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Review Article
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The evolving role of TRPS1 in dermatopathology: insights from the past 4 years
Mokhtar H. Abdelhammed, Woo Cheal Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2026;60(2):129-143.   Published online January 29, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.11.25
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Over the past 4 years, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) has rapidly gained attention among practicing pathologists, with numerous studies emerging that both support and question its diagnostic utility. Initially regarded as a highly specific marker for tumors of mammary origin, TRPS1 is now recognized to have broader expression patterns, including in a variety of cutaneous neoplasms. This is likely due to embryologic parallels between breast tissue and skin adnexal structures, an overlap that was underappreciated in early investigations. Although TRPS1 lacks absolute specificity—even among cutaneous neoplasms—it can still offer meaningful diagnostic value when interpreted alongside conventional immunohistochemical markers and within the appropriate morphologic context. Noteworthy diagnostic applications include mammary Paget disease, primary extramammary Paget disease, rare adnexal neoplasms such as endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma and primary cutaneous NUT adnexal carcinoma, and cutaneous metastases from breast carcinoma. In this review, we present the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of the utility and limitations of TRPS1 immunohistochemistry in dermatopathology. Our aim is to deepen understanding of this emerging marker and provide practical guidance on its optimal integration with established immunohistochemical panels to enhance diagnostic accuracy in routine practice.
Original Articles
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Characterization of undifferentiated carcinoma of the salivary gland: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analyses in comparison with lymphoepithelial carcinoma
Sangjoon Choi, Gyuheon Choi, Hee Jin Lee, Joon Seon Song, Yoon Se Lee, Seung-Ho Choi, Kyung-Ja Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(6):361-370.   Published online September 8, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.07.07
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to reclassify a subset of poorly differentiated salivary gland carcinoma that do not conform to any entities of the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification into the category of undifferentiated carcinoma (UDC) because they lack specific histologic differentiation or immunophenotype. Methods: Cases of salivary gland carcinomas from Asan Medical Center (2002–2020) that did not fit any existing WHO classification criteria and were diagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinoma, high-grade carcinoma, or UDC, were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for p40, neuroendocrine markers, androgen receptor (AR), and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed. Clinical data were collected from the electronic medical records. Results: Six salivary gland carcinomas did not align with any specific entities and lacked distinct differentiation. Two of six cases displayed lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC)-like morphology but were negative or showed negligible immunoreactivity for p40 and EBV ISH, distinguishing them from LEC of the salivary gland. Two cases showed strong AR positivity, suggesting a potential overlap with salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) but lacked classic SDC morphologies and GCDFP-15 expression. No cases expressed neuroendocrine markers. Conclusions: This study proposes reclassifying these poorly differentiated or high-grade salivary gland carcinomas as UDC based on their indeterminate differentiation and IHC profiles. This may lead to a clearer diagnostic category and enhance our understanding of these high-grade tumors.
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Primary Merkel cell carcinoma of the salivary gland: a clinicopathologic study of four cases with a review of literature
Gyuheon Choi, Joon Seon Song, Hee Jin Lee, Gi Hwan Kim, Young Ho Jung, Yoon Se Lee, Kyung-Ja Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(3):171-179.   Published online April 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.03.25
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  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Primary Merkel cell carcinoma of the salivary gland is currently not listed in the World Health Organization classification. However, cases of Merkel cell type neuroendocrine carcinomas of the salivary gland with perinuclear cytokeratin 20 positivity have been intermittently reported. We here investigated the clinicopathologic features of additional cases.
Methods
Data of four cases of Merkel cell type small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the salivary gland were retrieved. To confirm the tumors’ primary nature, clinical records and pathologic materials were reviewed. Optimal immunohistochemical staining was performed to support the diagnosis.
Results
All tumors were located in the parotid gland. Possibilities of metastasis were excluded in all cases through a meticulous clinicopathological review. Tumor histology was consistent with the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Tumors’ immunohistochemical phenotypes were consistent with Merkel cell carcinoma, including Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen positivity in two of the four cases.
Conclusions
Merkel cell carcinomas can originate in salivary glands and are partly associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection as in cutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas.

Citations

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  • Parotid intranodal metastasis of Merkel cell carcinoma: a rare case report
    Tong Gao, Dengshun Wang, Hongwei Yu, Yu’e Wang, Haibin Lu
    BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Review
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Welcoming the new, revisiting the old: a brief glance at cytopathology reporting systems for lung, pancreas, and thyroid
Rita Luis, Balamurugan Thirunavukkarasu, Deepali Jain, Sule Canberk
J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(4):165-173.   Published online July 15, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.06.11
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  • 1 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
This review addresses new reporting systems for lung and pancreatobiliary cytopathology as well as the most recent edition of The Bethesda Reporting System for Thyroid Cytopathology. The review spans past, present, and future aspects within the context of the intricate interplay between traditional morphological assessments and cutting-edge molecular diagnostics. For lung and pancreas, the authors discuss the evolution of reporting systems, emphasizing the bridge between past directives and more recent collaborative efforts of the International Academy of Cytology and the World Health Organization in shaping universal reporting systems. The review offers a brief overview of the structure of these novel systems, highlighting their strengths and pinpointing areas that require further refinement. For thyroid, the authors primarily focus on the third edition of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, also considering the two preceding editions. This review serves as an invaluable resource for cytopathologists, offering a panoramic view of the evolving landscape of cytopathology reporting and pointing out the integrative role of the cytopathologist in an era of rapid diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology: Insights Into the Insufficient/Inadequate/Non‐Diagnostic, Atypical and Suspicious for Malignancy Categories and How to Use Them
    Zahra Maleki, Sule Canberk, Andrew Field
    Cytopathology.2025; 36(5): 434.     CrossRef
  • Reproducibility of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC): An observational study of 100 patients
    Kishori Moni Panda, Reena Naik, Mohd Ghouse Mohiddin
    Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology.2024; 11(4): 385.     CrossRef
Original Articles
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Revisiting the utility of identifying nuclear grooves as unique nuclear changes by an object detector model
Pedro R. F. Rende, Joel Machado Pires, Kátia Sakimi Nakadaira, Sara Lopes, João Vale, Fabio Hecht, Fabyan E. L. Beltrão, Gabriel J. R. Machado, Edna T. Kimura, Catarina Eloy, Helton E. Ramos
J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(3):117-126.   Published online April 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.03.07
  • 5,433 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Among other structures, nuclear grooves are vastly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Considering that the application of artificial intelligence in thyroid cytology has potential for diagnostic routine, our goal was to develop a new supervised convolutional neural network capable of identifying nuclear grooves in Diff-Quik stained whole-slide images (WSI) obtained from thyroid fineneedle aspiration.
Methods
We selected 22 Diff-Quik stained cytological slides with cytological diagnosis of PTC and concordant histological diagnosis. Each of the slides was scanned, forming a WSI. Images that contained the region of interest were obtained, followed by pre-formatting, annotation of the nuclear grooves and data augmentation techniques. The final dataset was divided into training and validation groups in a 7:3 ratio.
Results
This is the first artificial intelligence model based on object detection applied to nuclear structures in thyroid cytopathology. A total of 7,255 images were obtained from 22 WSI, totaling 7,242 annotated nuclear grooves. The best model was obtained after it was submitted 15 times with the train dataset (14th epoch), with 67% true positives, 49.8% for sensitivity and 43.1% for predictive positive value.
Conclusions
The model was able to develop a structure predictor rule, indicating that the application of an artificial intelligence model based on object detection in the identification of nuclear grooves is feasible. Associated with a reduction in interobserver variability and in time per slide, this demonstrates that nuclear evaluation constitutes one of the possibilities for refining the diagnosis through computational models.
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TRPS1 expression in non-melanocytic cutaneous neoplasms: an immunohistochemical analysis of 200 cases
Yi A. Liu, Phyu P. Aung, Yunyi Wang, Jing Ning, Priyadharsini Nagarajan, Jonathan L. Curry, Carlos A. Torres-Cabala, Doina Ivan, Victor G. Prieto, Qingqing Ding, Woo Cheal Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(2):72-80.   Published online February 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.01.23
  • 7,675 View
  • 401 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Although trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) was initially thought to be highly sensitive and specific for carcinomas and mesenchymal tumors of mammary origin, more recent data suggest its expression is not limited to breast neoplasms but also can be seen in other cutaneous neoplasms, such as extramammary Paget disease and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ.
Methods
Two-hundred cases of non-melanocytic cutaneous neoplasm, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) (n = 41), SCCs (n = 35), Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) (n = 25), and adnexal neoplasms (n = 99), were tested for TRPS1 expression using a monoclonal anti- TRPS1 rabbit anti-human antibody.
Results
TRPS1 expression was present in almost all cases of SCC (94%), with a median H-score of 200, while it was either absent or only focally present in most BCCs (90%), with a median H-score of 5. The difference between BCCs and SCCs in H-score was significant (p < .001). All MCCs (100%) lacked TRPS1 expression. TRPS1 expression was frequently seen in most adnexal neoplasms, benign and malignant, in variable intensity and proportion but was consistently absent in apocrine carcinomas. All endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinomas (EMPSGCs) (100%, 6/6) showed diffuse and strong TRPS1 immunoreactivity, with a median H-score of 300, which was significantly different (p < .001) than that of BCCs.
Conclusions
Our study shows that TRPS1 may be an effective discriminatory marker for BCCs and SCCs. It also has a role in distinguishing BCCs from EMPSGCs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Metastatic Vulvar Paget's Disease Presenting in a Supraclavicular Lymph Node: A Diagnostic Challenge on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
    Thiri Htoo Aung, Neha Seth, Anam Khan, Kasturi Das
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The evolving role of TRPS1 in dermatopathology: insights from the past 4 years
    Mokhtar H. Abdelhammed, Woo Cheal Cho
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2026; 60(2): 129.     CrossRef
  • Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) in breast pathology: diagnostic utility and pitfalls
    Atif Ali Hashmi, Edi Brogi, Hannah Y. Wen
    Diagnostic Pathology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Refining NTRK Fusion Detection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Through Pan-TRK Immunohistochemistry and Histopathologic Features
    Hyun Lee, Sue Youn Kim, Ji Min Park, Seung-Hyun Jung, Ozgur Mete, Chan Kwon Jung
    Endocrine Pathology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: Case report and literature review
    Nan Guo, Zhenlin Fan, Yitong Chen, Qian Li, Limin Guo
    European Journal of Ophthalmology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Updates on utility of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer
    Hongxia Sun, Aysegul A. Sahin, Qingqing Ding
    Human Pathology.2025; 162: 105821.     CrossRef
  • Primary Cutaneous NUT Adnexal Carcinoma With BRD4::NUTM1 Fusion: A 19-Year Follow-Up
    Elsayed Ibrahim, Richard K. Yang, Maria A. Gubbiotti, Victor G. Prieto, Woo Cheal Cho
    The American Journal of Dermatopathology.2025; 47(9): 731.     CrossRef
  • Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin with co-expression of TRPS1 and GATA3: a case report
    Liling Song, Ning Zhu, Lei Jiang, Dong Gao, Guohua Yu
    Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic Algorithm for Secondary Extramammary Paget Disease from Institutional Cases and Literature Review
    Salin Kiratikanon, Ayaka Fukui, Masahiro Hirata, Jakob M. T. Moran, Masakazu Fujimoto, Mai P. Hoang
    Cancers.2025; 17(24): 4014.     CrossRef
  • TRPS1 Expression Is Frequently Seen in a Subset of Cutaneous Mesenchymal Neoplasms and Tumors of Uncertain Differentiation: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall
    Moon Joo Kim, Yi A. Liu, Yunyi Wang, Jing Ning, Woo Cheal Cho
    Dermatopathology.2024; 11(3): 200.     CrossRef
  • TRPS1 expression in MPNST is correlated with PRC2 inactivation and loss of H3K27me3
    Rossana Lazcano, Davis R. Ingram, Gauri Panse, Alexander J. Lazar, Wei-Lien Wang, Jeffrey M. Cloutier
    Human Pathology.2024; 151: 105632.     CrossRef
  • Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum-Like Features in Poroma: An Unusual Morphologic Pattern of Poroma or True Synchronous Occurrence of 2 Distinct Neoplasms?
    Mouaz Alsawas, Fiorinda F. Muhaj, Phyu P. Aung, Priyadharsini Nagarajan, Woo Cheal Cho
    The American Journal of Dermatopathology.2024; 46(12): 871.     CrossRef
  • A Comprehensive Review of TRPS1 as a Diagnostic Immunohistochemical Marker for Primary Breast Carcinoma: Latest Insights and Diagnostic Pitfalls
    Antonia-Carmen Georgescu, Tiberiu-Augustin Georgescu, Simona-Alina Duca-Barbu, Lucian Gheorghe Pop, Daniela Oana Toader, Nicolae Suciu, Dragos Cretoiu
    Cancers.2024; 16(21): 3568.     CrossRef
  • Expression of TRPS1 in Metastatic Tumors of the Skin: An Immunohistochemical Study of 72 Cases
    Kassiani Boulogeorgou, Christos Topalidis, Triantafyllia Koletsa, Georgia Karayannopoulou, Jean Kanitakis
    Dermatopathology.2024; 11(4): 293.     CrossRef
Review
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Trouble-makers in cytologic interpretation of the uterine cervix
Eunah Shin, Jaeeun Yu, Soon Won Hong
J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(3):139-146.   Published online May 15, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.04.25
  • 11,811 View
  • 471 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The development and standardization of cytologic screening of the uterine cervix has dramatically decreased the prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Advances in the understanding of biology of human papillomavirus have contributed to upgrading the histologic diagnosis of the uterine cervix; however, cytologic screening that should triage those that need further management still poses several difficulties in interpretation. Cytologic features of high grade intraepithelial squamous lesion (HSIL) mimics including atrophy, immature metaplasia, and transitional metaplasia, and glandular lesion masquerades including tubal metaplasia and HSIL with glandular involvement are described with accentuation mainly on the differential points. When the cytologic features lie in a gray zone between the differentials, the most important key to the more accurate interpretation is sticking to the very basics of cytology; screening the background and cellular architecture, and then scrutinizing the nuclear and cytoplasmic details.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Risk of cervical stenosis after cervical excision in postmenopausal patients
    Eva Hauge, Line Winther Gustafson, Mette Tranberg, Pinar Bor
    European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2025; 308: 208.     CrossRef
  • Pitfalls in Gynecological Cytology: Review of the Common and Less Frequent Entities in Pap Test
    Danijela Vrdoljak-Mozetič, Snježana Štemberger-Papić, Damjana Verša Ostojić, Roberta Rubeša, Marko Klarić, Senija Eminović
    Acta Cytologica.2024; 68(3): 281.     CrossRef
  • Cytological features of human papillomavirus‐infected immature squamous metaplastic cells from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2
    Mitsuaki Okodo, Kaori Okayama, Koji Teruya, Ruku Shinohara, Shuichi Mizuno, Rei Settsu, Yasuyoshi Ishii, Masahiko Fujii, Hirokazu Kimura, Mizue Oda
    Journal of Medical Virology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
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Diagnostic distribution and pitfalls of glandular abnormalities in cervical cytology: a 25-year single-center study
Jung-A Sung, Ilias P. Nikas, Haeryoung Kim, Han Suk Ryu, Cheol Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):354-360.   Published online November 9, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.09.05
  • 8,989 View
  • 156 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Detection of glandular abnormalities in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests is challenging. This study aimed to review our institute’s experience interpreting such abnormalities, assess cytohistologic concordance, and identify cytomorphologic features associated with malignancy in follow-up histology.
Methods
Patients with cytologically-detected glandular lesions identified in our pathology records from 1995 to 2020 were included in this study.
Results
Of the 683,197 Pap tests performed, 985 (0.144%) exhibited glandular abnormalities, 657 of which had tissue follow-up available. One hundred eighty-eight cases were cytologically interpreted as adenocarcinoma and histologically diagnosed as malignant tumors of various origins. There were 213 cases reported as atypical glandular cells (AGC) and nine cases as adenocarcinoma in cytology, yet they were found to be benign in follow-up histology. In addition, 48 cases diagnosed with AGC and six with adenocarcinoma cytology were found to have cervical squamous lesions in follow-up histology, including four squamous cell carcinomas. Among the cytomorphological features examined, nuclear membrane irregularity, three-dimensional clusters, single-cell pattern, and presence of mitoses were associated with malignant histology in follow-up.
Conclusions
This study showed our institute’s experience detecting glandular abnormalities in cervical cytology over a 25-year period, revealing the difficulty of this task. Nonetheless, the present study indicates that several cytological findings such as membrane irregularity, three-dimensional clusters, single-cell pattern, and evidence of proliferation could help distinguishing malignancy from a benign lesion.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • “Atypical Glandular Cells” on Cervical Cytology: Correlation Between Glandular Cell Component Volume and Histological Follow‐Up
    Havva Gokce Terzioglu, Alessa Aragao, Julieta E. Barroeta
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2026; 54(2): 71.     CrossRef
  • Expertise in Gynecological Pathology Impacts Diagnosis of Atypical Glandular Cell Category in Cervical Cytology
    Havva Gökce Terzioglu, Alessa Aragao, Julieta E. Barroeta
    Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease.2025; 29(4): 297.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Cytological and/or Histopathological Results of Patients with Single and Multiple HPV Positivity
    Fatih Mehmet Kaya, Şafak Ersöz, Cihan Comba, Ömer Demir
    Acta Cytologica.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of atypical glandular cells in ThinPrep Pap smear and follow-up histopathology
    Tengfei Wang, Yinan Hua, Lina Liu, Bing Leng
    Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings.2024; 37(3): 403.     CrossRef
Case Study
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Adrenal hemangioblastoma
Joo-Yeon Koo, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Joon Hyuk Choi, Ho Seok Chung, Chan Choi
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(3):161-166.   Published online February 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.12.28
  • 5,847 View
  • 157 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hemangioblastoma (HB) is a rare benign tumor that most commonly occurs in the cerebellum. HB is composed of neoplastic stromal cells and abundant small vessels. However, the exact origin of stromal cells is controversial. Extraneural HBs have been reported in a small series, and peripheral HBs arising in the adrenal gland are extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of sporadic adrenal HB in a 54-year-old woman. The tumor was a well-circumscribed, yellow mass measuring 4.2 cm in diameter. Histologically, the tumor was composed of small blood vessels and vacuolated stromal cells with clear cytoplasm. On immunohistochemical stain, the stromal cells were positive for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin. The tumor did not reveal mutation of VHL alleles. We herein present a case of HB of the adrenal gland and review of the literature.

Citations

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  • Familial Von Hippel–Lindau Disease: A Case Series of Cerebral Hemangioblastomas with MRI, Histopathological, and Genetic Correlations
    Claudiu Matei, Ioana Boeras, Dan Orga Dumitriu, Cosmin Mutu, Adriana Popescu, Mihai Gabriel Cucu, Alexandru Calotă-Dobrescu, Bogdan Fetica, Diter Atasie
    Life.2025; 15(11): 1649.     CrossRef
Original Article
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Clinicopathologic implication of PD-L1 gene alteration in primary adrenal diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Ki Rim Lee, Jiwon Koh, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hyun Jung Kwon, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Ho Paik
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(1):32-39.   Published online November 16, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.10.05
  • 5,712 View
  • 169 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Primary adrenal (PA) diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was previously reported as an aggressive subset of DLBCL, but its genetic features were not sufficiently characterized. From our previous study of DLBCL with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) gene alterations, we focused on PD-L1 gene alterations in PA-DLBCL with clinicopathologic implications.
Methods
We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization for PD-L1 gene translocation and amplification in PA-DLBCL (n = 18) and comparatively analyzed clinicopathologic characteristics with systemic non-adrenal (NA)-DLBCL (n = 90).
Results
PA-DLBCL harbored distinctive features (vs. NADLBCL), including high international prognostic index score (3–5) (72% [13/18] vs. 38% [34/90], p = .007), poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (≥ 2) (47% [7/15] vs. 11% [10/90], p = .003), elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (78% [14/18] vs. 51% [44/87], p = .035) and MUM1 expression (87% [13/15] vs. 60% [54/90], p = .047). Moreover, PA-DLBCL showed frequent PD-L1 gene alterations (vs. NA-DLBCL) (39% [7/18] vs. 6% [5/86], p = .001), including translocation (22% [4/18] vs. 3% [3/87], p = .016) and amplification (17% [3/18] vs. 2% [2/87], p = .034). Within the PA-DLBCL group, PD-L1 gene–altered cases (vs. non-altered cases) tended to have B symptoms (p = .145) and elevated LDH (p = .119) but less frequent bulky disease (≥ 10 cm) (p = .119). In the survival analysis, PA-DLBCL had a poor prognosis for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (vs. NA-DLBCL; p = .014 and p = .004). Within the PA-DLBCL group, PD-L1 translocation was associated with shorter OS and PFS (p < .001 and p = .012).
Conclusions
PA-DLBCL is a clinically aggressive and distinct subset of DLBCL with frequent PD-L1 gene alterations. PD-L1 gene translocation was associated with poor prognosis in PA-DLBCL.
Case Study
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Adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary gland with concurrent MAML2 and EWSR1 alterations
Sangjoon Choi, Junhun Cho, Seung Eun Lee, Chung-Hwan Baek, Yi-Kyung Kim, Hyung-Jin Kim, Young Hyeh Ko
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(2):132-138.   Published online January 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.12.11
  • 7,781 View
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  • 13 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Salivary gland tumors are histologically diverse, and each entity has distinctive histopathological and molecular features. We report two cases of salivary gland tumors with unique histological and molecular findings, which have not been documented previously. The tumors were located in the base of the tongue in both patients. Most tumor cells were arranged in cords and nests, giving a trabecularlike appearance. Focally, glandular structures with intraluminal mucin and perivascular pseudorosette-like configurations were identified. Tumor cells had eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm, and showed mild nuclear atypia. They were positive for pancytokeratin and negative for S-100, p63, c-KIT, androgen receptor, and neuroendocrine markers. Multiple foci of capsular or lymphovascular invasion were identified, but the Ki-67 labeling index was low (< 5%). Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed concurrent alterations of MAML2 and EWSR1 gene. Further investigations with a larger number of cases with similar histological and molecular features will accurately classify this tumor.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of MAML2 Gene Rearrangement in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Glands and Its Correlation with Histologic Grading Systems
    Akshara Ravichandran, Daphne Fonseca, Sahithi Shilpa Arya, G. Sandhya Devi, Suseela Kodandapani, Chandrasekhara Rao, T. Subramanyeshwar Rao
    Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2026; 78(3): 1506.     CrossRef
  • A novel fusion of EWSR1::PRKD1 in cribriform adenocarcinoma of salivary glands: A rare case report
    Zecra Yahia
    Human Pathology Reports.2025; 42: 300801.     CrossRef
  • Salivary Gland Neoplasms With a Unique Trabecular Histology and MAML2 Translocation
    Bokyung Ahn, Seung-Ho Choi, Doeun Kim, Deokhoon Kim, Kyung-Ja Cho
    American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2023; 47(10): 1085.     CrossRef
  • Mesonephric-like Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary: Clinicopathological and Molecular Characteristics
    Hyun Hee Koh, Eunhyang Park, Hyun-Soo Kim
    Diagnostics.2022; 12(2): 326.     CrossRef
  • The evolving role of molecular pathology in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumours with potential pitfalls
    Kanwalpreet Kaur, Shailee Mehta, Sangita Vanik, Priti Trivedi, Nirmalya Banerjee, Harsh Dhar, Sourav Datta, Subhadeep Karanjai
    European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2022; 279(8): 3769.     CrossRef
  • Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma of the Uterus: Clinicopathological and Molecular Characteristics
    Yurimi Lee, Kiyong Na, Ha Young Woo, Hyun-Soo Kim
    Diagnostics.2022; 12(5): 1102.     CrossRef
  • Endometrioid Carcinomas of the Ovaries and Endometrium Involving Endocervical Polyps: Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analyses
    Jihee Sohn, Yurimi Lee, Hyun-Soo Kim
    Diagnostics.2022; 12(10): 2339.     CrossRef
  • Mesonephric-like Differentiation of Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma: Clinicopathological and Molecular Characteristics Distinct from Those of Uterine Mesonephric-like Adenocarcinoma
    Sujin Park, Go Eun Bae, Jiyoung Kim, Hyun-Soo Kim
    Diagnostics.2021; 11(8): 1450.     CrossRef
  • Mesonephric-like Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Corpus: Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Analyses Using Markers for Mesonephric, Endometrioid and Serous Tumors
    Hyunjin Kim, Kiyong Na, Go Eun Bae, Hyun-Soo Kim
    Diagnostics.2021; 11(11): 2042.     CrossRef
Original Articles
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Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the salivary gland: immunohistochemical analysis and comparison with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma
Uiree Jo, Joon Seon Song, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim, Kyung-Ja Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(6):489-496.   Published online August 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.07.19
  • 10,764 View
  • 209 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the salivary gland is a rare disease, and distinguishing primary SCC from metastatic SCC is difficult. This study investigated the histological and immunohistochemical differences between primary and metastatic salivary gland SCC to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and to explore the pathogenesis of this disease.
Methods
Data of 16 patients who underwent surgery for SCC of salivary glands between 2000 and 2018 at Asan Medical Center were retrieved. Eight patients had a history of SCC at other sites, and eight patients had only salivary gland SCC. Immunostaining for p16, p53, androgen receptor (AR), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15), and c-erbB2, as well as mucicarmine staining, were compared between the two groups.
Results
Most tumors were located in the center of the salivary glands with extraparenchymal extension. The histology of primary SCC of the salivary gland was consistent with moderately differentiated SCC with extensive desmoplastic reaction and peritumoral inflammation. Involvement of the salivary gland ducts and transition into the ductal epithelium were observed in two cases. Metastatic SCC resembled the primary tumor histologically and was associated with central necrosis. Both groups exhibited negative mucin staining. Two, one, and one primary SCC case exhibited AR, GCDFP-15, and c-erbB2 positivity, respectively.
Conclusions
A subset of primary SCCs originated in salivary ducts or was related to salivary duct carcinoma. Distinguishing primary from metastatic SCC of the salivary gland is difficult using histologic features and immunoprofiles. A comprehensive review of the medical history is essential.

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Article image
A retrospective cytohistological correlation of fine-needle aspiration cytology with classification by the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology
Ji Hyun Park, Yoon Jin Cha, Ja Yeong Seo, Jae Yol Lim, Soon Won Hong
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):419-425.   Published online July 8, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.06.09
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Before publication of the new classification system named the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) in 2018, there was no standard classification for salivary gland lesions obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We therefore aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of this system by retrospectively reviewing FNA samples using the MSRSGC and to determine their risk of developing into neoplasms and becoming malignant.
Methods
Retrospective slide review and classification of salivary gland FNAs obtained over a 6-year period (2013–2018) at a single center were performed by two pathologists. The risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each category also were calculated.
Results
This study surveyed 374 FNAs (371 patients) performed over a six-year period and selected 148 cases that included documented surgical follow-up (39.6%). Among the surgically treated cases, the distributions of FNA categories were as follows: non-diagnostic (ND; 16.9%), non-neoplastic (NN; 2.7%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS; 3.4%), benign (BN; 54.7%), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP; 10.1%), suspicious for malignancy (SM; 6.8%), and malignant (M; 5.4%). The risk of malignancy (ROM) was 24.0% for ND, 0% for NN, 40.0% for AUS, 2.5% for BN, 46.7% for SUMP, 100% for SM, and 87.5% for M. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 95.9% (142/148 cases).
Conclusions
The newly proposed MSRSGC appears to be a reliable system for classification of salivary gland lesions according to the associated ROM.

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Review
Article image
2019 Practice guidelines for thyroid core needle biopsy: a report of the Clinical Practice Guidelines Development Committee of the Korean Thyroid Association
Chan Kwon Jung, Jung Hwan Baek, Dong Gyu Na, Young Lyun Oh, Ka Hee Yi, Ho-Cheol Kang
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):64-86.   Published online January 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.12.04
  • 27,626 View
  • 1,059 Download
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  • 57 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) has been increasingly used for the pre-operative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Since the Korean Society of the Thyroid Radiology published the ‘Consensus Statement and Recommendations for Thyroid CNB’ in 2017 and the Korean Endocrine Pathology Thyroid CNB Study Group published ‘Pathology Reporting of Thyroid Core Needle Biopsy’ in 2015, advances have occurred rapidly not only in the management guidelines for thyroid nodules but also in the diagnostic terminology and classification schemes. The Clinical Practice Guidelines Development Committee of the Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) reviewed publications on thyroid CNB from 1995 to September 2019 and updated the recommendations and statements for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules using CNB. Recommendations for the resolution of clinical controversies regarding the use of CNB were based on expert opinion. These practical guidelines include recommendations and statements regarding indications for CNB, patient preparation, CNB technique, biopsy-related complications, biopsy specimen preparation and processing, and pathology interpretation and reporting of thyroid CNB.

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Case Studies
Primary Necrobiotic Xanthogranulomatous Sialadenitis with Submandibular Gland Localization without Skin Involvement
Myunghee Kang, Na Rae Kim, Dong Hae Chung, Jae Yeon Seok, Dong Young Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):261-265.   Published online January 16, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.01.08
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous reaction is a multiorgan, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis with an unknown etiology. Occurrence in the salivary gland is extremely rare. We recently identified a case of necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous sialadenitis in a 73-year-old Korean woman who presented with a painless palpable lesion in the chin. There was no accompanying cutaneous lesion. Partial resection and subsequent wide excision with neck dissection were performed. Pathological examination showed a severe inflammatory lesion that included foamy macrophages centrally admixed with neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and scattered giant cells, as well as necrobiosis. During the 12-month postoperative period, no grossly remarkable change in size was noted. Necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous inflammation may be preceded by or combined with hematologic malignancy. Although rare, clinicians and radiologists should be aware that an adhesive necrobiotic xanthogranuloma in the salivary gland may present with a mass-like lesion. Further evaluation for hematologic disease and close follow-up are needed when a pathologic diagnosis is made.

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  • Salivary gland macrophages in health and disease: heterogeneity, niche crosstalk, and therapeutic avenues
    Xinglei Li, Yan Feng, Huixin Xue, Xinxin Ni
    Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Five Cases of Xanthogranulomatous Sialadenitis
    Satoshi Kiyama, Hiroyuki Iuchi, Kotoko Ito, Kengo Nishimoto, Tsutomu Matsuzaki, Masaru Yamashita
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  • Xanthogranulomatous change in a pleomorphic adenoma: An extremely rare variant/degenerative change. Is it fine needle aspiration induced?
    Mukta Pujani, Dipti Sidam, Kanika Singh, Aparna Khandelwal, Khushbu Katarya
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A Case of Xanthogranulomatous Sialadenitis with Facial Palsy Mimicking Malignancy
    Sang Hyun Kim, Sun Woo Kim, Sang Hyuk Lee
    Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2021; 64(6): 422.     CrossRef
  • Xanthogranulomatous Sialadenitis, an Uncommon Reactive Change is Often Associated with Warthin’s Tumor
    Lihong Bu, Hui Zhu, Emilian Racila, Sobia Khaja, David Hamlar, Faqian Li
    Head and Neck Pathology.2020; 14(2): 525.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Xanthogranulomatous Sialadenitis of the Sublingual Gland:A Review of Literature
    Naoya KITAMURA, Seiji OHNO, Tetsuya YAMAMOTO
    Journal of Japanese Society of Oral Medicine.2019; 25(1): 20.     CrossRef
Cytopathologic Features of Secretory Carcinoma of Salivary Gland: Report of Two Cases
Young Ah Kim, Jae Won Joung, Sun-Jae Lee, Hoon-Kyu Oh, Chang Ho Cho, Woo Jung Sung
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(1):70-74.   Published online December 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.11.09
  • 8,824 View
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  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland (SC) is a newly introduced rare salivary gland tumor that shares histological, immunohistochemical, and genetic characteristics with secretory carcinoma of the breast. Here, we report the cytologic features of two cases of SC confirmed by surgical resection. In these two cases, SC was incidentally detected in a 64-year-old female and a 56-yearold male. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed nests of tumor cells with a papillary or glandular structure floating in mucinous secretions. The tumor cells demonstrated uniform, round, smooth nuclear contours and distinct nucleoli. Multiple characteristic cytoplasmic vacuoles were revealed. Singly scattered tumor cells frequently showed variable sized cytoplasmic vacuoles. The cytopathologic diagnosis of SC should be considered when characteristic cytological findings are revealed. Further immunohistochemistry and gene analyses are helpful to diagnose SC.

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  • Salivary Gland Secretory Carcinoma; Review of 13 Years World‐Wide Experience and Meta‐Analysis
    Eyal Yosefof, Tomer Boldes, Daniel Dan, Eyal Robenshtok, Yulia Strenov, Gideon Bachar, Thomas Shpitzer, Aviram Mizrachi
    The Laryngoscope.2024; 134(4): 1716.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in Diagnosing Secretory Carcinoma of Salivary Gland: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Pooja Sharma Kala, Mamta Gupta, Naveen Thapliyal
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  • An Underappreciated Cytomorphological Feature of Secretory Carcinoma of Salivary Gland on Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy: Case Report with Literature Review
    Yinan Hua, Bing Leng, Kenneth E. Youens, Lina Liu
    Head and Neck Pathology.2022; 16(2): 567.     CrossRef
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    Stefan Janik, Muhammad Faisal, Blazen Marijić, Stefan Grasl, Matthaeus Ch. Grasl, Gregor Heiduschka, Boban M. Erovic
    Head & Neck.2022; 44(3): 792.     CrossRef
  • A systematic review of secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland: where are we?
    Lísia Daltro Borges Alves, Andreia Cristina de Melo, Thayana Alves Farinha, Luiz Henrique de Lima Araujo, Leandro de Souza Thiago, Fernando Luiz Dias, Héliton Spíndola Antunes, Ana Lucia Amaral Eisenberg, Luiz Claudio Santos Thuler, Daniel Cohen Goldember
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  • Clinical characteristics of acinic cell carcinoma and secretory carcinoma of the parotid gland
    Tetsuya Terada, Ryo Kawata, Keiki Noro, Masaaki Higashino, Shuji Nishikawa, Shin-ichi Haginomori, Yoshitaka Kurisu, Hiroko Kuwabara, Yoshinobu Hirose
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Adrenal Cortical Neoplasm with Uncertain Malignant Potential Arising in the Heterotopic Adrenal Cortex in the Liver of a Patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Eun Na Kim, Dong Eun Song, Hee Mang Yoon, Beom Hee Lee, Chong Jai Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):129-135.   Published online November 26, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.11.13
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are predisposed to developing embryonal tumors, with hepatoblastoma being the most common type. Our patient showed hemihypertrophy, macroglossia, and paternal uniparental disomy in chromosome 11 and was diagnosed with BWS. When the patient was 9 months old, a 2.5×1.5 cm oval hypoechoic exophytic mass was detected in the inferior tip of his right liver. Preoperative imaging identified it as hepatoblastoma; however, histologic, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic findings were compatible with adrenal cortical neoplasm with uncertain malignant potential. The origin of the adrenal tissue seemed to be heterotopic. Here, we describe for the first time an adrenal cortical neoplasm with uncertain malignant potential arising in the heterotopic adrenal cortex located in the liver of a patient with BWS.

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    Diana Carli, Federico Rondot, Maria Luca, Anna Campello, Stefano Gabriele Vallero, Elisa Tirtei, Andrea Gazzin, Simona Cardaropoli, Francesca Montanari, Claudio Graziano, Paola Quarello, Abu Saadat, Angela Sparago, Giovanni Battista Ferrero, Franca Fagiol
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    Hela Sassi, Yasmina Elaribi, Houweyda Jilani, Imen Rejeb, Syrine Hizem, Molka Sebai, Nadia Kasdallah, Habib Bouthour, Samia Hannachi, Jasmin Beygo, Ali Saad, Karin Buiting, Dorra H’mida Ben‐Brahim, Lamia BenJemaa
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Original Article
PLAG1, SOX10, and Myb Expression in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Ji Hyun Lee, Hye Ju Kang, Chong Woo Yoo, Weon Seo Park, Jun Sun Ryu, Yuh-Seog Jung, Sung Weon Choi, Joo Yong Park, Nayoung Han
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(1):23-30.   Published online November 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.10.12
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  • 28 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Recent findings in molecular pathology suggest that genetic translocation and/oroverexpression of oncoproteins is important in salivary gland tumorigenesis and diagnosis. Weinvestigated PLAG1, SOX10, and Myb protein expression in various salivary gland neoplasm tissues.
Methods
A total of 113 cases of surgically resected salivary gland neoplasms at the NationalCancer Center from January 2007 to March 2017 were identified. Immunohistochemical stainingof PLAG1, SOX10, and Myb in tissue samples was performed using tissue microarrays.
Results
Among the 113 cases, 82 (72.6%) were benign and 31 (27.4%) were malignant. PLAG1 showednuclear staining and normal parotid gland was not stained. Among 48 cases of pleomorphicadenoma, 29 (60.4%) were positive for PLAG1. All other benign and malignant salivary glandneoplasms were PLAG1-negative. SOX10 showed nuclear staining. In normal salivary gland tissuesSOX10 was expressed in cells of acinus and intercalated ducts. In benign tumors, SOX10 expressionwas observed in all pleomorphic adenoma (48/48), and basal cell adenoma (3/3), but not inother benign tumors. SOX10 positivity was observed in nine of 31 (29.0%) malignant tumors.Myb showed nuclear staining but was not detected in normal parotid glands. Four of 31 (12.9%)malignant tumors showed Myb positivity: three adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCC) and onemyoepithelial carcinoma with focal AdCC-like histology.
Conclusions
PLAG1 expression is specificto pleomorphic adenoma. SOX10 expression is helpful to rule out excretory duct origin tumor,but its diagnostic value is relatively low. Myb is useful for diagnosing AdCC when histology isunclear in the surgical specimen.

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Case Studies
Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor of the Thyroid Gland, a Diagnostic Challenge in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology: Case Report
Ye-Young Rhee, Hong Kyu Jung, Se Hoon Kim, Soo Hee Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(4):252-256.   Published online June 11, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.04.28
  • 11,468 View
  • 185 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) is a rare thyroid tumor with low to minimal malignant potential. HTT is often misinterpreted as other thyroid tumors, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, because of its overlapping cytologic features, such as nuclear grooves and intranulcear pseudoinclusions. Although cytopathologists cannot definitely conclude HTT by FNA cytology, suspicion of HTT is necessary to avoid misdiagnosing HTT as PTC or MTC and to avoid unnecessary aggressive treatment. Here, we report a case of HTT with novel cytologic features in CellPrep liquid based cytology that was diagnosed as suspicious for papillary carcinoma by FNA and finally diagnosed as HTT in the surgical specimen.

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    Abdulwahid M. Salih, Rebaz O. Mohammed, Hiwa O. Baba, Shko H. Hassan, Muhammed Bag A. Ali, Imad J. Habibullah, Imad S. Sedeeq, Dyari Q. Hamad, Karokh K. Mohammed, Marwan N. Hassan, Abdullah A. Qadir, Harun A. Ahmed, Meer M. Abdulkareem, Fahm
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    Fei Wang, Yufei Liu
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  • Diagnostic clues for hyalinizing trabecular tumor on fine needle aspiration cytology
    Lone Nielsen, Ana María Colino Gallardo, Pablo Pérez Alonso, Luis Ortega Medina, Esthefanía Latorre García, Cristina Díaz del Arco, Reyes Bergillos Jiménez, Lorenzo Alarcón García, Marta Cruz Blanco, Jesús Vega González, Montserrat De la Torre Serrano, Ma
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  • Clinical Characteristics of the Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor
    Byung-Chang Kim, Shin Jeong Pak, Jae Won Cho, Won Woong Kim, Yu-mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Jung Hwan Baek, Ki-Wook Chung
    Journal of Endocrine Surgery.2022; 22(4): 116.     CrossRef
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    Suhwan Jeong, Hanaro Park
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  • The Diagnosis of Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor: A Difficult and Controversial Thyroid Entity
    Esther Diana Rossi, Mauro Papotti, William Faquin, Luigi Maria Larocca, Liron Pantanowitz
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    Marco Dell’Aquila, Carmen Gravina, Alessandra Cocomazzi, Sara Capodimonti, Teresa Musarra, Stefania Sfregola, Vincenzo Fiorentino, Luca Revelli, Maurizio Martini, Guido Fadda, Liron Pantanowitz, Luigi Maria Larocca, Esther Diana Rossi
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Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Carcinosarcoma in the Salivary Gland: An Extremely Rare Case Report
Hyo Jung An, Hye Jin Baek, Jin Pyeong Kim, Min Hye Kim, Dae Hyun Song
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(2):136-139.   Published online December 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.07.27
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Carcinosarcoma of the salivary gland is an extremely rare tumor that is composed of both malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components. Diagnosing carcinosarcoma with fine-needle aspiration cytology is challenging because of its overlapping cytomorphologic characteristics with other high-grade malignant salivary gland tumors. Among the many features, including pleomorphic oncocytoid epithelial components, necrotic background, and mitoses, recognizing the singly scattered atypical spindle cells is most essential in carcinosarcoma. We present a case of a 66-year-old male patient with characteristic features of carcinosarcoma, who was successfully treated by wide local excision and subsequent radiation therapy.

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    Nyein Nyein Htun, Daniel Nguyen, Beverly Y. Wang, Anoosh Montaser, Behdokht Nowroozizadeh, Suraiya Saleem
    Case Reports in Pathology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Carcinosarcoma of the parotid gland: a case report and review of the literature
    Swachi Jain, Mohammed Abdelwahed, Daniel Hector Chavarria, Lucio Pereira, Gary Stone, Alan Johnson, Jian Yi Li
    Journal of Medical Case Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Is Primary Poorly Differentiated Sarcomatoid Malignancy of the Parotid Gland Sarcomatoid Undifferentiated/Dedifferentiated Melanoma? Report of Three Unusual Cases Diagnosed by Fine-Needle Aspiration Combined with Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Mol
    Jerzy Klijanienko, Julien Masliah-Planchon, Olivier Choussy, Guillaume Rougier, Antoine Dubray Vautrin, Maria Lesnik, Nathalie Badois, Wahib Ghanem, Jan Klos, Christophe Le Tourneau, Gregoire Marret, Raymond Barnhill, Adel K. El-Naggar
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  • Carcinosarcoma of the deep lobe of the parotid gland in the parapharyngeal region: A case report
    Yue-Yang Tang, Gui-Quan Zhu, Zhi-Jian Zheng, Li-Hong Yao, Zi-Xin Wan, Xin-Hua Liang, Ya-Ling Tang
    World Journal of Clinical Cases.2023; 11(31): 7663.     CrossRef
  • Carcinosarcoma of Submandibular Salivary Gland with a Rare Sarcomatous Variant
    Shalini Bhalla, Naseem Akhtar, Puneet Prakash, Malti Kumari, Madhu Mati Goel
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Duodenal Adenocarcinoma of Brunner Gland Origin: A Case Report
Ji Hye Moon, Kyoungbun Lee, Han-Kwang Yang, Woo Ho Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(3):179-182.   Published online December 27, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.10.09
  • 10,016 View
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  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
We report a case of adenocarcinoma originating from the duodenal Brunner glands in a 47-year-old female patient. The lesion was 0.8 cm in extent and located at the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum. Histologically, the tumor showed transition from non-neoplastic Brunner glands through dysplastic epithelium into adenocarcinoma. The carcinoma cells were strongly positive for MUC6 protein, which is an epithelial marker for the Brunner glands. Tumor protein p53 was overexpressed in the carcinoma cells, but not in the non-neoplastic or dysplastic epithelium. Dystrophic calcification was predominant. This is the first case report of duodenal adenocarcinoma of Brunner gland origin in Korea.

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  • Duodenal Adenocarcinoma with a Gastric Phenotype Demonstrating a Rapidly Progressive Course
    Sho Matsuyama, Akihisa Fukuda, Nobukazu Agatsuma, Masahito Hoki, Takahiro Utsumi, Hiroshi Seno
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  • Relationship Between Immunophenotypes, Genetic Profiles, and Clinicopathologic Characteristics in Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma
    Aitoshi Hoshimoto, Atsushi Tatsuguchi, Takeshi Yamada, Sho Kuriyama, Ryohei Hamakubo, Takayoshi Nishimoto, Jun Omori, Naohiko Akimoto, Katya Gudis, Keigo Mitsui, Shu Tanaka, Shunji Fujimori, Tsutomu Hatori, Akira Shimizu, Katsuhiko Iwakiri
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    Paul Hong, Marcel Ghanim, Abdul Haseeb, Xianzhong Ding, Ayokunle T. Abegunde
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    Yoshifumi S Hirokawa, Takashi Iwata, Yoshinaga Okugawa, Koji Tanaka, Hiroyuki Sakurai, Masatoshi Watanabe
    World Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 27(28): 4738.     CrossRef
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    Nader Bakheet, Ahmed Cordie, Mohamed Nabil alkady, Ibrahim Naguib
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Cytologic Characteristics of Thymic Adenocarcinoma with Enteric Differentiation: A Study of Four Fine-Needle Aspiration Specimens
Ah-Young Kwon, Joungho Han, Hae-yon Cho, Seokhwi Kim, Heejin Bang, Jiyeon Hyeon
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(5):509-512.   Published online August 4, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.03.22
  • 9,062 View
  • 126 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Thymic adenocarcinoma is extremely rare. Although its histologic features have been occasionally reported, a lack of description of the cytologic features has hampered the prompt and accurate diagnosis of this condition. Herein, we describe the cytologic findings and histology of four aspiration cytology specimens of thymic adenocarcinoma. The specimens were obtained from primary tumors, metastatic lymph nodes, and pericardial effusions. All four specimens showed three-dimensional glandular clusters with a loss of polarity and nuclear overlapping. One specimen had extensive extracellular mucinous material. Three specimens contained tumor cells with intracytoplasmic vacuoles. While the specimen with extracellular mucin showed relatively mild cytologic atypia, other specimens exhibited more atypical cytologic changes: irregular nuclear membranes, a coarse chromatin pattern, and prominent nucleoli. The cytologic features were correlated with the histologic features in each case of enteric type thymic adenocarcinoma. The differential diagnosis included other thymic carcinomas, yolk sac tumors, and metastatic adenocarcinoma from the lung or colorectum.

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Mammary Carcinoma Arising in Microglandular Adenosis: A Report of Five Cases
Mimi Kim, Milim Kim, Yul Ri Chung, So Yeon Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):422-427.   Published online April 4, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.11.11
  • 15,884 View
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  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Mammary carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis (MGA) is extremely rare, and MGA is regarded as a non-obligate precursor of triple-negative breast cancer. We report five cases of carcinoma arising in MGA of the breast. All cases showed a spectrum of proliferative lesions ranging from MGA to atypical MGA, ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, all cases were triple-negative and expression of S-100 protein gradually decreased as the lesions progressed from MGA to atypical MGA and carcinoma. Three cases showed acinic cell differentiation with reactivity to α1-antitrypsin, and one case was metaplastic carcinoma. During clinical follow-up, one patient developed local recurrence. Carcinoma arising in MGA is a rare but distinct subset of triple-negative breast cancer with characteristic histologic and immunohistochemical findings.

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Original Article
Article image
Morphological and Functional Changes in the Thyroid Follicles of the Aged Murine and Humans
Junguee Lee, Shinae Yi, Yea Eun Kang, Hyeon-Woo Kim, Kyong Hye Joung, Hae Joung Sul, Koon Soon Kim, Minho Shong
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(6):426-435.   Published online October 14, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.07.19
  • 19,262 View
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  • 45 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Although both thyroid histology and serum concentrations of hormones are known to change with age, only a few reports exist on the relationship between the age-related structural and functional changes of the thyroid follicles in both mice and humans. Our objectives were to investigate age-related histological changes of the thyroid follicles and to determine whether these morphological changes were associated with the functional activity of the follicles.
Methods
The thyroid glands of mice at 18 weeks and at 6, 15, and 30 months of age were histologically examined, and the serum levels of thyroid hormones were measured in 11-week-old and 20-month-old mice. Samples of human thyroid tissue from 10 women over 70 years old and 10 women between 30 and 50 years of age were analyzed in conjunction with serum thyroid hormone level.
Results
The histological and functional changes observed in the thyroid follicles of aged mice and women were as follows: variable sizing and enlargement of the follicles; increased irregularity of follicles; Sanderson’s polsters in the wall of large follicles; a large thyroglobulin (Tg) globule or numerous small fragmented Tg globules in follicular lumens; oncocytic change in follicular cells; and markedly dilated follicles empty of colloid. Serum T3 levels in 20-month-old mice and humans were unremarkable.
Conclusions
Thyroid follicles of aged mice and women show characteristic morphological changes, such as cystic atrophy, empty colloid, and Tg globules.

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Case Study
A Pyloric Gland-Phenotype Ovarian Mucinous Tumor Resembling Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia in a Patient with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Eun Na Kim, Gu-Hwan Kim, Jiyoon Kim, In Ah Park, Jin Ho Shin, Yun Chai, Kyu-Rae Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(2):159-164.   Published online August 22, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.07.01
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AbstractAbstract PDF
We describe an ovarian mucinous neoplasm that histologically resembles lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) containing pyloric gland type mucin in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Although ovarian mucinous tumors rarely occur in PJS patients, their pyloric gland phenotype has not been clearly determined. The histopathologic features of the ovarian mucinous tumor were reminiscent of LEGH. The cytoplasmic mucin was stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction after diastase treatment but was negative for Alcian blue pH 2.5, suggesting the presence of neutral mucin. Immunohistochemically, the epithelium expressed various gastric markers, including MUC6, HIK1083, and carbonic anhydrase-IX. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification detected a germline heterozygous deletion mutation at exons 1–7 of the STK11 gene (c.1-?_920+?del) in peripheral blood leukocytes and mosaic loss of heterozygosity in ovarian tumor tissue. Considering that LEGH and/or gastric-type cervical adenocarcinoma can be found in patients with PJS carrying germline and/or somatic STK11 mutations, our case indicates that STK11 mutations have an important role in the proliferation of pyloric-phenotype mucinous epithelium at various anatomical locations.

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  • Molecular evidence of a clonal relationship of synchronous/multifocal gastric‐type lesions of the female genital tract
    Min Shi, Hong Yang, Fang Zhang, Ting Hou, Huageng Huang, Yi Lu, Yehan Zhou, Ting Lan, Juan Ji, Jun Hou, Chengmin Zhou, Zhou Zhang, Sheng Qin, Zongyao Huang, Yang Liu
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Original Article
Evaluation of the VE1 Antibody in Thyroid Cytology Using Ex Vivo Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Specimens
Yon Hee Kim, Hyunee Yim, Yong-Hee Lee, Jae Ho Han, Kyi Beom Lee, Jeonghun Lee, Euy Young Soh, Seon-Yong Jeong, Jang-Hee Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(1):58-66.   Published online December 14, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.10.10
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Recently, VE1, a monoclonal antibody against the BRAFV600E mutant protein, has been investigated in terms of its detection of the BRAFV600E mutation. Although VE1 immunostaining and molecular methods used to assess papillary thyroid carcinoma in surgical specimens are in good agreement, evaluation of VE1 in thyroid cytology samples is rarely performed, and its diagnostic value in cytology has not been well established. In present study, we explored VE1 immunoexpression in cytology samples from ex vivo papillary thyroid carcinoma specimens in order to minimize limitations of low cellularity and sampling/targeting errors originated from thyroid fineneedle aspiration and compared our results with those obtained using the corresponding papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues. Methods: The VE1 antibody was evaluated in 21 cases of thyroid cytology obtained directly from ex vivo thyroid specimens. VE1 immunostaining was performed using liquid-based cytology, and the results were compared with those obtained using the corresponding tissues. Results: Of 21 cases, 19 classic papillary thyroid carcinomas had BRAFV600E mutations, whereas two follicular variants expressed wild-type BRAF. VE1 immunoexpression varied according to specimen type. In detection of the BRAFV600E mutation, VE1 immunostaining of the surgical specimen exhibited 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, whereas VE1 immunostaining of the cytology specimen exhibited only 94.7% sensitivity and 0% specificity. Conclusions: Our data suggest that VE1 immunostaining of a cytology specimen is less specific than that of a surgical specimen for detection of the BRAFV600E mutation, and that VE1 immunostaining of a cytology specimen should be further evaluated and optimized for clinical use.

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  • Principles of Analytic Validation of Immunohistochemical Assays: Guideline Update
    Jeffrey D. Goldsmith, Megan L. Troxell, Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri, Carol F. Colasacco, Mary Elizabeth Edgerton, Patrick L. Fitzgibbons, Regan Fulton, Thomas Haas, Patricia L. Kandalaft, Tanja Kalicanin, Christina Lacchetti, Patti Loykasek, Nicole E. Thomas,
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Case Study
A Rare Case of Primary Tubular Adenocarcinoma of the Thymus, Enteric Immunophenotype: A Case Study and Review of the Literature
Hae Yoen Jung, Hyundeuk Cho, Jin-Haeng Chung, Sang Byoung Bae, Ji-Hye Lee, Hyun Ju Lee, Si-Hyong Jang, Mee-Hye Oh
J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(4):331-334.   Published online June 1, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.04.16
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Thymic carcinomas are uncommon malignant tumors, and thymic adenocarcinomas are extremely rare. Here, we describe a case of primary thymic adenocarcinoma in a 59-year-old woman. Histological examination of the tumor revealed tubular morphology with expression of cytokeratin 20 and caudal-type homeobox 2 according to immunohistochemistry, suggesting enteric features. Extensive clinical and radiological studies excluded the possibility of an extrathymic primary tumor. A review of the literature revealed only two global cases of primary tubular adenocarcinomas of the thymus with enteric immunophenotype.

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Original Article
Accuracy of Core Needle Biopsy Versus Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Diagnosing Salivary Gland Tumors
In Hye Song, Joon Seon Song, Chang Ohk Sung, Jong-Lyel Roh, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Jung Hwan Baek, Kyung-Ja Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(2):136-143.   Published online March 12, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.01.03
  • 18,073 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Core needle biopsy is a relatively new technique used to diagnose salivary gland lesions, and its role in comparison with fine needle aspiration cytology needs to be refined. Methods: We compared the results of 228 ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy and 371 fine needle aspiration procedures performed on major salivary gland tumors with their postoperative histological diagnoses. Results: Core needle biopsy resulted in significantly higher sensitivity and more accurate tumor subtyping, especially for malignant tumors, than fine needle aspiration. No patient developed major complications after core needle biopsy. Conclusions: We recommend ultrasoundguided core needle biopsy as the primary diagnostic tool for the preoperative evaluation of patients with salivary gland lesions, especially when malignancy is suspected.

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Case Study
Oncocytic Lipoadenoma: A Rare Case of Parotid Gland Tumor and Review of the Literature
Chen-lin Chi, Tseng-tong Kuo, Li-yu Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(2):144-147.   Published online March 12, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2014.02.10
  • 11,400 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Oncocytic lipoadenoma is a rare tumor, with only 18 cases having been reported since the first in 1998. We encountered a case of oncocytic lipoadenoma presenting as a slowly growing parotid mass in a 71-year-old man. This tumor is characteristically comprised of a mixture of oncocytes and adipocytes. The present case is one of five reported cases of oncocytic lipoadenoma showing sebaceous differentiation. The results of immunohistochemical study with DOG1 antibody supported the origination of this tumor in the striated duct.

Citations

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Brief Case Report
Cytokeratin-Positive Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Biphasic Morphology: A Case Report
Sung Sun Kim, Yoo Duk Choi, Jae Hyuk Lee, Chan Choi
Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(5):375-378.   Published online October 27, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.5.375
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PDF

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  • CYTOKERATINS: NOT AN EPITHELIAL ENTITY ANYMORE?
    Geetpriya Kaur, Devicharan Shetty, Seema Sikka, Aparna Pathak
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2022; : 15.     CrossRef
  • Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach in a 10-year-old child
    Saeed Nasher, Fayed Al-Yousofy, Faisal Ahmed
    Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports.2021; 74: 102044.     CrossRef
Case Studies
Cytomorphological Findings and Histological Correlation of Low-Grade Cribriform Cystadenocarcinoma of Salivary Gland in Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Case Study
Young Sin Ko, Ja Seung Koo
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):592-595.   Published online December 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.592
  • 9,355 View
  • 70 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma (LGCCC) of the salivary gland is a rare tumor. We report the cytologic features and histologic correlation of a patient with LGCCC. A 57-year-old man had a hardly palpable, nontender mass in the right cheek area followed over nine months. Radiologic analysis revealed a 1.2 cm multiseptated, cystic, solid nodule in an anterior superficial lobe of the right parotid gland. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed many irregular overlapping sheets or clusters of ductal epithelial cells forming solid, pseudopapillary, and cribriform architectures. Nuclei of the tumor cells revealed inconspicuous atypia with minimal size variation. On the basis of these findings, we confirmed a diagnosis of ductal epithelial proliferative lesion, favoring neoplasm, with uncertain malignant potential. Tumor excision was performed, revealing a tiny multicystic nodule (0.7 cm). Histopathologically, this tumor showed the characteristic morphology of LGCCC. This is the first report of cytomorphological findings of LGCCC in Korea.

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  • Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of parotid gland
    Atsuko NASU, Sakae HATA, Masaru FUJITA, Toyoko YAMAUCHI, Satoko NAKAMURA, Takehiro TANAKA, Kouichi ICHIMURA, Hiroyuki YANAI
    The Journal of the Japanese Society of Clinical Cytology.2016; 55(2): 112.     CrossRef
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Arising in Warthin's Tumor: Case Study and Review of the Literature
Güliz Özkök, Funda Taşlı, Nazan Özsan, Rafet Öztürk, Hakan Postacı
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):579-582.   Published online December 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.579
  • 9,090 View
  • 55 Download
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Warthin's tumor is the second most common type of salivary gland tumor. Microscopically, Warthin's tumor displays a proliferative epithelial component and lymphoid stroma. Carcinomas arising from the epithelial component are well known, but malignant transformations of the lymphoid stroma are rare. When they do occur, they are most commonly B-cell type non-Hodgkin lymphomas. A 60-year-old male patient underwent surgical resection of a parotid mass. After superficial parotidectomy, microscopic examination indicated that the tumor was of epithelial components with basaloid and oncocytic columns of cells neighboring lymphoid components. In addition to the lymphoid follicles with distinct germinal centers, there were large, bizarre and extremely atypical neoplastic cells seen in the lymphoid component. Large neoplastic cells were diffusely CD20 and CD30 positive. The patient was diagnosed with "Warthin's tumor and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with expression of CD30." The histopathologic and clinical features are discussed along with a review of the literature.

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    Hai-Chao Tong, Shuang Ma, Lan Chen, Xiangyun Meng, Ying-Chun Li, Le-Yao Li, Lingyun Dong, Wan-Lin Zhang, Tyler Wildes, Lian-He Yang, Endi Wang
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    Henrik Hellquist, António Paiva-Correia, Vincent Vander Poorten, Miquel Quer, Juan C. Hernandez-Prera, Simon Andreasen, Peter Zbären, Alena Skalova, Alessandra Rinaldo, Alfio Ferlito
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Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Low-Grade Cribriform Cystadenocarcinoma with Many Psammoma Bodies of the Salivary Gland
Ji Yun Jeong, Dongbin Ahn, Ji Young Park
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):481-485.   Published online October 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.481
  • 8,690 View
  • 49 Download
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma (LGCCC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that was recently defined as a variant of cystadenocarcinoma by the 2005 World Health Orgazniation (WHO) classification system. We report cytologic findings of an unusual case of LGCCC with many psammoma bodies. A 90-year-old man presented a palpable mass on his left parotid gland. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology showed tumor cells that were arranged in clusters and dispersed individually. The tumor cells showed mild atypia and had clear or dense cytoplasm with some vacuoles. Numerous psammoma bodies were noted. After surgical resection, the histologic examination revealed a mixed solid and cystic mass showing intraductal growth with focal stromal invasion. The S-100 protein expressed in the tumor cells, but smooth muscle actin and p63 were positive only in myoepithelial cells. Although LGCCCs resemble other salivary gland tumors, differentiating LGCCC during preoperative FNA is important to avoid unnecessary overtreatment.

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    Masashi Kimura, Shinji Mii, Shinichi Sugimoto, Kosuke Saida, Shojiroh Morinaga, Masahiro Umemura
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A Case of Multifocal Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Consisting of One Encapsulated Follicular Variant with BRAF K601E Mutation and Three Conventional Types with BRAF V600E Mutation
Wook Youn Kim, Young Sin Ko, Tae Sook Hwang, Hye Seung Han, So Dug Lim, Wan Seop Kim, Seo Young Oh
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(3):293-298.   Published online June 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.3.293
  • 10,625 View
  • 53 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma (mPTC) comprises about 20-30% of PTC. In mPTC, individual tumor foci can be identical or frequently composed of different histological types including follicular, solid, tall-cell or conventional patterns. We report a case of mPTC consisting of one encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) and three conventional PTCs in a 44-year-old woman. This case genetically demonstrates unique features including the simultaneous presence of the BRAF V600E (T1799A) mutation and the BRAF K601E (A1801G) mutation in conventional PTC and FVPTC, respectively.

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    Antonio Matrone, Fabrizia Citro, Carla Gambale, Alessandro Prete, Elisa Minaldi, Raffaele Ciampi, Teresa Ramone, Gabriele Materazzi, Liborio Torregrossa, Rossella Elisei
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Heterotopic Intestinal Cyst of the Submandibular Gland: A Case Study
Mi Jung Kwon, Dong Hoon Kim, Hye-Rim Park, Soo Kee Min, Jinwon Seo, Eun Soo Kim, Si Whan Kim, Bumjung Park
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(3):279-283.   Published online June 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.3.279
  • 9,366 View
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  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Heterotopic gastrointestinal cysts are rarely found in the oral cavity. Most of these cysts are lined with gastric mucosa and involve the tongue. There have been no reported heterotopic intestinal cysts of the submandibular gland that are completely lined with colonic mucosa. An 8-year-old girl presented with an enlarging swelling in the left submandibular area, and a 4-cm unilocular cyst was fully excised. The cyst was completely lined with colonic mucosa that was surrounded by smooth muscle layer, and the lining cells were positive for CDX-2, an intestinal marker, indicating a high degree of differentiation. The pathogenesis remains unclear, but it may be related to the misplacement of embryonic rests within the oral cavity during early fetal development. Although heterotopic intestinal cysts rarely occur in the submandibular gland, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of facial swellings in the pediatric population.

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ThinPrep Cytological Findings of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor with Extensive Glandular Differentiation: A Case Study
Hyun-Jung Kim, Byeong Seok Sohn, Ji-Eun Kwon, Jeong Yeon Kim, Kyeongmee Park
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(2):182-187.   Published online April 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.2.182
  • 8,661 View
  • 70 Download
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm. The cytological diagnosis of this tumor has only been reported in a few cases. In most of these cases, the diagnosis was made using fine-needle aspiration cytology. Most DSRCTs resemble disseminated carcinomatoses in their clinical manifestation as well as cytomorphologically, even in young-adult patients. These authors report a case of using peritoneal-washing and pleural-effusion ThinPrep cytology to diagnose DSRCT, with extensive glandular differentiation and mucin vacuoles. We found that fibrillary stromal fragment, clinical setting, and adjunctive immunocytochemical staining were most helpful for avoiding misdiagnosis.

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Original Articles
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Thyroid Follicular Neoplasm: Cytohistologic Correlation and Accuracy
Changyoung Yoo, Hyun Joo Choi, Soyoung Im, Ji Han Jung, Kiouk Min, Chang Suk Kang, Young-Jin Suh
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(1):61-66.   Published online February 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.1.61
  • 13,308 View
  • 86 Download
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This study evaluated the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in cases of follicular neoplasm (FN) on the basis of histologic diagnosis, and reviewed the cytologic findings of FN according to the FNAC.

Methods

Among the 66 cases diagnosed with thyroid FN by FNAC during the 7-year period from 2003 to 2009, 36 cases that had undergone thyroid surgery were available for review. Cytologic diagnosis was compared with the histologic diagnosis of each case.

Results

Among the 36 cases with a cytologic diagnosis of thyroid FN, histologic diagnosis was as follows: 20 follicular adenomas (55.6%), 3 Hurthle cell adenomas (8.3%), 2 follicular carcinomas (5.6%), 8 nodular goiters (22.2%), 2 papillary carcinomas (5.6%), and 1 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (2.8%), resulting in a diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for thyroid FN of 69.5%.

Conclusions

This study shows that FNAC for thyroid FN is a useful primary screening method because when FN is diagnosed by FNAC, the rate of FN histologic diagnosis is relatively high, however, adequate sampling and experience is a prerequisite for this procedure.

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Finding and Characterizing Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland
Min Jung Jung, Joon Seon Song, Sang Yoon Kim, Soon Yuhl Nam, Jong-Lyel Roh, Seung-Ho Choi, Sung-Bae Kim, Kyung-Ja Cho
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(1):36-43.   Published online February 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.1.36
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

A new tumor entity of the salivary glands, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) with ETV6-NTRK3 translocation, has recently been proposed. MASC was originally diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (ANOS), or acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) by the current World Health Organization classification. We aimed to identify MASC cases by molecular tests, and to characterize their clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical features.

Methods

Thirty cases of MASC candidates were selected after review of 196 salivary gland tumors, and subjected to break-apart ETV6 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemical study for S100 protein, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, DOG1, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor.

Results

Valid FISH results were obtained in 23 cases, and 13 positive cases were retrieved. MASCs were histologically varied, and the most frequent features observed in 10 cases were low-grade papillary/cystic/glandular patterns, intraluminal secretory materials, ovoid/wrinkled nuclei, and relatively abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasms, corresponding to papillary-cystic or follicular types of AciCC. All cases showed diffuse immunopositivity for S100 protein. Three cases developed recurrences, but all patients remained alive.

Conclusions

MASC could be a molecularly well-defined salivary gland neoplasm, encompassing some portions of AciCC and ANOS, but its histological spectrum and clinical implication require further investigation.

Citations

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Hye Jung Jo, Hyo Jung Ahn, Soojin Jung, Hye-Kyoung Yoon
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):569-575.   Published online December 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.569
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  • 58 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary lesions is relatively high, but cytologic interpretation might be confusing if the sample is lacking typical cytologic features.

Methods

There were 77 cases of benign salivary lesions, consisting of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) in 61 cases, Warthin's tumor (WT) in 12 cases, and other benign lesions in 4 cases. The causes of the discrepancies between the FNAC and the histologic diagnoses were evaluated.

Results

Major discrepancies were noted in 4 of the 61 PA cases, and in 1 of 12 WT cases. The causes of the major discrepancies were a mislabeled site in 1 PA and 1 WT case, and an interpretation error in 3 PA cases. Minor discrepancies were more common in the WT cases (7 of 12 cases) than in the PA cases (11 of 61 cases). The causes of the minor discrepancies were a mislabeled site in 1 PA and 1 WT case, an inadequate sample in 7 PA and 2 WT cases, a lack of typical cytomorphology in 2 PA and 2 WT cases, and an interpretation error in 1 PA and 2 WT cases.

Conclusions

To increase the diagnostic accuracy in the benign salivary lesions, recognition of both characteristic and less typical cytomorphology is needed.

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Case Reports
Primary Thymic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Suk-Joong Yong, Woocheol Kwon, Il Hwan Park, Soon-Hee Jung
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(4):377-381.   Published online August 23, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.4.377
  • 10,273 View
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  • 21 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Primary thymic mucinous adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare aggressive subtype of thymic carcinoma. With a review of literatures, only nine cases have been reported up to present. A 36-year-old woman was admitted for further evaluation and treatment of a mediastinal mass. The patient had no medical history of cancer. The clinicoradiological examination disclosed no tumor elsewhere. After the surgical excision of mediastinal mass, it was grossly a round semi-solid mass with mucin-filled cystic areas. Microscopically solid areas showed cords, small nests and dilated glands infiltrating the fibrotic parenchyma, while the cystic areas were lined by mucinous epithelium with tumor cells floating in extracellular-mucin pools. Some cystic walls underwent malignant transformation of the benign thymic epithelium. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20, CD5, and CDX-2, and negative for thyroid transcription factor-1. In conclusion, the mucinous thymic adenocarcinoma should be recognized as a separate histopathological entity and considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal carcinomas.

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Cytologic Findings of Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Thymus-like Differentiation: A Case Report
Sunhee Chang, Mee Joo, Hanseong Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):302-305.   Published online June 22, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.302
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) is a rare carcinoma of the thyroid or adjacent soft tissue of the neck with a histologic resemblance to thymic epithelial tumors. Although the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) plays a central role in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules, few reports about the cytologic findings of CASTLE have been found according to a review of literatures. We report cytologic findings of a case of CASTLE. A 34-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of sore throat. The FNA showed that the smear was composed of three dimensional clusters and sheets. The tumor cells were round to ovoid with high nuclear : cytoplasmic ratios. The nuclei were vesicular with small nucleoli. There were some tumor cells showing keratinization. Some lymphocytes were found on the background and within clusters. The presence of poorly-differentiated tumor cells with a focal keratinization and a lymphocytic background on the FNA is suggestive of CASTLE.

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Osteoclast-like Giant Cell Tumor of Parotid Gland with a Carcinomatous Component: A Case Report
Jung Wook Yang, Hyeon Cheol Kim, Jeong Hee Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Dong Chul Kim, Dae Hyun Song, Jin Pyeong Kim, Gyung Hyuck Ko
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):297-301.   Published online June 22, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.297
  • 9,627 View
  • 92 Download
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

The giant cell tumor of the salivary gland is very rare, and 20 cases have been reported in the English-language literature. We report an additional case. A 57-year old man had noticed a mass in the right parotid area for several weeks. The diagnosis using aspiration cytology was a giant cell tumor possibly with a carcinomatous component. Superficial parotidectomy was carried out. The resected parotid gland contained a 1.8 cm-sized well-circumscribed brownish tumor. Histologically the tumor consisted of evenly distributed osteoclast-like giant cells, mononuclear cells and two small foci of a carcinomatous component. The osteoclast-like giant cells and mononuclear cells were positive for vimentin and CD68, and the carcinomatous component was positive for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. There was no metastatic lesion in the cervical lymph nodes. We believe this is the first case in Korea of an osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the parotid gland.

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Gastric Adenocarcinoma of Fundic Gland Type: Report of Three Cases
Eun Su Park, Young Eun Kim, Cheol Keun Park, Takashi Yao, Ryoji Kushima, Kyoung-Mee Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):287-291.   Published online June 22, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.287
  • 12,830 View
  • 116 Download
  • 25 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Recently, fundic gland type gastric adenocarcinoma (GA-FG) has been reported as a new entity. This report describes GA-FG among Koreans for the first time. From March 2008 to July 2010 we identified only three cases of GA-FG out of over 6,000 GAs resected by endoscopy or surgery. Cell differentiation by mucin proteins, pepsinogen-I, and H+/K+-ATPase was evaluated. All three cases were male patients and diagnosed as early stage GA. Histologically, GA-FGs were well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with pale gray-blue, basophilic columnar or cuboidal cells and mildly enlarged nuclei, resembling chief cells. All three cases were positive for pepsinogen-I and were classified as gastric mucin phenotype. Among three histologic subtypes of GA-FG, since tumors were mainly composed of chief cells, our three cases were classified as chief cell predominant type. In conclusion, GA-FG is very rare among Koreans and pepsinogen-I and MUC6 expression are typical immunohistochemical findings in GA-FG suggesting differentiation toward fundic glands.

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Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma of the Scalp
Yong-Han Jung, Hye-Jung Jo, Mi-Seon Kang
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):278-281.   Published online June 22, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.278
  • 13,115 View
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  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma (SEDC) is an exceedingly rare tumor that shows both squamous and adnexal ductal differentiation. We report a case of this unusual tumor occurring on the occiput of a 53-year-old man. A histopathological examination revealed a nodular lesion infiltrating the dermis and subcutaneous tissue with numerous duct-like structure and squamoid differentiation foci. Five months later, the patient presented with a palpable mass at the site of the previous excision and the right side of the neck. Sono-guided fine needle aspiration of the right neck mass was performed and was diagnosed as a metastastasis of a lymph node. A right neck node dissection and re-excision of the occiput was performed. The histopathological findings were similar, but squamoid differentiation was more prominent than that in the previous lesion. Because of the rarity of SEDC, little is known about its biological behavior and optimal treatment.

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Original Article
Clinicopathological Analysis of 21 Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Soomin Ahn, Jae Jun Lee, Sang Yun Ha, Chang Ohk Sung, Jhingook Kim, Joungho Han
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):221-225.   Published online June 22, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.221
  • 11,211 View
  • 95 Download
  • 31 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are uncommon, for which there is no established information available because of a limited number of epidemiological study in Asia.

Methods

We reviewed 21 cases of surgically resected thymic NECs, and evaluated their pathological and clinical features.

Results

It showed male predominance (male/female ratio, 15/6) with wide age range from 20 to 72 years (mean age, 49 years). All 21 cases were divided into two types according to the World Health Organization criteria: atypical carcinoid (n=18) and large cell NEC (n=3). Three cases of atypical carcinoid (AC) were associated with ectopic Cushing's syndrome. All the patients (3/3) with large cell NEC (3/3) and 16.7% (3/18) of those with AC died of tumor progression. Common sites of metastasis included lung, lymph node, brain, lumbar spine, mediastinum, bone, and liver.

Conclusions

In conclusion, thymic neuroendocrine tumors carry a poor prognosis. Regarding the tumor classification, our results showed that a vast majority of carcinoids in the thymus correspond to ACs. In addition, our results also indicate that typical carcinoid is a very rare entity. Some cases of AC exhibited a large size, solid pattern and they showed aggressive clinical behavior, which highlights the spectrum of histologic appearances of thymic NECs.

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Case Report
Liquid-Based Cytology of Villoglandular Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix: A Report of 3 Cases
Younghwa Choi, Haeryoung Kim, Haiyoung Choi, Daehyun Hwang, Gheeyoung Choe, Jin-Haeng Chung, So Yeon Park, Hye Seung Lee, Jin Ho Paik, Hyo Jin Park
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):215-220.   Published online April 25, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.215
  • 9,386 View
  • 62 Download
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Villoglandular adenocarcinoma (VGA) is a rare subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma with a more favorable prognosis compared to conventional adenocarcinomas. Although the tumors are usually recognized on colposcopic examination due to the mainly exophytic growth pattern, they may be underdiagnosed as benign lesions by cytology because of their minimal cytologic atypia. We report the liquid-based cytology (LBC) findings of three histologically confirmed VGAs which we have recently identified. They were characterized by hypercellular smears on low-power examination with smooth-bordered three-dimensional papillary fragments. The nuclei were relatively uniform with irregular nuclear membranes. Nucleoli were small but distinct and macronucleoli were also seen. The abnormal architectural patterns such as papillary structures and nuclear overlapping and nuclear hyperchromasia are important clues to the diagnosis of VGA. In addition, nuclear membrane irregularity and prominent nucleoli can be recognized on LBC specimens, further facilitating its diagnosis.

Citations

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  • Villoglandular Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: Clinic‐Cytopathological‐Histological Features of a Rare Case With Brief Review of the Literature
    Neelam Sood, Ruchika Gupta, Sanjay Gupta
    Cytopathology.2025; 36(6): 596.     CrossRef
  • Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Anna K. Dietl, Matthias W. Beckmann, Konrad Aumann
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  • Les lésions glandulaires du col utérin : cas no 4
    Catherine Genestie, Chiraz Hadj Kacem, Pierre Duvillard
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Original Articles
Detection of Survivin and COX-2 in Thyroid Carcinoma: Anaplastic Carcinoma Shows Overexpression of Nuclear Survivin and Low COX-2 Expression
Young A Kim, Meesoo Chang, Young Joo Park, Ji Eun Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(1):55-60.   Published online February 23, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.55
  • 10,461 View
  • 67 Download
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Overexpression of survivin, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein, has been reported in various carcinomas, and its interaction with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) results in accelerated tumor progression. The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of survivin and COX-2 in benign and malignant thyroid tissues and to define its association with pathologic and clinical features.

Methods

We examined expression of survivin and COX-2 by immunohistochemistry in 334 benign and malignant thyroid tissues and evaluated their clinical significance.

Results

Expression of survivin showed an increase along the spectrum of thyroid carcinoma progression; rarely positive in adenomatous goiter, moderately positive in papillary carcinoma, and strongly positive in anaplastic carcinoma (AC). Papillary microcarcinoma revealed the highest COX-2 positivity and AC demonstrated the lowest positivity among thyroid cancers. Node negative carcinomas showed higher COX-2 expression than node positive tumors. Survivin expression did not correlate with COX-2.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that survivin overexpression may be related to the pathogenesis of AC and can be a predictor of disease progression. COX-2 may be involved in the early phase of thyroid carcinoma.

Citations

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  • Interplay between nuclear survivin and the PRC2 complex and its impact on H3K27me3-directed transcriptional repression
    Adesh D. Vaidya, Alexander J. Fezovich, Sally P. Wheatley
    Journal of Cell Science.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani, Arash Alghasi, Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni, Akram Jalali, Mohammad Jamshidi, Ali Khodadadi
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    Xiaoyan Fu, Huayong Zhang, Zhipeng Chen, Zhongyuan Yang, Dingbo Shi, Tianrun Liu, Weichao Chen, Fan Yao, Xuan Su, Wuguo Deng, Miao Chen, Ankui Yang
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    Marija Milkovic Perisa, Bozena Sarcevic, Koraljka Gall Troselj, Kresimir Grsic, Sanda Sitic, Sven Seiwerth
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    Min Hye Jang, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Hye Sook Min
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    Sonja Selemetjev, Tijana Isic Dencic, Ilona Marecko, Jelena Jankovic, Ivan Paunovic, Svetlana Savin, Dubravka Cvejic
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Diagnostic Features of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Pleomorphic Adenoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, and Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Gland.
Eun Sook Nam, Won Bo Jo, Jung Ho Han, Insun Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 1990;1(1):60-67.
  • 6,899 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The evaluate the diagnostic findings of salivary gland tumors, we reexamined aspiration cytology smears of 7 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, 3 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 3 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, performed during April 1986 to March 1990, which were comfurmed by surgical excision and histologic diagnosis. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. All cases of pleomorphic adenoma showed branching cellular clusters of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Acellular elements including myxomatous and chondroid components were observed. There were no cellular pleomorphism and nucleoli. Keratinizing squamous epithelial cells and keratin pearls were noted. 2. The smears of adenoid cystic carcinoma showed cell balls or cell cords containing a central hyaline core. Nuclear atypism and the nucleoli were frequently observed. There were no keratinizing squamous epithelial cells. 3. The smears of mucoepidermoid carcinoma showed mainly sheets or clusters of intermediate cells and some mucin-producing cells. Some nuclear pleomorphism was observed. Mucinous material and many inflammatory cells were present in the background.
Case Reports
Mature Teratoma in the Adrenal Gland.
Eun Jung Cha
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S98-S100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S98
  • 3,889 View
  • 50 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
A teratoma is a germ-cell tumor composed of tissue components representing derivatives of three germ layers. A teratoma in the region of adrenal gland is a rare retroperitoneal tumor. We now report a case of a primary adrenal teratoma. A 38-year-old woman presented with an incidentally detected adrenal mass. The computed tomography scan revealed a 9x8x7.5 cm fat density mass with calcification in the left adrenal gland. The surgically resected tumor was round and well circumscribed and the adrenal gland was present at the periphery of the tumor. The cut surface contained fat tissue and a hair containing cyst. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of adipose tissue, hair, skin appendage, nerve, muscle bundle and bone.
Osteoclast-like Giant Cell Tumor of the Parotid Gland Accompanied with Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma.
Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Hyung Sik Shin, Ji Hyun Kwon, Young Soo Rho
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S84-S88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S84
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  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The origin of osteoclast-like giant cell tumor (OGCT) of the salivary gland has been debated because the prototypic cells of osteoclast-like cells and mononuclear stromal cells are largely unexplained in this gland. Bone marrow-derived CD14+ and CD45+ monocyte-derived multipotential cells (CD14+/CD45+ MOMC) may be one of the possible origins of OGCTs of salivary glands, which have never been explored in salivary OGCTs. We present a case of OGCT accompanied with carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in the parotid gland of a 67-year-old Korean female. The tumor presented as a rapidly growing cervical mass comprising a central area of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma and a peripheral circumferential area of OGCT. The immunohistochemical staining pattern was phenotypically consistent with bone marrow-derived CD14+/CD45+ MOMC. This case is the first report of a salivary OGCT in Korea.

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