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Original Articles
- p53 Protein Expression in Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast.
- Soon Hee Jung, Mee Yon Cho, Soo Yong Kim
- Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(1):7-14.
- 1,589 View
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Abstract
PDF - Overexpression of the nuclear phosphoprotein p53 is the most common genetic anomaly found in primary human cancer and mutation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 has been identified in breast cancer cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of p53 protein expression in patients with mammary infiltrating ductal carcinoma and its correlation with histopathologic grade, lymph node status, tumor size, p53 protein expression and survival. Among 53 cases, p53 protein expression was detected in 26(49.1%) cases by immunohistochemistry. There was no correlation between p53 protein overexpression and histopathologic grade(p=0.09) or lymph node status(p=0.38) and between survival and histopathologic grade (p=0.68) or lymph node status(p=0.52). However, p53 protein expression was significantly correlated with survival(p=0.01) and patients with p53 protein-positive tumors showed poorer survival times. But Cox multivariate analysis showed the lymph node status is significant(p=0.01). The authors conclude that the presence of mutant p53 protein and lymph node status may serve a prognostic role, in a subset of mammary infiltrating ductal carcinoma cases.
- Immunohistochemical Analysis of nm23 Protein in Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast.
- Min Hee Jung, Seung Cheol Lee, Yoon Kyung Sohn, In Soo Suh
- Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):145-151.
- 1,389 View
- 10 Download
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Abstract
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- The nm23 gene was originally identified from murine melanoma cell lines of varying metastatic potential. A strong association has been observed between reduced expression of nm23 gene and acquisition of metastatic behavior in some tumor cells including breast cancer and melanoma, but not in others such as colon cancer, neuroblastoma, and cervical cancer. It was proposed that nm23 may function as a suppressor gene for tumor metastasis. It has recently been found that the sequence of nm23 and NDP-kinase(NDP-K) was identical. Mortality associated with human breast carcinoma is almost entirely due to subsequent metastasis, but the molecular basis of this metastasis is not understood. Elucidation of the genetic control of metastatic propensity of a tumor is important in determining prognosis and choice of therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of nm23 protein expression with axillary lymph node metastasis and other prognostic factors. Using an immunohistochemical technique and employing a polyclonal antibody to nm23 protein, we have determined nm23 expression in a series of 72 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. Immunostaining for the nm23 gene product have heterogenous cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in 61 patients(84.7%). Sections were scored according to relative abundance(1 = less than 25% of the cells, 2 = 26-75%, 3 = 76-100%). In 61 patients with positive immunostaining, the staining was scored as 1 in 41.6%, 2 in 18.0%, and 3 in 40.2%. The staining of tumor cells was greater than that in normal epithelial cells and stromal cells. No relationship was found between nm23 expression and lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, tumor size, estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors. Therefore, nm23 protein is increased in neoplastic tissues but no correlation with metastatic potential could be demonstrated. The biological mechanism of over-expression of nm23 in malignant cells and its role in tumor progression remain to be determined.
- Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Tissue Inhibitor of Metallproteinase in Breast Carcinoma Related to Angiogenesis and Invasion.
- Yoon Jung Choi, Woo Hee Jung, Hy De Lee, Kwang Gil Lee
- Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(9):652-664.
- 1,789 View
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Abstract
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- Among the enzymes which are responsible for basement membrane breakdown, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) form a family of neutral proteases that are regulated at the levels of gene transcription, proenzyme activation by the cleavage of protein, and the inhibition of the active enzyme by tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP). Recent reports have demonstrated that the expression of these proteolytic enzymes are elevated in several solid tumors and that it can be associated with invasiveness and poor prognosis. We examined the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 by immunohistochemistry in 160 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. And we compared these data with the established prognostic parameters - tumor size, nodal status, clinical stage, hormonal receptor status, microvessel density, and TGF-beta1 expression in order to evaluate how MMP and TIMP expression are associated with breast cancer progression and prognosis. Microvessel density in invasive breast carcinoma was significantly correlated with tumor size and recurrence (p<0.05). The immunohistochemical expression of TGF-beta1 was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage (p<0.05). The microvessel density was significantly correlated with TGF-beta1 expression in more than 50% of tumor cells. The immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly correlated with nodal metastasis and absence of immunoreactivity for estrogen and progesterone receptors. The immunohistochemical expression of TIMP-1 was inversely correlated with clinical stage and microvessel density while that of TIMP-2 was inversely correlated with clinical stage (p<0.05). Small size of tumor, presence of progesterone receptor, highly differentiated histologic grade, and absence of immunoreactivity for MMP-9 were significantly associated with higher survival rate, but in multivariate analysis only tumor size and MMP-9 expression appeared to affect survival independently.
- Comparison of the Expression of Variants of CD44 between Node-positive and Node-negative Breast Carcinomas.
- In Ae Park, Ho Chang Lee, Soo Youn Cho
- Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(3):172-180.
- 1,520 View
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Abstract
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- BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study is to determine the value of CD44 and its splice variants as markers for the metastatic potential of infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast.
METHODS
Tissue samples of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast were examined for the expression of standard CD44 (CD44H) and s CD44 isoforms, v3, v4-5 and v6 in 41 node-positive and 31 node-negative cases. The immunohistochemistry results were correlated with other clinicopathologic parameters, and these results were correlated with accompanying high grade and non-high grade DCIS areas of the tumors in both node-positive and node-negative cases.
RESULTS
The expression of CD44 in the invasive tumor areas and in the metastatic foci of the lymph nodes showed a statistically significant correlation. The expression of CD44H in the invasive tumor areas and the DCIS area showed a statistically significant correlation in the lymph node (-) group. There was statistical significance between the CD44 H and CD44v3 expressions and the histologic grade of the invasive tumor in the cases with positive lymph nodes. There was no statistical significance between CD44 expression and lymph node metastasis, tumor size and type of tumor margin.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that changes in the CD44 expression in breast cancer occur early in breast carcinogenesis, and this is involved in tumor differentiation, but we could not establish any correlation between the expression of the CD44 variant isoforms and the metastasis of breast cancer.
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