with various diameters.

Congenital Uterine Cyst: A case report.: Chang Ho Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(10):954-956.

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Abstract PDF: I experienced a case of a congenital intramural cyst of the uterine fundus. On examination by light and electron microscope it was composed of a single layer of thin atrophied lining epithelium without secretory activity and was found to be derived from the paramesonephric duct. This case is presented with a brief review of the literature.

Angiosarcoma of the Uterus: A case report.: Young Kyung Bae, Joon Hyuk Choi, Mi Jin Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(7):521-524.

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Abstract PDF: Primary angiosarcoma of the female reproductive system is extremely rare, and its management is not well understood. We experienced a very rare case of angiosarcoma arising in the uterus of a 37-year-old woman who presented abdominal distension. At laparotomy, the uterus was observed to be enlarged and deformed by multilobulated hemorrhagic mass. Tumor deposits were present on both ovaries and the omentum. The operation consisted of total abdominal hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. Microscopic examination showed that the tumor consisted mostly of solid sheets of pleomorphic and spindle cells forming irregular, communicating cleft-like spaces. Well-formed vascular channels lined by atypical endothelial cells were seen in differentiated areas. Some vessels were partially lined by normal endothelial cells and partially by neoplastic endothelial cells. Papillary architecture composed of epithelioid tumor cells was noted in a focal area. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for factor VIII-related antigen, Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1, CD31 and CD34. Weibel-Palade bodies were not seen in the tumor cells. She received adjuvant chemotherapy, but died 13 months after the diagnosis.

Uterine Tumor Resembling Ovarian Sex-Cord Tumor: A Case Report of the Cytologic Finding.: Insun Kim, Eun Mee Han, Woon Yong Jung, Ju Han Lee, Bum Woo Yeom; Korean J Cytopathol. 2003;14(2):71-75.

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Abstract PDF: Uterine stromal tumors with features of ovarian sex-cord differentiation are relatively rare. The neoplasms composed of sex cord-like components in more than 50% of the tumor are classified as group II. We report the cytologic findings of a case of uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex-cord tumor. The cervical smears of a 62-year-old woman with submucosal tumor showed loose aggregates of spindle cells as well as glandular or tubular structures of round cells with a distinct cell membrane and a prominent small nucleolus. Because uterine stromal tumor can have sex cord differentiation, its possibility should be considered in the interpretation of cervical smears.

Florid Cystic Endosalpingiosis of the Uterus: A Case Report.: Sang Hwa Shim, Han Seong Kim, Mee Joo, Sun Hee Chang, Ji Eun Kwak; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(3):189-191.

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Abstract PDF: A 54-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding. On gynecologic and radiologic examinations, bilateral cystic ovarian tumors were suspected. A laparoscopic examination revealed multiple cysts involving both the uterine horns and the posterior surface of the uterus. These were removed by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Microscopically, multiple cysts were identified in the subserosal layer of the uterus, and they were lined with benign tubal type epithelium surrounded by a smooth muscle wall. These features were consistent with "florid cystic endosalpingiosis". Considering the location of the lesion, the lesion has to be distinguished from other benign cystic lesions of the uterus and adnexa, including multicystic mesothelioma, serous cystadenoma and mucinous cystadenoma. Awareness of this lesion will facilitate a correct diagnosis by both the clinician and pathologist.

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