Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

High Expression of Galectin-1, VEGF and Increased Microvessel Density Are Associated with MELF Pattern in Stage I-III Endometrioid Endometrial Adenocarcinoma: Dmitry Aleksandrovich Zinovkin, Sergey Leonidovich Achinovich, Mikhail Grigoryevich Zubritskiy, Jacqueline Linda Whatmore, Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(5):280-288. Published online June 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.05.13

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Background
In this study, we investigate the expression of markers of angiogenesis and microvessel density (MVD) in cases of microcystic, elongated and fragmented (MELF) pattern, with its prognostic role in the survival of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas (EA) patients.
Methods
In this study, 100 cases of EA, 49 cases with MELF pattern and 51 without, were immunohistochemically stained for galectin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and MVD. Morphometry and statistical (univariate and multivariate) analyses were performed to assess overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival.
Results
The expression of VEGF (p<.001) and galectin-1 (p<.001), as well as MVD area (p<.001) and number of vessels/mm2 (p<.050), were significantly higher in the +MELF pattern group compared to the –MELF group. A low negative correlation between MELFpattern and the number of days of survival (p<.001, r=–0.47) was also found. A low positive correlation of MELF-pattern with galectin-1 expression (p<.001, r=0.39), area of vessels/mm2 (p<.001, r=0.36), outcome of EA (p<.001, r=0.42) and VEGF expression (p<.001, r=0.39) suggests potential pathological relevance of these factors in the prognosis of EA. A univariate survival analysis indicated a role for all parameters of survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that only area of vessels/mm2 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.018; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002 to 1.033), galectin-1 (HR, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.025 to 1.074) and VEGF (HR, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.022 to 1.077) play key roles in OS.
Conclusions
This study reports an increase in MVD, VEGF and galectin-1 expression in EA with MELF pattern and suggests that MELF pattern, along with the angiogenic profile, may be a prognostic factor in EA.

Citations

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Association of Local and Distant Organ Metastases With MELF Pattern in Endometrial Cancer
Varol Gülseren, Ertuğrul Şen, Mehmet Dolanbay, Fulya Çağli, Nahit Topaloğlu, Figen Öztürk, Bülent Özçelik, Serdar Serin, Kemal Güngördük
International Journal of Gynecological Pathology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Tumour budding, MELF-pattern and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes as possible pathomorphological parameters of the course of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus
D. A. Zinovkin, I. V. Veyalkin, S. L. Achinovich, I. I. Slepokurova, Yu. A. Lyzikova, A. Farooq
Tumors of female reproductive system.2024; 20(2): 83. CrossRef
Determining the level of stromal and epithelial cells activity in normal and hyperplastic endometrium of late reproductive and perimenopausal women
Zinaida Vasilyvna Chumak, Volodymyr Victorovich Artyomenko, Mykola Vitaliiovich Shapoval, Liudmyla Volodymyrivna Mnih, Ganna Volodymyrivna Kozhukhar, Serhii Vasilyovich Derishov
Journal of Medicine and Life.2023; 16(2): 210. CrossRef
Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Showing Microcystic, Elongated, and Fragmented (MELF) Pattern of Stromal Invasion: A Single-Institutional Analysis of 10 Cases with Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analyses and Ki-67 Immunostaining
Hyunsik Bae, Hyun-Soo Kim
Biomedicines.2023; 11(11): 3026. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic association and prognostic impact of microcystic, elongated and fragmented pattern invasion, combined with tumor budding in endometrioid endometrial cancer
Xiqin Qi, Lun Zhu, Bei Zhang
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research.2022; 48(9): 2431. CrossRef
Role of adipocytokines in endometrial cancer progression
Ran Li, Fang Dong, Ling Zhang, Xiuqin Ni, Guozhi Lin
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Advances in Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy: Car-T Cell, Checkpoint Inhibitors, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, and Oncolytic Viruses, and Emerging Cellular and Molecular Targets
Emilie Alard, Aura-Bianca Butnariu, Marta Grillo, Charlotte Kirkham, Dmitry Aleksandrovich Zinovkin, Louise Newnham, Jenna Macciochi, Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol
Cancers.2020; 12(7): 1826. CrossRef

Characteristic Changes in Decidual Gene Expression Signature in Spontaneous Term Parturition: Haidy El-Azzamy, Andrea Balogh, Roberto Romero, Yi Xu, Christopher LaJeunesse, Olesya Plazyo, Zhonghui Xu, Theodore G. Price, Zhong Dong, Adi L. Tarca, Zoltan Papp, Sonia S. Hassan, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Chong Jai Kim, Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Nandor Gabor Than; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(3):264-283. Published online February 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.12.20

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
The decidua has been implicated in the “terminal pathway” of human term parturition, which is characterized by the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in gestational tissues. However, the transcriptomic changes in the decidua leading to terminal pathway activation have not been systematically explored. This study aimed to compare the decidual expression of developmental signaling and inflammation-related genes before and after spontaneous term labor in order to reveal their involvement in this process.
Methods
Chorioamniotic membranes were obtained from normal pregnant women who delivered at term with spontaneous labor (TIL, n = 14) or without labor (TNL, n = 15). Decidual cells were isolated from snap-frozen chorioamniotic membranes with laser microdissection. The expression of 46 genes involved in decidual development, sex steroid and prostaglandin signaling, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, was analyzed using high-throughput quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Chorioamniotic membrane sections were immunostained and then semi-quantified for five proteins, and immunoassays for three chemokines were performed on maternal plasma samples.
Results
The genes with the highest expression in the decidua at term gestation included insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), galectin-1 (LGALS1), and progestogen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP); the expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), homeobox A11 (HOXA11), interleukin 1β (IL1B), IL8, progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (PGRMC2), and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) was higher in TIL than in TNL cases; the expression of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, LGALS1, LGALS3, and PAEP was lower in TIL than in TNL cases; immunostaining confirmed qRT-PCR data for IL-8, CCL2, galectin-1, galectin-3, and PAEP; and no correlations between the decidual gene expression and the maternal plasma protein concentrations of CCL2, CCL5, and IL-8 were found.
Conclusions
Our data suggests that with the initiation of parturition, the decidual expression of anti-inflammatory mediators decreases, while the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and steroid receptors increases. This shift may affect downstream signaling pathways that can lead to parturition.

Citations

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Progesterone inactivation in decidual stromal cells: A mechanism for inflammation-induced parturition
Angela DeTomaso, Hyeyon Kim, Jacqueline Shauh, Anika Adulla, Sarah Zigo, Maya Ghoul, Pietro Presicce, Suhas G. Kallapur, Wendy Goodman, Tamara Tilburgs, Sing-Sing Way, David Hackney, John Moore, Sam Mesiano
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The endoplasmic reticulum protein HSPA5/BiP is essential for decidual transformation of human endometrial stromal cells
Laura Fernández, Chow-Seng Kong, Majd Alkhoury, Maria Tryfonos, Paul J. Brighton, Thomas M. Rawlings, Joanne Muter, Maria Soledad Gori, Claudia Pérez Leirós, Emma S. Lucas, Jan J. Brosens, Rosanna Ramhorst
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Is human labor at term an inflammatory condition?
Chandrashekara Kyathanahalli, Madeline Snedden, Emmet Hirsch
Biology of Reproduction.2023; 108(1): 23. CrossRef
CCL2: An important cytokine in normal and pathological pregnancies: A review
Zhi Lin, Jia-Lu Shi, Min Chen, Zi-Meng Zheng, Ming-Qing Li, Jun Shao
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles in maternal plasma of women with fetal death
Dahiana M. Gallo, Wendy Fitzgerald, Roberto Romero, Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Dereje W. Gudicha, Nándor Gábor Than, Mariachiara Bosco, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Eunjung Jung, Arun Meyyazhagan, Manaphat Suksai, Francesca Gotsch, Offer Erez, Adi L. Tarca, Leonid
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Downregulated INHBB in endometrial tissue of recurrent implantation failure patients impeded decidualization through the ADCY1/cAMP signalling pathway
Hui Zhang, Zhilong Wang, Quan Zhou, Zhiwen Cao, Yue Jiang, Manlin Xu, Jingyu Liu, Jidong Zhou, Guijun Yan, Haixiang Sun
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics.2023; 40(5): 1135. CrossRef
Regulation of inflammatory genes in decidual cells: Involvement of the bromodomain and extra-terminal family proteins
Sandeep Ajgaonkar, Jonathan J. Hirst, Mary Norris, Tamas Zakar, Giovanni Camussi
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(3): e0280645. CrossRef
Decidual cells and decidualization in the carnivoran endotheliochorial placenta
Mónica Elizabeth Diessler, Rocío Hernández, Gimena Gomez Castro, Claudio Gustavo Barbeito
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Further Evidence that an Episode of Premature Labor Is a Pathologic State: Involvement of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System
Priya Prasad, Roberto Romero, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Anderson Lo, Jose Galaz, Andreea B. Taran, Eunjung Jung, Francesca Gotsch, Nandor Gabor Than, Adi L. Tarca
Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy.2023; 50(4): 236. CrossRef
Galectins-1, -3 and -9 Are Present in Breast Milk and Have a Role in Early Life Development
Karla Rio-Aige, Marina Girbal, Marta Selma-Royo, Anna Parra-Llorca, Sonia González, Cecilia Martínez-Costa, Margarida Castell, María Carmen Collado, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano, María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
Nutrients.2022; 14(20): 4338. CrossRef
The Expression of IL-1β Correlates with the Expression of Galectin-3 in the Tissue at the Maternal–Fetal Interface during the Term and Preterm Labor
Nikola Jovic, Marija Milovanovic, Jovana Joksimovic Jovic, Marija Bicanin Ilic, Dejana Rakic, Vladimir Milenkovic, Bojana Stojanovic, Jelena Milovanovic, Aleksandar Arsenijevic, Nebojsa Arsenijevic, Mirjana Varjacic
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(21): 6521. CrossRef
Galectin-1 and Galectin-9 Concentration in Maternal Serum: Implications in Pregnancies Complicated with Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes
Dorota Grażyna Boroń, Aleksy Świetlicki, Michał Potograbski, Grażyna Kurzawińska, Przemysław Wirstlein, Daniel Boroń, Krzysztof Drews, Agnieszka Seremak-Mrozikiewicz
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(21): 6330. CrossRef
Placental galectins regulate innate and adaptive immune responses in pregnancy
Orsolya Oravecz, Roberto Romero, Eszter Tóth, Judit Kapitány, Máté Posta, Dahiana M. Gallo, Simona W. Rossi, Adi L. Tarca, Offer Erez, Zoltán Papp, János Matkó, Nándor Gábor Than, Andrea Balogh
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Galectin-Levels Are Elevated in Infants Born Preterm Due to Amniotic Infection and Rapidly Decline in the Neonatal Period
Kirstin Faust, Nancy Freitag, Gabriela Barrientos, Christoph Hartel, Sandra M. Blois
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory Amplification: A Central Tenet of Uterine Transition for Labor
Kelycia B. Leimert, Wendy Xu, Magdalena M. Princ, Sylvain Chemtob, David M. Olson
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Medawar’s PostEra: Galectins Emerged as Key Players During Fetal-Maternal Glycoimmune Adaptation
Ellen Menkhorst, Nandor Gabor Than, Udo Jeschke, Gabriela Barrientos, Laszlo Szereday, Gabriela Dveksler, Sandra M. Blois
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Decidual Subpopulations in Implantation, Menstruation and Miscarriage
Joanne Muter, Chow-Seng Kong, Jan J. Brosens
Frontiers in Reproductive Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiomic immune clockworks of pregnancy
Laura S. Peterson, Ina A. Stelzer, Amy S. Tsai, Mohammad S. Ghaemi, Xiaoyuan Han, Kazuo Ando, Virginia D. Winn, Nadine R. Martinez, Kevin Contrepois, Mira N. Moufarrej, Stephen Quake, David A. Relman, Michael P. Snyder, Gary M. Shaw, David K. Stevenson, R
Seminars in Immunopathology.2020; 42(4): 397. CrossRef
Role of galectin-glycan circuits in reproduction: from healthy pregnancy to preterm birth (PTB)
Sandra M. Blois, Stefan Verlohren, Gang Wu, Gary Clark, Anne Dell, Stuart M. Haslam, Gabriela Barrientos
Seminars in Immunopathology.2020; 42(4): 469. CrossRef
Functional changes in decidual mesenchymal stem/stromal cells are associated with spontaneous onset of labour
Joan C Wijaya, Ramin Khanabdali, Harry M Georgiou, Maria I Kokkinos, Patrick F James, Shaun P Brennecke, Bill Kalionis
Molecular Human Reproduction.2020; 26(8): 636. CrossRef
Ageing in human parturition: impetus of the gestation clock in the decidua†
Joan C Wijaya, Ramin Khanabdali, Harry M Georgiou, Bill Kalionis
Biology of Reproduction.2020; 103(4): 695. CrossRef
Cytotrophoblast extracellular vesicles enhance decidual cell secretion of immune modulators via TNF-alpha
Sara K. Taylor, Sahar Houshdaran, Joshua F. Robinson, Matthew J. Gormley, Elaine Y. Kwan, Mirhan Kapidzic, Birgit Schilling, Linda C. Giudice, Susan J. Fisher
Development.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
A trypsin-based method for isolating leukocytes from human choriodecidua suitable for immunophenotyping and transcriptome studies
Karla MacDonald-Ramos, Marcia Arenas-Hernandez, Ismael Mancilla-Herrera, Claudia Rangel-Escareño, Rodrigo Vega-Sanchez
Immunobiology.2019; 224(1): 177. CrossRef
Transcriptomic analysis of fetal membranes reveals pathways involved in preterm birth
Silvana Pereyra, Claudio Sosa, Bernardo Bertoni, Rossana Sapiro
BMC Medical Genomics.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Placental Galectins Are Key Players in Regulating the Maternal Adaptive Immune Response
Andrea Balogh, Eszter Toth, Roberto Romero, Katalin Parej, Diana Csala, Nikolett L. Szenasi, Istvan Hajdu, Kata Juhasz, Arpad F. Kovacs, Hamutal Meiri, Petronella Hupuczi, Adi L. Tarca, Sonia S. Hassan, Offer Erez, Peter Zavodszky, Janos Matko, Zoltan Pap
Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Amnion epithelial cell–derived exosomes induce inflammatory changes in uterine cells
Emily E. Hadley, Samantha Sheller-Miller, George Saade, Carlos Salomon, Sam Mesiano, Robert N. Taylor, Brandie D. Taylor, Ramkumar Menon
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.2018; 219(5): 478.e1. CrossRef
Selective immuno-modulatory effect of prolactin upon pro-inflammatory response in human fetal membranes
Pilar Flores-Espinosa, Eduardo Preciado-Martínez, Araceli Mejía-Salvador, Gabriela Sedano-González, Luisa Bermejo-Martínez, Adalberto Parra-Covarruvias, Guadalupe Estrada-Gutiérrez, Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez, Isabel Méndez, Braulio Quesada-Reyna, Andrea Olmos-
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Investigation of the Roles of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Galectin-3 Expression in the Pathogenesis of Premenopausal Endometrial Polyps: Esin Kasap, Serap Karaarslan, Esra Bahar Gur, Mine Genc, Nur Sahin, Serkan Güclü; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(3):225-230. Published online April 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.03.08

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Abstract PDF

Background
The pathogenesis and etiology of endometrial polyps has not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to examine the pathogenic mechanisms of endometrial polyp development using immunohistochemistry. We evaluated the expression of galectin-3 and cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women with endometrial polyps or normal endometrium.
Methods
Thirty-one patients with endometrial polyps and 50 healthy control patients were included in this study. The levels of expression of COX-2 and galectin-3 were studied by immunohistochemistry.
Results
The percentage of COX-2–positive cells and the intensity of COX-2 staining in the endometrium did not vary during the menstrual cycle either in the control group or in patients with endometrial polyps. However, expression of galectin-3 was significantly lower in endometrial polyps and during the proliferative phase of the endometrium compared with the secretory phase.
Conclusions
Our data suggests that the pathogenesis of endometrial polyps does not involve expression of COX-2 or galectin-3.

Citations

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Research Progress in the Treatment of Endometrial Polyps
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ER and COX2 expression in endometrial hyperplasia processes
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Medicine.2023; 102(33): e34864. CrossRef
Novel microarchitecture of human endometrial glands: implications in endometrial regeneration and pathologies
Nicola Tempest, Christopher J Hill, Alison Maclean, Kathleen Marston, Simon G Powell, Hannan Al-Lamee, Dharani K Hapangama
Human Reproduction Update.2022; 28(2): 153. CrossRef
Variances in the Level of COX-2 and iNOS in Different Grades of Endometrial Cancer
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Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.2020; 21(1): 52. CrossRef

Galectin-3 Expression and BRAF Mutation in Cases of Cytologically Suspicious Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Dokyung Kim, Hyunki Kim, Jinyoung Kwak, Minju Kim, Hyung Jae Jung, Ja Seung Koo, Beom Jin Lim, Chankwon Jung, SoonWon Hong; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):191-198.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.191

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Fine needle aspiration, which is known as the most accurate and cost-effective method for diagnosis of thyroid nodule, still may result in indeterminate cases that are pauci-cellular and show minor nuclear atypia, but most cases are associated with suspicion of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) mutation was found in about half of PTCs and galectin-3 was expressed by malignant tumors, helping us to differentiate malignancies from benign lesions.
METHODS
Cases studied included histologically 44 confirmed PTC cases and 18 benign cases previously diagnosed as suspicious of PTC using cytologic examination. Cases were analyzed for galectin-3 expression by immunohistochemical staining and BRAF mutation by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with a new restriction enzyme.
RESULTS
All 44 cases of PTC and 8 of 18 benign controls expressed galectin-3. BRAF mutations were found in only 9 of the 44 PTC cases. Assessment of galectin-3 expression demonstrated high sensitivity but low specificity. Evaluation of BRAF mutation revealed high specificity and low sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the combined application of these two methods for PTC of suspicious cytology is complementary.

Case Report

Chromophobe Cell Renal Carcinoma: A report of 3 cases.: Me Sook Roh, Gi Yeong Huh, Seo Hee Rha, Heon Young Kwon, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(7):616-622.

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Abstract PDF: Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma is an uncommon variety of renal cell carcinoma first described in humans in 1985 by Thoenes and his colleagues. It is a distinct type of renal cancer presumably derived from the intercalated cells of the collecting duct system and exhibiting a better prognosis than other types of renal cell carcinoma. This type of renal cell carcinoma has not been reported in Korean literature. We experienced three cases of chromophobe cell renal carcinoma from surgical pathology files of Dong-A medical center. The patients were a 65-year-old female, a 54-year-old female, and a 50-year-old male who had 8.2x6 cm, 4x2.5 cm and 4.3x3.2 cm sized, yellowish gray, beige to tan colored masses in the kidneys, respectively. Microscopically, the tumor cells were arranged in sheets or nests with delicate intervening vasculature. The cells were voluminous, uniform in appearance and contained finely reticulated cytoplasms delineated by prominent cell borders. With Hale's iron colloid staining the cytoplasm showed positive reaction; with PAS staining the result was negative. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed positive reaction for cytokeratin but negative for vimentin. Electron microscopy showed numerous small, round to oval cytoplasmic vesicles, 150-300nm in size. All the patients received only radical nephrectomy and survived without evidence of recurrence or metastasis during follow-up intervals ranging from 4 months to 5 years.

Original Articles

Morphologic Characterization of Polycystic Kidney in inv Transgenic Mouse.: Yeon Lim Suh, Mi Kyung Kim, Joungho Han; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(7):479-487.

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the morphology of a polycystic kidney which was found in 100% of the transgenic mice homozygous for inv mutation and to gain insight into the pathogenesis of inherited polycystic kidney disease during the pre- and postnatal periods. The fetal and postnatal kidneys from the homozygous and heterozygous transgenic mice were examined by the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, image analyzer, and an immunohistochemistry utilizing the antibodies specific for each segment of the renal tubules (Tetragonolobus purpureas, Arachis hypogaea, Tamm-Horsfall protein, AE1/AE3, EMA, vimentin, Phaseolus vulgaris) was performed to determine the site of origin of renal cysts. Two developmental phases of a cystic disease were identified. The first phase, seen in fetal kidneys, was characterized by dilatation mainly of the proximal tubules and a few distal tubules. The later phase, in postnatal period, was characterized by progressive enlargement of the kidneys due to mainly cystic change of the collecting ducts, which distorted the normal architecture of both cortex and medulla and almost completely replaced the renal parenchyma. The cystic dilatation involved all segments of the nephron and the collecting duct as well as the Bowman's spaces of glomeruli. The epithelial cell hyperplasia was found as a micropolyp formation within the renal cysts and an increase in PCNA positive cells. These findings suggest that a cyst is not simply a ballooning of a renal tubule and the stretching of cells, formerly thought to be due to an altered compliance of an abnormal basement membrane, but indeed the result of increased numbers of tubular epithelial cells.

Expression of Adhesion Molecules in IgA Nephropathy, Diffuse Crescentic Glomerulonephritis, and Minimal Change Disease.: Kyoung Cheol Moon, So Yeon Park, Hwal Woong Kim, Hyun Soon Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(5):331-340.

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Abstract PDF: Accumulation of leukocytes within the glomerulus is a key event in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. This process is mediated by pairs of adhesion molecules. We have examined the expression pattern of selectins (E and P), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in 30 renal biopsies with IgA nephropathy, diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis, and minimal change disease. Normal controls were obtained from four nephrectomy specimens with renal cell carcinoma. ICAM-1 expression was significantly increased in the glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells in cases with IgA nephropathy compared with normal controls. VCAM-1 was expressed in glomerular mesangial cells in all cases with IgA nephropathy and diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis, but faintly expressed in 3 cases with minimal change disease and not expressed in normal controls. P-selectin was faintly expressed in the glomeruli in cases with IgA nephropathy and diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis. E-selectin was only expressed in the vascular endothelium in one case with IgA nephropathy and in the other with diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were strongly expressed in the crescents. However, selectin was not expressed in the crescent. These results suggest that adhesion molecules, particularly ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, play an important role in the pathogenesis of glomerular damage and crescent formation in primary glomerular diseases.

Case Report

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Collecting Duct Carcinoma of the Kidney: A Case Report.: Sang Yeop Yi, Kwang Gil Lee; Korean J Cytopathol. 1994;5(2):160-166.

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Abstract PDF: Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney is an unusual variety of renal carcinoma considered to arise from the epithelium of the collecting ducts. We recently experienced an case of fine needle aspiration cytology of collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney in a 17 year-old girl. The smear revealed many cellular clusters of ordinary papillary pattern, characterized by clumping of cells with nuclear overlapping, in a slightly necrotic background. The tumor cells had abundant delicate granular cytoplasm with some having vacuolation. The nuclei were only slightly pleomorphic with somethat coarse chromatin and one or more small nucleoli. Some nuclei showed irregular nuclear membrane and nuclear groove. A few polmorphs were also present.

Original Articles

The Expression of Galectin-3 and Galectin-7 in Epithelial Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach.: Ji Eun Kwak, Han Seong Kim, Mee Joo, Sun Hee Chang, Sang Hwa Shim, Hye Ran Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(6):365-372.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Galectin-3 and galectin-7 may play roles in human carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of galectin-3 and galectin-7 in gastric dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We examined the expressions of galectin-3, galectin-7, and P53 in nonneoplastic gastric mucosa, gastric epithelial dysplasia (GED), and adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. Twenty cases of nonneoplastic gastric mucosa, 20 cases of low grade GED, 20 cases of high grade GED, 40 cases of early gastric cancer (EGC), and 60 cases of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) are included for study. RESULTS: In the nonneoplastic tissue, only galectin-3 was expressed in the intestinal metaplasia. Galectin-7 was not stained in the nonneoplastic gastric mucosa. Galectin-3 was expressed in 3 cases of low grade GED (15%), 13 cases of high grade GED (65%), 2 cases of EGC (5%), and 5 cases of AGC (8%), respectively. Galectin-7 was expressed in 2 cases of low grade GED (10%), 3 cases of high grade GED (15%), and 4 cases of EGC (10%), respectively. However, it was not expressed in AGC.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on our results, the expressions of galectin-3 and galectin-7 may contribute to the development of gastric epithelial dysplasia and early gastric cancer, rather than contributing to the progression of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Correlation of Expression of galectin-3, skp2, p27 and cyclin D1 in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions.: Soon Auck Hong, Min Eui Hong, Gui Young Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(3):134-139.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The overexpression of cyclin D1 and galectin-3 and the loss of p27 in thyroid cancers have recently been reported by many studies. The S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (skp2) plays an important role in the degradation of p27. We compared the correlation of the expressions of galectin-3, p27, cyclin D1 and skp2 in thyroid lesions.
METHODS
Sixty five cases were included in this study and immunohistochemical staining for galectin-3, skp2, p27 and cyclin D1 was performed.
RESULTS
The expression of galectin-3 increased in the order of nodular hyperplasia, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma (p<0.01). The expression rate of skp2 was 0% for nodular hyperplasia, 16.7% for follicular adenoma, 33.3% for follicular carcinoma and 16.7% for papillary carcinoma. The loss of the expression of p27 was more frequently detected in papillary carcinoma as compared with nodular hyperplasia (p<0.01). The increased expression of cyclin D1 was noted in follicular adenoma and carcinoma as compared with nodular hyperplasia (p=0.043). The expression of galectin-3 was related with the loss of a p27 expression (p<0.01), and the expression of skp2 was related with the expression of the cyclin D1 (p=0.022).
CONCLUSIONS
Galectin-3 appears to be the most useful marker for making the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The loss of a p27 expression can help differentiate nodular hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma, and the determining the expression of cyclin D1 may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia and follicular neoplasm.

Significance of Galectin-3 Expression in Pulmonary Non-Small Cell Carcinoma.: Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Hun Lee, Hyun Jung Kang, Mee Young Sol, Min Ki Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2006;40(5):326-332.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCC) has become the leading cause of cancer related death around the world. However, its prognostic factors remain poorly defined. Galectin-3 is an apoptosis related protein and its relationship with various cancers is presently the subject of research. This study was performed to investigate galectin-3 expression in NSCC and its value as a prognostic factor. METHODS: We examined the expression of galectin-3 and bcl-2 in surgically resected, lung NSCC, including 61 squamous cell carcinomas and 41 adenocarcinomas. PCNA staining was also performed. RESULTS: Each type of carcinoma showed cytoplasmic positivity in 18 (30.0%) and 25 (61.0%) cases, respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma showed increased galectin-3 expression in better differentiated tumors, whereas adenocarcinoma didn't show any relationship with the degree of differentiation. The cytoplasmic positivity of galectin-3 in both types of carcinoma was associated with poor prognosis. Bcl-2 expression didn't show any significant relationship with overall survival. Galectin-3 and bcl-2 expressions were positively correlated. However, co-expression of both proteins was not related to prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that galectin-3 expression in NSCC warrants attention as a possible prognostic factor.

Usefulness of Galectin-3, Cytokeratin 19, p53, and Ki-67 for the Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors.: Moon Il Park, Dae Young Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2006;40(2):86-92.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The expressions of galectin-3, cytokeratin 19, p53, and Ki-67 in papillary carcinoma (PC), follicular carcinoma (FC), follicular adenoma (FA), and nodular hyperplasia (NH) are characteristic for the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
METHODS
The expressions of the four markers were evaluated in PC (n=37), FC (n=12), FA (n=22), and NH (n=23) by immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS
Statistical analyses revealed that galectin-3 was significantly expressed in the malignant tumor cells of PC and FC, while CK19 was expressed only in PC.
CONCLUSION
These results show that galectin-3 is useful in differential diagnosis between malignant and benign thyroid lesions, especially between FC and FA in the patients over 20 years old, and indicate that CK19 is valuable in differentiating between follicular variant of PC and FC and between PC and papillary area of nodular hyperplasia.

Comparative Analysis of Serum Mannose-Binding Lectin in Normal Population and Patients with Different Types of Cancer.: Bum Joon Kim, Young Sik Kim, Eun Mee Han, Eung Seok Lee, Nam Hee Won, Geung Hwan Ahn, Dale Lee, Bom Woo Yeom; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(5):306-310.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein of innate immunity. Its genetic mutations lead to deficiency of serum MBL and recurrent pyogenic infection in childhood. However, little is known about the frequency of its gene mutations or serum levels in Korean population and patients with cancers.
METHODS
We studied the mutational genotypes of MBL exon 1 codon 52, 54, and 57 or serum MBL levels from 102 normal adults and 228 cases of breast, stomach, colon, uterine cervical, and lung cancers by allele-specific PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS
MBL gene mutations were found in 32 of 102 normal adults (31.4%), and were restricted only to exon 1 codon 54 showing homozygous (n=5, 4.9%) or heterozygous mutations (n=27, 26.5%). Mean and median serum MBL in the patients with cancers were increased (2,647+/-1,742 and 2,915 ng/mL, mean+/-S.D. and median) than those of normal adults (1,906+/-1,359 and 1,758 ng/mL). Serum MBL level was significantly increased in the patients with stomach, uterine cervical, colon, and lung cancers.
CONCLUSION
Our results indicate that the frequency and pattern of MBL gene mutations and its serum level is very similar among northeastern Asian populations. In addition, MBL might be involved in an immunologic response against common cancers, although further studies are needed.

A Study of Lectin Histochemistry in Allergic Contact Dermatitis of Guinea Pig.: Joung Ho Han, Eun Sook Nam, Young Chul Kye, Han Kyeom Kim, Seung Yong Paik; Korean J Pathol. 1991;25(4):281-290.

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Abstract PDF: The alterations in the localization of keratinocyte membrane glycoconjugates in allergic contact dermatitis were investigated in guinea pig skin treated with topical application of 2.4-dinitro-chlorobenzene. We employed the avidin-biotin complex(ABC) method for the detection of localization of 10 commercially available lectins labelled with biotin: Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA-1, RCA-1, PNA, HP, MPA, and ECA. Staining with WGA showed a remarkably decreased intensity in basal and spinous layers of the allergic skin in comparison to those of the control skin, suggesting loss of terminal sialic acids in cell membrane glycoconjugates. The other lectins showed no remarkable difference in the staining patterns between the normal and the allergic ski. The results suggest that epidermal cell membrane glycoconjugates undergoes selective perturbations in acute allergic contact dermatitis, and that the keratinocytes might be an active part of the cutaneous immune system.

Lectin Binding Activities in Ewing's Sarcoma of the Bone.: Chul Woo Kim, Hyo Min Kim, Eui Keun Ham; Korean J Pathol. 1987;21(4):267-273.

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Abstract PDF: The binding activities of 6 plant lectins were studied in a total of 6 cases of Ewing's sarcoma of the bone, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method on paraffin embedded material. The lectins used in this study were Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I), Concanavalin A (Con-A), Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex europeus I (UEA I), and Soybean agglutinin (SBA). However, no specific lectin, which showed consistent binding activity in the majority of Ewing's sarcoma cells was identified, in 5 of 6 cases, intracytoplasmic RCA I binding cells were occasionally observed, at somewhat regular intervals, among the neoplastic cell nests. Con-A stains were also positive in 4 cases, but the numbers of Cona-A binding cell were fewer than that of positive cell with RCA I, With PNA, WGA, UEA I, and SBA virtually no tumor cells were stained. These findings suggest that all Con-A positive cells and a part of RCA I binding cells are probably stromal macrophage-histiocytes, which are incorperated in neoplastic cells. And remaining RCA I positive cells seem to be either a kind of differentiating neoplastic cells or supporting cells having close correlation with the neoplastic cells.

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