Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

Association between Expression of 8-OHdG and Cigarette Smoking in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Ae Ri An, Kyoung Min Kim, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Yong Chul Lee, Jong Hun Kim, Han Jung Chae, Myoung Ja Chung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):217-224. Published online March 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.02.20

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Background
Exposure to cigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor for the development of lung cancer. CS is known to cause oxidative DNA damage and mutation of tumor-related genes, and these factors are involved in carcinogenesis. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is considered to be a reliable biomarker for oxidative DNA damage. Increased levels of 8-OHdG are associated with a number of pathological conditions, including cancer. There are no reports on the expression of 8-OHdG by immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods
We investigated the expression of 8-OHdG and p53 in 203 NSCLC tissues using immunohistochemistry and correlated it with clinicopathological features including smoking.
Results
The expression of 8-OHdG was observed in 83.3% of NSCLC. It was significantly correlated with a low T category, negative lymph node status, never-smoker, and longer overall survival (p < .05) by univariate analysis. But multivariate analysis revealed that 8-OHdG was not an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in NSCLC patients. The aberrant expression of p53 significantly correlated with smoking, male, squamous cell carcinoma, and Ki-67 positivity (p < .05).
Conclusions
The expression of 8-OHdG was associated with good prognostic factors. It was positively correlated with never-smokers in NSCLC, suggesting that oxidative damage of DNA cannot be explained by smoking alone and may depend on complex control mechanisms.

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Immunohistochemical Expression and Clinical Significance of Suggested Stem Cell Markers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Jong Jin Sung, Sang Jae Noh, Jun Sang Bae, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(1):52-57. Published online November 18, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.10.09

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Abstract PDF

Background
Increasing evidence has shown that tumor initiation and growth are nourished by a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor mass. CSCs are posited to be responsible for tumor maintenance, growth, distant metastasis, and relapse after curative operation. We examined the expression of CSC markers in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and correlated the results with clinicopathologic characteristics. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for the markers believed to be expressed in the CSCs, including epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), keratin 19 (K19), CD133, and CD56, was performed in 82 HCC specimens. Results: EpCAM expression was observed in 56% of the HCCs (46/82) and K19 in 6% (5/82). EpCAM expression in HCC significantly correlated with elevated α-fetoprotein level, microvessel invasion of tumor cells, and high histologic grade. In addition, Ep- CAM expression significantly correlated with K19 expression. The overall survival and relapsefree survival rates in patients with EpCAM-expressing HCC were relatively lower than those in patients with EpCAM-negative HCC. All but two of the 82 HCCs were negative for CD133 and CD56, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HCCs expressing EpCAM are associated with unfavorable prognostic factors and have a more aggressive clinical course than those not expressing EpCAM. Further, the expression of either CD133 or CD56 in paraffin-embedded HCC tissues appears to be rare.

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Brief Case Report

Malignant Fat-Forming Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Thigh: Sang Jae Noh, Kyu Yun Jang; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(1):69-72. Published online February 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.69

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PDF

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Original Articles

Expression of CHOP in Squamous Tumor of the Uterine Cervix: Hyun Hee Chu, Jun Sang Bae, Kyoung Min Kim, Ho Sung Park, Dong Hyu Cho, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Ja Chung; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):463-469. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.463

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Abstract PDF

Background

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and abnormal p53 expression are closely involved in carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) of uterine cervix. Recent studies have suggested that virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress modulates various cell survival and cell death signaling pathways. The C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is associated with ER stress-mediated apoptosis and is also involved in carcinogenesis of several human cancers. We hypothesized that CHOP is involved in the carcinogenesis of uterine cervical cancer in association with HR-HPV and/or p53.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze CHOP and p53 protein expression of tissue sections from 191 patients with invasive cancer or preinvasive lesions of the uterine cervix (61 cases of SqCC, 66 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] III, and 64 cases of CIN I).

Results

CHOP was expressed in 59.4% of CIN I, 48.5% of CIN III, and 70.5% of SqCC cases. It was also significantly more frequent in invasive SqCC than in preinvasive lesions (p=0.042). Moreover, CHOP expression significantly correlated with HR-HPV infection and p53 expression (p=0.009 and p=0.038, respectively).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that CHOP is involved in the carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix SqCC via association with HR-HPV and p53.

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Interplay between the cellular stress pathway, stemness markers, and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancer
Mehran Gholamin, Atena Mansouri, Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan, Mohammad Ali Karimi, Hossein Barzegar, Fatemeh Fardi Golyan, Hanie Mahaki, Hamid Tanzadehpanah, Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian
Gene Reports.2025; 40: 102263. CrossRef
Role of C-reactive protein in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/cancer
Adriana Pedreañez, Yenddy Carrero, Renata Vargas, Juan P.Hernández Fonseca, Jesús Mosquera
Pathology - Research and Practice.2025; 276: 156274. CrossRef
Expression of GRP78 and its copartners in HEK293 and pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC-3/PANC-1) exposed to MRI and CT contrast agents
Ali Ahmed Azzawri, Ibrahim Halil Yildirim, Zeynep Yegin, Abdurrahim Dusak
Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids.2024; 43(5): 391. CrossRef
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Homeostasis in Reproductive Physiology and Pathology
Elif Guzel, Sefa Arlier, Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli, Mehmet Tabak, Tugba Ekiz, Nihan Semerci, Kellie Larsen, Frederick Schatz, Charles Lockwood, Umit Kayisli
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway PERK‐eIF2α confers radioresistance in oropharyngeal carcinoma by activating NF‐κB
Qiao Qiao, Chaonan Sun, Chuyang Han, Ning Han, Miao Zhang, Guang Li
Cancer Science.2017; 108(7): 1421. CrossRef
Curcumin induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis through selective generation of reactive oxygen species in cervical cancer cells
Boyun Kim, Hee Seung Kim, Eun-Ji Jung, Jung Yun Lee, Benjamin K. Tsang, Jeong Mook Lim, Yong Sang Song
Molecular Carcinogenesis.2016; 55(5): 918. CrossRef
Down-regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma: Their relationship with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic significance
Xiao-Juan Zhu, She-Gan Gao, San-Qiang Li, Zhen-Guo Shi, Zhi-Kun Ma, Shan-Shan Zhu, Xiao-Shan Feng
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MG289 in <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> Enhances Microbial Invasion and Bacterial Persistence in Benign Human Prostate Cells
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Expression of Cortactin and Focal Adhesion Kinase in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: Correlation with Clinicopathologic Parameters and Their Prognostic Implication: Yo Na Kim, Ji Eun Choi, Jun Sang Bae, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Ho Sung Park; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):454-462. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.454

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Abstract PDF

Background

Cortactin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are two important components among actin cross-linking proteins that play a central role in cell migration.

Methods

The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of cortactin and FAK in normal colorectal mucosa and colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) using tissue microarray of 2 mm cores to correlate their expression with other clinicopathological factors and, investigate their prognostic significance.

Results

Twenty (9%) and 24 cases (11%) of normal colorectal mucosa were immunoreactive for cortactin and FAK. In addition, 184 (84%) and 133 cases (61%) of CRCs were immunoreactive for cortactin and FAK, respectively. Cortactin expression was associated with histologic differentiation and FAK expression. Cortactin, but not FAK expression was also correlated with poor overall and relapse-free survival and served well as an independent prognostic factor for poor survival.

Conclusions

Cortactin expression, in association with FAK expression, may plays an important role in tumor progression. Furthermore, it may also be a satisfactory biomarker to predict tumor progression and survival in CRC patients.

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Dan Tan, Wenpeng Zhang, Yu Tao, Yesseyeva Galiya, Mingliang Wang
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Cortactin promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation by activating the EGFR-MAPK pathway
Xiaojian Zhang, Kun Liu, Tao Zhang, Zhenlei Wang, Xuan Qin, Xiaoqian Jing, Haoxuan Wu, Xiaopin Ji, Yonggang He, Ren Zhao
Oncotarget.2017; 8(1): 1541. CrossRef
Prognostic Value of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in Human Solid Carcinomas: A Meta-Analysis
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Expressions of E-cadherin, Cortactin and MMP-9 in Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Their Relationships with Clinicopathologic Factors and Prognostic Implication: Tack Kune You, Kyoung Min Kim, Sang Jae Noh, Jun Sang Bae, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Ho Sung Park; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(4):331-340. Published online August 23, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.4.331

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Abstract PDF

Background

E-cadherin, cortactin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 have roles in tumor development or progression, but their expression has not been fully investigated in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck.

Methods

We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin, cortactin, and MMP-9 in 29 cases of PEH and 97 cases of SCC. Additionally, we evaluated their relationship with clinicopathologic factors and prognostic implications in SCC.

Results

Thirty-five cases of SCC showed reduced expression of E-cadherin, whereas none of the PEH did. A total of 20 cases and 11 cases of SCC were immunoreactive for cortactin and MMP-9, respectively, whereas none of the PEH did. In SCC, reduced expression of E-cadherin was correlated with cortactin expression and invasion depth. Cortactin expression was correlated with differentiation, T classification, and recurrence and/or metastasis. MMP-9 expression was correlated with invasion depth. Cortactin expression was correlated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival and it was an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions

The reduced expression of E-cadherin and the expression of cortactin may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of PEH and SCC. Furthermore, cortactin expression in association with reduced E-cadherin expression is correlated with poor prognosis in SCC.

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Case Reports

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Gingiva from the Lung: A Case Report: Tack Kune You, So Ri Kim, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Ja Chung, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(1):101-104. Published online February 23, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.101

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Abstract PDF: Metastases of malignant tumors to the oral region from distant sites are uncommon. A 45-year-old man with painless gingival swelling was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the lung. On cytology, clusters of tumor cells on mucous background revealed enlarged nuclei, indistinct cell borders, and irregular nuclear membranes. Some cells showed nuclear inclusions, nuclear grooves and small nucleoli. These findings are indicative of metastatic adenocarcinoma. We present a case of gingival metastasis from a lung adenocarcinoma.

In Situ Follicular Lymphoma Developed after Hodgkin Lymphoma.: Ho Sung Park, Sang Jae Noh, Jae Yong Kwak, Eun Kee Song, Myung Hee Sohn, Ho Lee, Woo Sung Moon, Kyu Yun Jang; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S53-S57.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S53

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Abstract PDF: In situ follicular lymphoma is a newly defined entity among the lymphoid neoplasms and is defined as architecturally normal-appearing lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues that have one or more follicles that demonstrate bcl-2 overexpressing centrocytes and centroblasts, with or without a monomorphic cytologic appearance suggestive of follicular lymphoma. Here we present a case of in situ follicular lymphoma diagnosed during the follow-up after a complete response to the treatment of lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. In our case, because only a few germinal centers contained bcl-2 overexpressing cells, we missed the diagnosis of in situ follicular lymphoma in the initial histological examination. We could establish the diagnosis only after performing bcl-2 immunostaining in the sequential biopsy. Therefore, we recommend that careful histological examination along with bcl-2 immunostaining is needed in patients with suspicious clinical findings.

Original Articles

Type and Incidence of Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Korea: 2001-2007.: Kyung Un Choi, Hae Youn Kang, Heasoo Koo, Mi Seon Kwon, Dong Hoon Kim, Mi Jung Kim, Su Jin Kim, Young Sill Kim, Chul Hwan Kim, Yong Koo Park, Hye Rim Park, Seung Sam Paik, Jin Young Yoo, Anhi Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Kyu Yun Jang, Young Chae Chu, Joon Hyuk Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):557-563.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.557

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The Korean Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nationwide retrospective analysis of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) to provide the clinicopathologic characteristics of STS within the population of the Republic of Korea.
METHODS
The cases of STS were collected during a 7-year period (2001-2007) from 19 institutes in Korea. All cases were classified according to the histologic criteria proposed by the World Health Organization. Clinicopathologic data were reviewed.
RESULTS
Data from 722 patients (median age, 50 years) were collected. Data showed a slight male predominance. The most frequent types of STS in decreasing order were liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, leiomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. STS occurred throughout the body, although approximately half (47.8%) were located in the extremities. The majority of STS was histologically classified as high grade with a large tumor size (>5 cm). The overall survival rate for the patients was 76.3% (median follow-up time, 26 months; range, 1 to 89 months). Histologic grade, tumor size, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, tumor site, and resection status were prognostic. Significant independent adverse prognostic factors were large tumor size (>5 cm) and tumor site other than extremities.
CONCLUSIONS
We reported the distribution and characteristics of STS in the Republic of Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Distribution and survival of primary sarcoma in Korea: A single center analysis of 2017 cases
Sung Jun Jo, Kyeong Sik Kim, Kyo Won Lee, Jae Berm Park, Yoon-La Choi, Jeong Il Yu, Su Jin Lee, Dong Il Choi, Sung Joo Kim
Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology.2018; 14(1): 30. CrossRef

WHO Classification of Malignant Lymphomas in Korea: Report of the Third Nationwide Study.: Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Seung Sook Lee, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):254-260.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.254

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The aim of study was to determine the relative frequency of malignant lymphoma according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification in Korea.
METHODS
A total of 3,998 cases diagnosed at 31 institutes between 2005 and 2006 were enrolled. Information including age, gender, pathologic diagnosis, site of involvement and immunophenotypes were obtained.
RESULTS
The relative frequency of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was 95.4% and 4.6%, respectively. B-cell lymphomas accounted for 77.6% of all NHL, while T/natural killer (T/NK)-cell lymphomas accounted for 22.4%. The most frequent subtypes of NHL were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (42.7%), extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (19.0%), NK/T-cell lymphoma (6.3%) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), unspecified (6.3%), in decreasing order. The relative frequency of HL was nodular sclerosis (47.4%), mixed cellularity (30.6%), and nodular lymphocyte predominant (12.1%) subtypes. Compared with a previous study in 1998, increase in gastric MZBCL and nodular sclerosis HL, and slight decrease of follicular lymphoma, PTCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Korea had lower rates of HL and follicular lymphoma, and higher rates of extranodal NHL, extranodal MZBCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type compared with Western countries. Changes in the relative frequency of lymphoma subtypes are likely ascribed to refined diagnostic criteria and a change in national health care policy.

Citations

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Yoon Jung Lee, Jun Haeng Lee
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2012; 12(3): 158. CrossRef
Transformation of CD5-Negative Follicular Lymphoma into CD5-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report
Hyeong Kug Kim, In Sung Cho, Hye Kyung Lee, Yong Hun Choi, Seong Min Cho, Hyun Jin Moon, Jin A Lee
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 83(2): 263. CrossRef
The Role of Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Gastric MALT Lymphoma
Jae-Sook Ahn, Taek-Keun Nam
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 83(6): 712. CrossRef
Pathophysiology of Gastric MALT Lymphoma
Gyeongsin Park, Chang Suk Kang
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 83(6): 689. CrossRef
CD44s and CD44v6 Are Predominantly Expressed in the Non-germinal Center B-Cell-like Type of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas
Kyueng-Whan Min, Young-Ha Oh, Chan-Kum Park, So-Dug Lim, Wan-Seop Kim
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(6): 589. CrossRef

Case Report

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Gastric Glomus Tumor: A Case Report.: Dong Geun Lee, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Ho Sung Park; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(4):448-452.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.4.448

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Abstract PDF

Glomus tumors of the stomach are rare and are usually found as a solitary, intramural lesion. Here, we report a case of a gastric glomus tumor in a 60-year-old woman diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed a 4 x 3 cm-sized, round, isoechoic mass at the fourth layer of the gastric wall. Smears revealed cohesive clusters of small, uniform, round to polygonal cells with scant cytoplasm and round, hyperchromatic nuclei with homogeneous chromatin. Immunocytochemistry by liquid-based cytology was positive for smooth muscle actin. The cytologic diagnosis of a glomus tumor was confirmed by a specimen from the laparoscopic resection. Although the cytologic features of glomus tumors are quite distinctive, an immunocytochemical stain from a liquid-based cytology preparation can further help to ascertain the diagnosis.

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Glomus Tumor of the Stomach: A Systematic Review and Illustrative Case Report
Andrea Pansa, Laura Samà, Laura Ruspi, Federico Sicoli, Ferdinando Carlo Maria Cananzi, Vittorio Quagliuolo
Digestive Diseases.2023; 41(1): 17. CrossRef
Cytologic analysis of a glomus tumor in the left second toe: Case report
Jay Hwang, Susan McDowell, Bradley Cole, Aaron Huber, Maria Cecilia D. Reyes
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Quality Control Program for Fresh Frozen Tissue and Its Results of Chonbuk National University Hospital National Biobank of Korea.: Shin Young Park, Hyun Ah Baek, Hyoung Jong Kwak, Sang Hyun Hong, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Ja Chung; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(3):295-301.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.3.295

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Molecular tools for tissue profiling generally require collection of fresh frozen tissues (FFT) as sources of high-quality DNA and RNA. Nowadays, researchers carry out large-scale, multi-center studies and they request inter-institutional minimal intrinsic bias, some fundamental similarities, and the same standardized and validated procedures.
METHODS
This study reports standardized quality control procedure for fresh frozen tissue of the National Biobank of Korea.
RESULTS
The main procedures for quality control for FFT are as follows: records related to sample collection such as labeling of samples, transport temperature, lag time from excision of tissue to freezing, and sample size were reviewed for all fresh frozen samples. The stability of RNA and DNA in fresh frozen tissue was evaluated for 3% of collected samples and purity was assessed (ratio of the absorbance at 260 and 280 nm) as was integrity (agarose gel electrophoresis). Stained hematoxylin and eosin sections were reviewed by a pathologist to confirm the diagnosis and to assess how representative the frozen sample was.
CONCLUSIONS
We introduced that the quality-control criteria for fresh frozen tissue of the NBK. We expect that this study contributes to standardization of collection, storage, and quality control of fresh frozen tissue.

Citations

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Influence of Cold Ischemia Time and Storage Period on DNA Quality and Biomarker Research in Biobanked Colorectal Cancer Tissues
Min Gyoung Pak, Mee Sook Roh
Kosin Medical Journal.2020; 35(1): 26. CrossRef

Korean Pediatric/Adolescent Lymphoma: Incidence and Pathologic Characteristics.: Seung Sook Lee, Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):117-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.117

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The Hematopathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nation-wide retrospective analysis of Korean pediatric lymphoma, to provide pathologic data on pediatric/adolescent lymphoma subtypes and features.
METHODS
All lymphoma cases of all age groups were collected during a recent 2 year-period (2005-2006) from 32 institutes in Korea. Among 3,686 lymphoma patients, 142 who were age 18 or less were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
RESULTS
Among 142 pediatric/adolescent lymphoma patients, Hodgkin lymphoma accounted for 21 (14.8%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for 121 (85.2%). Hodgkin lymphoma appears to be more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all-ages group (14.8% vs 4.4%). T- and natural killer cell-NHL was more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all ages group (46.3% vs 22%). The majority of Korean pediatric/adolescent NHL cases was composed of Burkitt lymphoma, T- or B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. For lymphoma patients under the age of 6 years, most had B-lymphoblastic or Burkitt lymphoma, which commonly presented at extranodal sites.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of lymphoma subtypes in the pediatric/adolescent age group is quite different from the distribution of adults, but it was quite similar to distribution in Western countries.

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A Case of Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Incidentally Detected in a Child
Ha Jin Oh, Sang Hyun Park, Hae In Jang, Dong Hoon Lee, Yoo Duk Choi, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2015; 22(1): 76. CrossRef

The Prognostic Significance of the Tumor-Infiltrating FoxP3-Positive Regulatory T Cells in Gastric Carcinoma.: Sang Jae Noh, Shin Young Park, Kyung Ryoul Kim, Chan Young Kim, Keun Sang Kwon, Ho Sung Park, Ho Lee, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Kyu Yun Jang; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(1):9-15.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.1.9

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to be key regulators of immune responses in patients with autoimmune disease and infection and also for attenuating antitumor immunity by the host. It has been reported that high numbers of tumor-infiltrating Tregs might be associated with poor clinical outcomes for several malignant tumors. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of tumor-infiltrating Tregs on the prognosis of gastric carcinoma patients.
METHODS
The immunohistochemical staining for anti-fork head Box P3 (FoxP3) antibody was performed by using a 3 mm core from the tumor specimens of each of the 173 gastric cancer patients for constructing a tissue microarray. FoxP3-positive Tregs were quantified by calculating the numbers of positive cells per 5 high-power fields on light microscopy. Thereafter, the 173 patients were subdivided into the low Tregs group (< or = 3/5 high power fields [HPF], n = 41) and the high Tregs group (> 3/5 HPF, n = 132).
RESULTS
The high Tregs group was significantly associated with a higher stage, more invasion depth and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.009, p = 0.036, p = 0.006, respectively). The high Tregs group showed significantly poorer overall survival and event-free survival (p = 0.004, p = 0.017, respectively) on the univariate analysis. The Tregs group and the tumor, node and metastasis stage were also independent prognostic factors that were significantly associated with overall survival (p = 0.025, p < 0.001, respectively) by multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that a high number of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3-positive Tregs could be an indicator of poor long term survival for gastric carcinoma patients.

Citations

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Tumor-infiltrating PD1-Positive Lymphocytes and FoxP3-Positive Regulatory T Cells Predict Distant Metastatic Relapse and Survival of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Myoung Jae Kang, Kyoung Min Kim, Jun Sang Bae, Ho Sung Park, Ho Lee, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee, Kyu Yun Jang
Translational Oncology.2013; 6(3): 282. CrossRef
Significance of Foxp3 Positive Regulatory T Cell and Tumor Infiltrating T Lymphocyte in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Hanna Kang, Harin Cheong, Min Sun Cho, Heasoo Koo, Woon Sup Han, Kyung Eun Lee, Byung In Moon, Sun Hee Sung
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(1): 53. CrossRef

Expression and Prognostic Significance of Serum Response Factor in Cholangiocarcinoma.: Shin Young Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Yo Na Kim, Hee Jin Kim, Ho Sung Park, Myoung Ja Chung, Hee Chul Yu, Baik Hwan Cho, Kyoung Ryul Kim, Woo Sung Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(6):517-522.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.6.517

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcriptional factor that plays an important role in cell growth and differentiation for several types of cells. The expression of SRF in cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and its potential role has not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the expression of SRF in CC and the clinicopathological parameters, as well as patient survival.
METHODS
We analyzed the expression of SRF in 84 surgically resected cases of CC (33 cases of intrahepatic CC [ICC] and 51 cases of extrahepatic CC [ECC]) by using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The positive expression of SRF was detected in 48.8% of the cases of CC (42.4% in ICC, 52.9% in ECC). SRF was predominantly expressed in the CC cells with intense labeling in the nucleus. A SRF expression was significantly associated with the cell proliferation rate (Ki-67 labeling index, p=0.046) and poor patient survival (p=0.002). The tumor differentiation (p=0.038), the T category (p<0.001), lymph node and distant metastasis (p<0.001, p=0.009) and nerve and vessel invasion (p=0.010, p=0.012) were also found to be significantly associated with a poor CC prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the SRF may play a role in the tumor cell proliferation of CC, and its expression in tumor cells can provide additional prognostic information.

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Serum response factor induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition with resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
JUN SANG BAE, SANG JAE NOH, KYOUNG MIN KIM, KYU YUN JANG, MYOUNG JA CHUNG, DAE GOHN KIM, WOO SUNG MOON
International Journal of Oncology.2014; 44(1): 129. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic significance of serum response factor expression in colorectal adenocarcinomas
Se Min Jang, Young Jin Jun, Hulin Han, Kang Hong Lee, Ki-Seok Jang, Seung Sam Paik
Basic and Applied Pathology.2011; 4(2): 46. CrossRef

The Expressions of Nerve Growth Factor and Its Receptor p75NGFR in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Their Relation with the Clinicopathologic Factors.: Woo Sung Moon, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Ho Lee, Ho Sung Park; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(2):145-151.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.2.145

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been suggested to participate in tumor progression and it can interact with its receptor p75NGFR. In the present study, we investigated the expressions of NGF and p75NGFR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS
We performed immunohistochemistry for NGF, p75NGFR and PCNA in 45 cases of HCCs, and examined the relationships between the clinicopathologic factors and the immunohistochemical results.
RESULTS
NGF was detected in 84.4% (38/45) of the tumor cells and in 64.4% (29/45) of the non-tumorous hepatocytes. Furthermore, a NGF expression was present in 28.9% (13/45) of the endothelial cells in the HCCs, but in 80% (36/45) of the endothelial cells in the non-tumor liver tissue. The tumor cells were negative for p75NGFR in all the HCCs. Although a p75NGFR expression was present in all the nerve fibers in the non-tumor liver tissues, it was markedly reduced (42.2%; 19/45) in the HCCs and a p75NGFR expression was observed at the sinusoids or around the large vessels. The HCCs expressing NGF, either in the tumor cells or the endothelial cells, showed a larger size than those HCCs that didn't express NGF. The NGF positive tumors showed a tendency toward a higher PCNA-labeling index than did the negative tumors.
CONCLUSIONS
The changed localization of the NGF expression and the decreased expression of p75NGFR are associated with hepatic carcinogenesis. We suggest that a NGF expression may contribute to the progression of HCC.

Citations

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Expression of nerve growth factor and heme oxygenase-1 predict poor survival of breast carcinoma patients
Sang Jae Noh, Jun Sang Bae, Urangoo Jamiyandorj, Ho Sung Park, Keun Sang Kwon, Sung Hoo Jung, Hyun Jo Youn, Ho Lee, Byung-Hyun Park, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Kyu Yun Jang
BMC Cancer.2013;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Reports

Intraosseous Neurilemmoma of the Mandible: A Case Report.: Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Ho Sung Park; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(1):88-91.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.1.88

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Abstract PDF

Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma) is a benign nerve sheath tumor that's composed entirely of well-differentiated Schwann cells. Intraosseous neurilemmomas are rare and they represent less than 1% of all benign primary bone tumors. We report here on an additional case of intraosseous neurilemmoma that was located in the mandible of a 77-year-old woman. CT revealed an expansile, well-defined lesion on the right side of the mandibular body with thinning of the cortex. The lesion was surgically removed and it was found to be a 2x1.7 cm-sized, bright yellowish, hard mass with hemorrhage and cyst formation. Histologically, the mass was a moderately cellular neoplasm and it showed distinct nuclear palisading, numerous Verocay bodies and tumor cells that were positively immunohistostained for S-100 protein. Two months after the operation, the patient has remained in a good condition with no signs or symptoms of tumor recurrence.

Citations

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Intraosseous benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the jaws: report of 4 new cases and a comprehensive literature review
Brendo Vinícius Rodrigues Louredo, Paulo Victor Mendes Penafort, Ana Luiza Oliveira Corrêa Roza, Maria Cecília Querido De Oliveira, Ricardo Pelletti Ocaña, Alexandre Machado Torres, Samuel de Barros Ferreira Júnior, André Caroli Rocha, Rafael Cabral da Co
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2025; 139(4): e104. CrossRef
Mandibular Schwannoma: A Systematic Review of 33 Case Reports
Ahmad Al Malak, Yasmina El Masri, Jad El Masri, Farah Sarmout, Mohammad Hassoun, Georges Aoun
Oral Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Imaging Features of Intraosseous Schwannoma: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Firoozeh Shomal Zadeh, Arash Azhideh, Jose G. Mantilla, Vijaya Kosaraju, Nitin Venugopal, Cree M. Gaskin, Atefe Pooyan, Ehsan Alipour, Majid Chalian
Diagnostics.2023; 13(9): 1610. CrossRef
Gnathic Schwannomas: A Report of Two Cases and Systematic Review of the Literature
Alberto Jose Peraza Labrador, Luciano Hermios Matos Valdez, Nestor Ricardo Gonzalez Marin, Karem Annelise Rodriguez Ibazetta, Marcelo Villacis, Joan Lopez Chacon, Hebert Ochoa Huaman, Harold Cuzcano Pariahuamán, Hosting Barría Angulo, Victoria Woo
Head and Neck Pathology.2023; 17(4): 984. CrossRef
Intraosseous schwannoma of the humerus: a rarity yet warrants consideration
Jagannath Kamath, Harshit Bhaskar Shetty, Arkesh Madegowda, Anusha S Bhatt
BMJ Case Reports.2021; 14(9): e240007. CrossRef
Intraosseous Schwannoma of the Jaws: An Updated Review of the Literature and Report of 2 New Cases Affecting the Mandible
Dru Perkins, Tudor I. Stiharu, James Q. Swift, Tran Volong Dao, Gisele N. Mainville
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2018; 76(6): 1226. CrossRef

Intraocular Ossification: A Case Report.: Ho Sung Park, Tae Shik Kong, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(3):188-190.

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Abstract PDF: Heterotopic bone formation in the eyeball is a rare finding. Some etiologic factors, such as trauma, chronic inflammation, and long-standing retinal detachment have been associated with the onset of intraocular ossification. We report here on a case of a 21-year-old woman with a history of blunt trauma fifteen years ago, who complained of right eye blindness. When the right eyeball eviceration was done, a hard, grayish mass was found. On histopathologic examination, the mass showed lamellar bone with fatty marrow and hyalinized tissue with dystrophic calcification. We diagnosed her case as intraocular ossification.

Lymph Node Infarction After Fine-Needle Aspiration.: Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(3):204-207.

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Abstract PDF: Histologic alterations of lymph nodes following fine-needle aspiration have not been well described. Only two cases of lymph node infarction following fine-needle aspiration have currently been reported. We report here on a case of near total infarction of a lymph node that was detected 16 days after fine-needle aspiration in a 74-year old man. A fine-needle aspiration smear of the right inguinal lymph node showed scattered and clustered cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils that were seen as a reactive nodal hyperplasia in the clean background. There were no malignant cells, granulomas or necrotic debris. In the incisional biopsy of the same lymph node, the sections revealed a thin rim of viable lymphocytes, granular tissue was noted peripherally and extensive necrosis associated with vascular thrombi was noted centrally. There was no evidence of malignancy or granulomatous inflammation.

Ovarian Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma with Mural Nodules of Anaplastic Carcinoma: A case report.: Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(3):217-220.

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Abstract PDF: A case of an ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with mural nodules of anaplastic carcinoma is reported. The patient was a 46-year-old female with a right ovarian cystic mass and underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The patient died of the disease in five months. Macroscopically, the right ovarian cyst wall contained numerous well-demarcated mural nodules. Histologically, the cysts were mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and the nodules were composed of sarcoma-like spindle and polygonal cells with atypia and numerous mitoses. Spindle cells in the mural nodule showed epithelial characteristics by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. This case supports an epithelial origin of the mural nodule of anaplastic carcinoma in ovarian mucinous tumors.

Carcinosarcoma in Recurrent Lesion of Serous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Ovary: A case report.: Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(3):221-224.

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Abstract PDF: Neoplasms showing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous features are well established, and have been reported in practically every organ where carcinoma can occur. But the difference in terminology and difficulties in histopathologic interpretation have hampered adequate understanding of these neoplasms. We report a case of carcinosarcoma in the recurrent form of serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. The patient was a 64-year-old female who underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy three years ago, due to perforated papillary serous cysta denocarcinoma of the right ovary. Recurrent pelvic masses contained both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. Morphological transition between carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, and epithelial characteristics in the sarcomatous component by immunohistochemistry were recognized. We postulate the histopathogenetic mechanism based on the phenotypic conversion of carcinoma into sarcoma in the carcinosarcoma.

Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Unilocular Cystic Type: A Case Report.: Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(4):284-287.

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Abstract PDF: Unilocular cystic granulosa cell tumors (UCG) are extremely rare. Due to the relatively small mass of the tumor available for histologic examination, diagnosis of UCG is not easy. Here we present a case of UCG in a 54-year old female. A 12x10 cm unilocular cystic mass was identified in the right ovary. The tumor was thin-walled and consisted of a single large cavity with a smooth internal surface. In most areas there were no cells lining the cyst, however, in focal areas the unilocular cyst was lined by one or more layers of uniform granulosa cells, forming Call-Exner bodies. A diagnosis of UCG was made after multiple sections were examined. A careful histologic examination is required for the correct diagnosis of UCG.

Actinomycosis of the Penile Shaft Coexisting with Fibrous Pseudotumor of the Testis.: Eun Jung Cha, Kyu Yun Jang, Ho Sung Park, Jong Kwan Park, Chang Seop Lee, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(1):50-53.

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Abstract PDF: Here, we present an uncommon case of the penile shaft actinomycosis with coexisting fibrous pseudotumors of the testis. A 37-year-old, circumcised man presented with one penile and eight scrotal masses. The penile mass having a healed surface ulceration was located at the right side of the penile shaft. It was relatively circumscribed without a fibrous capsule. The cut surface showed a yellow-brown color with central focal necrosis. The scrotal tumors were circumscribed, whorled, white masses 0.3-2.0 cm in diameters, and were attached to the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea. Microscopically, the penile mass showed active inflammatory changes containing actinomyces displaying characteristic sulfur granules. Testicular masses were fibrous pseudotumors composed of bland spindle and stellate cells lying in dense collagenous stroma. Actinomycosis of the penis has been reported to occur at the corona of the uncircumcised penis associated with pilonidal sinus. The present case was not associated with pilonidal sinus and, unusually, displayed co-existence with fibrous pseudotumors of the testis.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Breast: A Case Report.: Myoung Ja Chung, So Yeong Oh, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(1):54-58.

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Abstract PDF: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is characterized by a clonal proliferation of myofibroblasic spindle cells, and this is accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. In the majority of cases, this disease has occurred in the lungs and only 9 cases of IMT in the breast have been previously reported. We report here on an IMT in a 25-year-old-female who presented with a palpable mass in the right breast. Histologically, it was characterized by plump spindle cells admixed with prominent inflammation, that was composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells were positive for vimentin and -smooth muscle actin.

Original Articles

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors A,C and D in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.: Myoung Ja Chung, Jin Wook Lee, Ki Hoon Yu, Doo Hyun Yang, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(2):99-105.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D are novel growth factors that regulate lymphatic vessel growth. This study was designed to examine whether the expression of three VEGF family members, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and VEGF-D are associated with the clinicopathologic parameters, especially with lymph node metastasis, in advanced gastric carcinomas.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical staining was performed for VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D in the surgically resected specimens from 102 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. The mRNA expressions of the three VEGF family members were assessed in 16 cases of tumor tissues and their corresponding non-neoplastic tissues.
RESULTS
Of the 102 gastric carcinomas, 74 (73%), 82 (80%), and 34 (33%) cases showed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for VEGF-A, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, respectively. Both VEGF-A and VEGF-C expressions were associated with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis (p<0.05), but the VEGF-D expression was not associated with them (p>0.05). In the tumor tissue, VEGF-C mRNA expression was greater, while VEGF-D mRNA expression was lower than in the nonneoplatic tissue adjacent to the tumor.
CONCLUSIONS
VEGF-A and VEGF-C may play important roles for the lymphatic spread of gastric carcinoma. We suggest that neutralizing both VEGF-A and VEGF-C may be reguired to block lymph node metastasis.

Correlation of the Nuclear beta-catenin Expression with the Clinicopathological Parameters of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.: Hyoung Jong Kwak, Ha Na Choi, Sung Ho Hwang, Keum Ha Choi, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Woo Sung Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(4):208-214.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the human liver. However, the molecular changes and mechanisms that regulate the development and progression of HCC remain unclear. Beta-catenin is known as a multi-functional protein that acts as a regulator of the cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion system and also in the Wingless/Wnt signal transduction pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of beta-catenin and its possible role in HCC.
METHODS
We investigated the expression of beta-catenin, Ki-67, TP53, alpha-smooth muscle actin and CD34 by performing immunohistochemical staining for 61 specimens of HCC and their adjacent non-tumorous tissue. We also examined the relationship between the nuclear expression of beta-catenin and the clinicopathologic parameters.
RESULTS
The altered expression of beta-catenin was not detected in the nontumorous liver tissue. The nuclear expression of beta-catenin was observed in approximately 16% (10/61) of the HCC specimens. Double immunohistochemical staining for beta-catenin and E-cadherin showed a close relationship between nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and the loss of the membranous E-cadherin expression. Significant correlation was found between the nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and the tumor size, tumor necrosis and the presence of microvessel invasion and intrahepatic metastasis (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This data indicates that nuclear translocation of beta-catenin could play a role in the growth and progression of HCC.

Expression of Apoptosis, bcl-2, and PCNA in Uterine Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Invasive Carcinoma.: Myoung Ja Chung, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geen Lee, Byung Chan Oh; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(11):1180-1189.

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Abstract: This study was undertaken to know the extent of apoptosis, expression of bcl-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; 15 cases) and invasive carcinoma (27 cases) and to evaluate them as a prognostic marker. Apoptosis was analysed by using the in situ apoptosis detection kit and bcl-2 and PCNA were detected by the immunohistochemical method. The results were as follows: Apoptotic indices (AI) in the invasive carcinoma (mean: 4.3) were 10-times higher than that in the CIN (mean: 0.43). Bcl-2 was expressed 60% of the cases in the dysplastic cells of the CIN II and CIN III, 33.3% of cases in the invasive carcinoma and not expressed in the CIN I except basal cells. The expression of the PCNA was increased by the grades of CIN and was strong in invasive carcinoma. The mean survival time of the patient with invasive carcinoma was significantly decreased in the higher AI index (above 4.3) than in the lower AI index (below 4.3). There was no significant correlation between the extent of apoptosis and the expression of bcl-2. According to the above results, AI are able to be used as an independent prognostic marker in the invasive cervical carcinoma, and bcl-2 and PCNA have an important role in the tumorigenesis of uterine cervical carcinoma.

Relationship between HPV Infection and bcl-2 Protein Expression and Apoptosis in Invasive and In Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix.: Myoung Ja Chung, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(9):702-708.

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Abstract PDF: Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 is a causative agent of uterine cervical carcinoma. HPV 16/18 can alter cell cycle regulation through apoptosis. Bcl-2 is an important regulatory gene of apoptosis. A study was done to evaluate the relation between HPV 16/18 and bcl-2 and apoptosis in 21 cases of carcinoma in-situ (CIS), 5 cases of microinvasive carcinoma and 23 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. HPV 16/18 was detected by hybrid capture system (HCS), bcl-2 protein by immunohistochemical method and apoptosis by using the hematoxylin-eosin stained slide. The results were as follows: Expression of the bcl-2 protein was 43% (9/21) in CIS and 26% (6/23) in invasive carcinoma. Expression of the bcl-2 protein was 42% (5/12) in CIS with HPV 16/18 infection, 44% in CIS without HPV 16/18 infection, 20% (2/10) in invasive carcinoma with HPV 16/18 infection and 31% (4/13) in invasive carcinoma without HPV 16/18 infection. Mean apoptotic index (mAI) was 3.36 in CIS, 5.23 in microinvasive and 6.25 in invasive carcinoma. mAI was 3.66 in CIS with HPV 16/18 infection, 2.86 in CIS without HPV 16/18 infection, 6.18 in invasive carcinoma with HPV 16/18 infection and 6.30 in invasive carcinoma without HPV 16/18 infection. Based on these results, we conclude that there are no correlation between HPV infection and bcl-2, and between HPV infection and apoptosis in invasive and in situ carcinoma of the uterine cervix, and apoptosis is increased according to tumor progression.

Expression of Claudin-1, p53 and E-cadherin in Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.: Keum Ha Choi, Jae Hong Lim, Ju Hyung Lee, Keun Sang Kwon, Ho Lee, Ho Sung Park, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Jae Soon Eun, Dong Geun Lee, Kyu Yun Jang; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(5):287-293.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a reactive proliferation of surface epithelium and can be confused with invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in head and neck biopsy specimens. To distinguish PEH from invasive SCC, immunohistochemical staining for claudin-1, E-cadherin and p53 was performed. METHODS: Eighteen cases of PEH and 29 invasive SCC from head and neck lesions were immunostained and examined. RESULTS: The invasive SCC showed increased staining of claudin-1 (p<0.001) and p53 (p<0.001) and decreased staining of E-cadherin (p=0.005) compared to the PEH specimens. The combined score calculated by adding the positive sum of claudin-1 and p53 and subtracting E-cadherin was useful for the differentiation of SCC from PEH (89.7% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The combined immunostaining for claudin-1, p53 and E-cadherin may help differentiate PEH from invasive SCC. The results of this study suggest that the increased expression of claudin-1 and p53 and the decreased expression of E-cadherin maybe markers for the aggressive growth of invasive SCC.

Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Related Protein in Gallbladder Cancer: An Association with p53 Mutation.: Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Kyung Ryoul Kim, Hak Yong Lee, Andrzej S Tarnawski, Adhip P N Majumdar, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Woo Sung Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(6):385-390.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
It has been well demonstrated that the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with numerous gastrointestinal malignancies, including gallbladder carcinoma. However, the cellular events that regulate EGFR in cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. A novel negative regulator of EGFR that is referred to as EGFR related protein (ERRP) has recently been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of ERRP in gallbladder carcinoma and to examine a possible role for ERRP.
METHODS
We examined the immunohistochemical expressions of ERRP, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA-LI) in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded specimens of 43 cases of gallbladder carcinoma, 7 cases of adenoma and 3 cases of dysplasia.
RESULTS
In the normal mucosa, ERRP immunoreactivity was positive in over 64% of specimens. In contrast, the ERRP staining was positive in only 46% of the cancer specimens. The expression of ERRP in cancer cells was inversely correlated with tumor cell proliferation. The loss of ERRP expression correlated with the p53 overexpression.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data indicate that the down-regulation or loss of ERRP could play an important role in the progression of gallbladder carcinoma. The inverse relationship between the ERRP expression and PCNA-LI suggests that ERRP may play a role in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in gallbladder cancer.

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C in Breast Carcinoma.: Myoung Ja Chung, Sun Ho Yang, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(6):401-405.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is a novel growth factor that regulates lymphangiogenesis and/or angiogenesis via binding to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) or VEGFR-2. Recent studies have suggested that VEGF-C may play a role in lymph node metastasis. This study was conducted to examine whether the expression of VEGF-C is associated with the clinicopathologic parameters, and especially lymph node metastasis, of invasive ductal carcinoma.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical staining was performed for VEGF-C and CD31 in the surgically resected specimens from 83 patients with invasive breast carcinoma.
RESULTS
Of the 83 breast carcinomas, 61 (74%) cases showed cytoplasmic VEGF-C imunoreactivity. VEGF-C expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.03), but it did not correlate with tumor size, the histologic grade, and the presence of estrogen receptor or progesteron receptor. The mean microvessel density in the cases without VEGF-C expression was 51.9+/-30.1 and it was 72.9+/-33.0 in the cases with 2+ expression for VEGF-C (p=0.07).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that VEGF-C expression may have an association with lymph node metastasis in the patients with breast carcinoma.

The Effect of Tumor Removal and Administration of OK432 on the Splenic Natural Killer Cell Activity in the Subcutaneous Tumor Bearing Rats.: Kyu Yun Jang, Hyun Sang Yoon, Myoung Jae Kang, Ho Yeul Choi, Sang Ho Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(2):105-112.

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Abstract PDF: To investigate the effect of tumor removal and administration of OK432 on the splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity in the subcutaneous tumor bearing rats, NK cell activity assay using a 4-hour 51Cr release assay and flow cytometric analysis for NK cell population were performed. The results were as follows: 1. Splenic NK cell activity and population in the subcutaneous tumor bearing rats decreased along with the growth of the tumor. 2. The rats with subcutaneous tumor removal showed decrease of splenic NK cell activity, but splenic NK cell population was not decreased. 3. In the rats with subcutaneous tumor removal and OK432 administration, splenic NK cell activity was significantly increased 1 week after administration of OK432 and then gradually returned to normal, whereas increase of NK cell population was not significant. In the present study, splenic NK cell activity was significantly decreased despite removal of subcutaneous tumor. But with the administration of OK432, splenic NK cell activity returned to normal. Considering the role of NK cells on the first line of defense against the metastatic implantation of circulating tumor emboli, we suggest that perioperative administration of immunopotentiator such as OK432 may improve the patient's outcome after surgery of human neoplasm.

Case Report

Hyalinizing Trabecular Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: A report of two cases.: Kyu Yun Jang, Joo Heon Kim, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(4):318-322.

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Abstract PDF: We report two cases of hyalinizing trabecular carcinoma (HTC) of the thyroid gland. These two patients were euthyroid women aged 36 and 65 years of age. The tumors were encapsulated and measured 0.8 and 4.0 cm in diameter, respectively. Histologically, the tumors were composed of a compact proliferation of cells in a lobular and trabecular pattern with an intervening hyalinized, fibrotic vascular stroma. Occasionally the cells were arrayed in microfollicles. Multiple and serial sections showed cords of tumor cells invading into the capsule in both cases and vascular invasion in one case. These findings suggested that HTCs are a malignant counterpart of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, similar to conventional follicular tumor. Positive immunostaining of tumor cells for thyroglobulin and negative staining for high molecular weight cytokeratin, cytokeratin 19, neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, and synaptophysin allowed distinction from medullary carcinoma. Even though HTCs are an heterogeneous group of tumors, the present two cases are probably variants of follicular carcinoma rather than papillary carcinoma.

Original Article

Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-beta and Its Receptors during Acetic Acid-induced Duodenal Ulcer Healing in Rats.: Kyu Yun Jang, Han Sang Yoon, Ki Hoon Yu, Myung Ja Chung, Dong Geun Lee, Jae Kang Myoung; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(2):108-114.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Many works have been written about the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) which is closely associated with fibrosis in the inflammatory conditions of different organs. TGF-beta1 exerts its biological effects by interacting with specific cell surface receptors, namely, transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I and II (TGFbetaRI and TGFbetaRII).
METHODS
To investigate the temporal expressions and localizations of TGF-beta1, TGFRbetaI, and TGFbetaRII in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcerated tissues, we performed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques.
RESULTS
Under in situ hybridization, TGF-beta1, TGFbetaRI, and TGFbetaRII mRNA signals increased in the experimental groups (1, 3, 7, and 14 day groups) compared to those of the control group. The signals on day 14 decreased slightly compared to those of days 1, 3, and 7, but they were higher than those of the control group. Under immunohistochemical study, TGF-beta1, TGFbetaRI, and TGFbetaRII were localized in the mucosal epithelial cells and in the macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts of the lamina propria and granulation tissue. As in the case of the in situ hybridization, it revealed that the expression of three proteins increased in the experimental groups compared to that of the control group. The expression on day 14 decreased compared to those of days 1, 3, and 7, but it was more intense than that of the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that TGF-beta1, TGFbetaRI, and TGFbetaRII contribute to the early stage healing of duodenal ulcer.

Case Report

Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary: A Case Report.: Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(3):218-220.

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Abstract PDF: Most cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary are associated with mature teratoma or Brenner tumor, and a few cases are related to endometriosis of the ovary. But a few cases of ovarian primary squamous cell carcinoma have occurred without clear associated etiology. Although some of them are concurred with cervical carcinoma in situ, they have not shown clear associations with the ovarian primary squamous cell carcinoma. We report a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary appearing in pure form. A left ovarian mass was detected in a 43-year-old woman. A total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy with regional lymph node dissection were performed. Histologically, the tumor was predominantly composed of polygonal tumor cells with keratinization and intercellular bridge, dyskeratotic cells, necrotic cell debris, and inflammatory cells. Also, metastasis to paraaortic lymph node was detected.

Original Articles

Synergistic Apoptotic Effect of Combination Treatment with Troglitazone and COX-2 Inhibitor in Glioma Cells.: Kyung Ryoul Kim, Min Young Park, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Jae Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(1):1-6.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The use of troglitazone (a PPARgamma ligand) and COX-2 inhibitor have been intensively studied for inhibition of tumor growth in cancer treatment, but the anti-tumor effect with a combination of these agents for cancer has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to determine if low concentrations of troglitazone with COX-2 inhibitor in combination would cause significant cytotoxicity in glioma cells.
METHODS
The effects of co-treatment with troglitazone and COX-2 inhibitor on cell growth and apoptosis were assessed by use of trypan blue exclusion and a DNA fragmentation assay. A western blot was used to analyze the apoptotic signaling for the expression of bcl-2, bax, PARP and p21 proteins.
RESULTS
A low dose of troglitazone (5micrometer) and COX-2 inhibitor (5micrometer) strongly enhanced the cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in glioma cells when compared to a low dose of each drug alone. Western blotting analysis showed a decreased expression of bcl-2 and PARP proteins. In contrast, the bax protein level was increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The combination of troglitazone and COX-2 inhibitor in a low dose elicits synergistic cytotoxicity in glioma cells. Our study also demonstrates that down regulation of bcl-2, fragmentation of PARP protein and increased expression of bax protein were accompanied by co-treatment with troglitazone and the COX-2 inhibitor.

PPARgamma Ligand-Induced Decrease of in vivo Tumor Growth Accompanied by Increased Cytolytic Activity of Splenocytes.: Kyu Yun Jang, Ki Hoon Yu, Hak Yong Lee, Kyung Ryoul Kim, Ha Na Choi, Eun Jung Cha, Ho Sung Park, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(1):7-14.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Recent studies have proposed the use of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligands as new chemotherapeutic agents for human malignant tumors. However the in vivo mechanism of PPARgamma ligands on cellular toxicity is not clear. Therefore we examined the anti-tumor effects of the PPARgamma ligand, rosiglitazone (ROS), in animal models.
METHODS
To evaluate the effect of RSO on splenocytes, an in vitro and in vivo study was performed. Cytolytic activity was measured by use of a 51Cr release assay. The splenic natural killer (NK) cell population and effector-target conjugation were measured by flow cytometric analysis.
RESULTS
In 9L glioma bearing rats, 30 mg/kg/d of ROS treatment induced a significant decrease of subcutaneous tumor growth accompanied by an increased cytolytic activity of splenocytes and of the splenic NKR-P1bright/CD3- NK cell population. In normal rats, systemic administration of ROS also increased the cytolytic activity of splenocytes, the splenic NK cell population, and effector-target conjugation. Moreover, we found that a concentration of 20micrometer ROS caused an increase in the cytolytic activity of splenocytes, and a concentration of 50micrometer ROS increased effector-target conjugation in vitro.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that increased splenic cytolytic activity and NK cell population may contribute to the anti-tumor effects of PPARgamma ligands in vivo. However, the roles of NK cells in the PPARgamma ligand-induced anti-tumor activity should be further investigated.

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