Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

International Academy of Cytology standardized reporting of breast fine-needle aspiration cytology with cyto-histopathological correlation of breast carcinoma: Shweta Pai; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(5):241-248. Published online September 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.07.14

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Abstract PDF: Background
The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) has developed a standardized approach for reporting the findings of breast fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Accordingly, there are five chief categories of breast lesions, C1 (insufficient material), C2 (benign), C3 (atypical), C4 (suspicious), and C5 (malignant). The prognostication and management of breast carcinoma can be performed readily on the basis of this classification system. The aim of this study was to classify various breast lesions into one of the above-named categories and to further grade the C5 lesions specifically using the Robinson system. The latter grades were then correlated with modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grades.
Methods
This retrospective study was undertaken in the pathology department of a hospital located in the urban part of the city of Bangalore. All FNAC procedures performed on breast lumps spanning the year 2020 were included in the study.
Results
A total of 205 breast lesions was classified according to the IAC guidelines into C1 (6 cases, 2.9%), C2 (151 cases, 73.7%), C3 (13 cases, 6.3%), C4 (5 cases, 2.5%), and C5 (30 cases, 14.6%) groups. The C5 cases were further graded using Robinson’s system. The latter showed a significant correlation with the SBR system (concordance=83.3%, Spearman correlation=0.746, Kendall’s tau-b=0.736, kappa=0.661, standard error=0.095, p≤.001).
Conclusions
A standardized approach for FNAC reporting of breast lesions, as advocated for by the IAC, improves the quality and clarity of the reports and assures diagnostic reproducibility on a global scale. Further, the cytological grading of C5 lesions provides reliable cyto-prognostic scores that can help assess a tumor’s aggressiveness and predict its histological grade.

Proposal for a Standardized Pathology Report of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Prognostic Significance of Pathological Parameters: Mee-Yon Cho, Jin Hee Sohn, So Young Jin, Hyunki Kim, Eun Sun Jung, Mi-Jung Kim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Joon Mee Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Joon Hyuk Choi, Dae Young Kang, Youn Wha Kim, Eun Hee Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(3):227-237. Published online June 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.3.227

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Background

There is confusion in the diagnosis and biological behaviors of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), because of independently proposed nomenclatures and classifications. A standardized form of pathology report is required for the proper management of patients.

Methods

We discussed the proper pathological evaluation of GEP-NET at the consensus conference of the subcommittee meeting for the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. We then verified the prognostic significance of pathological parameters from our previous nationwide collection of pathological data from 28 hospitals in Korea to determine the essential data set for a pathology report.

Results

Histological classification, grading (mitosis and/or Ki-67 labeling index), T staging (extent, size), lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular and perineural invasion were significant prognostic factors and essential for the pathology report of GEP-NET, while immunostaining such as synaptophysin and chromogranin may be optional. Furthermore, the staging system, either that of the 2010 American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC) or the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS), should be specified, especially for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Conclusions

A standardized pathology report is crucial for the proper management and prediction of prognosis of patients with GEP-NET.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Analysis of Prognostic Risk Factors of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) and Curative Resection of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Yuan Si, ChaoKang Huang, JingBin Yuan, XianHui Zhang, QingQiang He, ZhiJin Lin, Ling He, ZhongXin Liu, Yuvaraja Teekaraman
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Standardization of the pathologic diagnosis of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms
Dong-Wook Kang, Baek-hui Kim, Joon Mee Kim, Jihun Kim, Hee Jin Chang, Mee Soo Chang, Jin-Hee Sohn, Mee-Yon Cho, So-Young Jin, Hee Kyung Chang, Hye Seung Han, Jung Yeon Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Do Youn Park, Ha Young Park, So Jeong Lee, Wonae Lee, Hye Seung Lee,
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2021; 55(4): 247. CrossRef
Preoperative diagnosis of well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumor in common hepatic duct by brush cytology: A case report
Jiwoon Choi, Kyong Joo Lee, Sung Hoon Kim, Mee‐Yon Cho
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2019; 47(7): 720. CrossRef
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Bohyun Kim, Han-Seong Kim, Kyung Chul Moon
Diagnostic Pathology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Tiffany Y. Chen, Annie O. Morrison, Joe Susa, Clay J. Cockerell
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology.2017; 44(11): 978. CrossRef
Prognostic Validity of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the European Neuroendocrine Tumors Staging Classifications for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Jae Hee Cho, Ji Kon Ryu, Si Young Song, Jin-Hyeok Hwang, Dong Ki Lee, Sang Myung Woo, Young-Eun Joo, Seok Jeong, Seung-Ok Lee, Byung Kyu Park, Young Koog Cheon, Jimin Han, Tae Nyeun Kim, Jun Kyu Lee, Sung-Hoon Moon, Hyunjin Kim, Eun Taek Park, Jae Chul Hw
Pancreas.2016; 45(7): 941. CrossRef
Early diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
Hong Shen, Zhuo Yu, Jing Zhao, Xiu-Zhen Li, Wen-Sheng Pan
Oncology Letters.2016; 12(5): 3385. CrossRef
Recent Updates on Neuroendocrine Tumors From the Gastrointestinal and Pancreatobiliary Tracts
Joo Young Kim, Seung-Mo Hong
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2016; 140(5): 437. CrossRef
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Correlation between the contrast-enhanced computed tomography features and the pathological tumor grade
Koji Takumi, Yoshihiko Fukukura, Michiyo Higashi, Junnichi Ideue, Tomokazu Umanodan, Hiroto Hakamada, Ichiro Kanetsuki, Takashi Yoshiura
European Journal of Radiology.2015; 84(8): 1436. CrossRef
Tumeurs neuroendocrines du tube digestif et du pancréas : ce que le pathologiste doit savoir et doit faire en 2014
Jean-Yves Scoazec, Anne Couvelard
Annales de Pathologie.2014; 34(1): 40. CrossRef
Spectrum of Gastroenteropancreatic NENs in Routine Histological Examinations of Bioptic and Surgical Specimen: A Study of 161 Cases Collected from 17 Departments of Pathology in the Czech Republic
Václav Mandys, Tomáš Jirásek
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
p27 Loss Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Hee Sung Kim, Hye Seung Lee, Kyung Han Nam, Jiwoon Choi, Woo Ho Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2014; 46(4): 383. CrossRef

Grading System for Gastric Epithelial Proliferative Diseases Standardized Guidelines proposed by Korean Study Group for Pathology of Digestive Diseases.: Hoguen Kim, So Young Jin, Ja June Jang, Woo Ho Kim, Sang Yong Song, Kyu Rae Kim, Eun Sil Yu, Hyung Sik Shin, Han Kyeom Kim, Jin Hee Sohn, Eun Kyung Hong, Youn Wha Kim, Jin Sook Jeong, Chang Jin Kim, Shin Eun Choi, In Suh Park, Chan Il Park, Yong Il Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(5):389-400.

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Abstract PDF: The assessment of epithelial changes in gastric mucosal biopsies has been one of the major problems caused by inconsistencies in and disagreements about nomenclature and interpretation. To resolve these issues, members of the Study Group for Pathology of Digestive Diseases reviewed microslides of 50 gastric lesions showing varying degrees of mucosal abnormality and reached the following consensus; 1) the proliferating gastric epithelium can be divided into hyperplastic and neoplastic; 2) the term "dysplasia" is reserved for the microscopic epithelial changes that are unequivocally neoplastic; 3) Biopsy specimens can be categorized as regenerative(negative for dysplasia), indefinite(questionable dysplasia), positive(positive for dysplasia) and overt carcinoma; 4) The positive category can be divided into two subgroups, high grade dysplasia and low grade dysplasia. Criteria for each grade are presented and discussed. We offer these guidelines for establishing the correct diagnosis of the gastric mucosal biopsy specimens and for prospective studies.

Pathologic Analysis of 71 Cases of Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia.: Sang Pyo Kim, Seung Che Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(9):815-822.

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Abstract PDF: Cortical dysplasia (CD) is considered to be a malformative lesion of the neocortex which exhibits a spectrum of pathologic changes reflecting a disturbance in the process of its development. CD is recently recognized as a major cause of intractable epilepsy with non-neoplastic lesions. Mischel et al. proposed that CD can be graded mild, moderate and severe with regard to nine specific microscopic abnormalities: mild CD consists of 1) cortical laminar disorganization, 2) single heterotopic white matter neurons, 3) neurons in the cortical molecular layer, 4) persistent remnants of the subpial granular cell layer, and 5) marginal glioneuronal heterotopia; moderate CD displays 6) polymicrogyria and 7) white matter neuronal heterotopia; severe CD phows 8) neuronal cytomegaly with associated cytoskeletal abnormalities and 9) balloon cell change. We reassessed 71 cases of cortical dysplasia to elucidate the proportion and histologic features of each group, using Mischel's grading system. CD was most frequently found in the temporal lobe with 50 cases (70%). Mild CD was predominently seen and was noted in 61 cases (86%) Cortical laminar disorganization and single heterotopic white matter neurons were identified in all mild CD cases. Neurons in the cortical molecular layer, persistent subpial granular cell layer, and marginal glioneuronal heterotopia were also noted in case numbers 40, 3, and 1 of mild CD, respectively. Moderate CD was composed of 2 cases with polymicrogyria, and the remaining 8 cases had severe CD. All moderate and severe CD were associated with the various histological features of mild CD. Thirty eight cases (51%) of CD showed dual pathology, composed of both CD and hippocampal sclerosis, and 5 cases of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor also had CD. Neurofilament immunostain revealed disarray of abnormally beaded axons in CD. We believe that the grading system of CD is very important to the evaluation and classification of CD.

The Diagnostic Significance of AgNORs and MIB-1 Labelling Index in Atypical Meningioma.: Dae Hong Suh, Dong Sug Kim, Oh Lyong Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(11):1008-1014.

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Abstract: There is no definite histological criteria which can predict the biologic behavior of meningiomas, although resectability is the most important factor in terms of recurrence. For grading meningiomas, various factors have been studied, such as hypercellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, small cells with high N/C ratio, prominent nucleoli (PN), frequent mitosis, loss of architecture, focal necrosis (FN). We investigated 116 meningiomas to evaluate the correlation between the factors and the proliferative activity using AgNORs and MIB-1 labelling index (LI). They were divided into 3 groups: Group A includes meningiomas with none of the factors; group B with one of the factors; group C with two or more factors. MIB-1 LI was correlated with each factor, but AgNORs was not. There was a statistical difference among group A (<1.28%), B (2.7%) and C (5.1%) (p<0.05) using MIB-1 LI. FN was the most frequently associated with other factors, and it had the highest MIB-1 LI (6.31%). MIB-1 LI of group B was 5.1 2.3%. In group B, the most frequent combination was FN and PN, and it showed the highest MIB-1 LI (5.74%). This study indicates that FN and PN are important for diagnosis of atypical meningioma, and MIB-1 LI appears to be a useful method for estimating the proliferative activity of meningiomas, and 5% or more of MIB-1 LI could help in making a diagnosis of atypical meningioma.

Role of Cytologic Scoring System in Minimizing "Gray Zone" in Breast Aspiration Cytology.: Jung Yeon Kim, Kyung Ja Cho, Seung Sook Lee, Shin Kwang Khang; Korean J Cytopathol. 1996;7(1):12-22.

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Abstract PDF: Fine needle aspiration(FNA) has been quite successful in identifying benign and malignant breast lesions, but a "gray zone" exists. A total of 697 FNAs of breast were performed at Korea Cancer Center Hospital for a period of one year. One hundred and eleven of the 697 FNAs were diagnosed as atypical or suspicious for malignancy. Among them, we reviewed 74 FNAs, in which histologic diagnoses were made, and applied cytologic grading system proposed by masood et al.(1990) to evaluate the usefulness of this system in minimizing the size of gray zone. Technical problem was responsible for equivocal diagnoses in 19 FNAs. Of the remaining 55 FNAs, 18 were benign and 37 were mali. Among benign conditions, fibroadenoma(5 cases) and fibrocystic disease with fibroadenomatous feature(3 cases) constituted the largest groups. The majority of malignant conditions were infiltrating ductal carcinoma(29 cases); however, those low grade carcinomas including tubular carcinoma(3 cases), cribriform carcinoma(2 cases), and mucinous carcinoma(2 cases) occupied a relatively large proportion Cytologic grading system was quite useful in minimizing the size of gray zone. The scores of 27 out of 29 usual infiltrating ductal carcinomas belonged to the group of cytologic malignancy, however, only 2 out of 7 low grade carcinomas got scores of malignancy. FNA from fibroadenoma or fibrocystic disease with fibroadenomatous features showed a tendency toward high scores. Experience of the cytopathologist and famillarity with cytologic alteration in breast disease cannot be overemphalized.

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