Light chain disease is a rare type of multiple myeloma. Its clinical manifestation and bone marrow features similar to those of other myelomas, but its prognosis is poorer than others. Recently the authors have experienced a case of light chain disease in the patient with acute renal failure. The renal biopsy revealed the features characteristics of myeloma nephropathy and the case was diagnosed on the basis of the electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis of the serum and urine, and bone marrow with immunoperoxidase staining. This is a report of the case with clinical history and laboratory studies. And a brief review of the literature is added.