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Review Article
- Ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma: a review for pathologists
- Gianfranco E. Umeres-Francia, Melissa Mejia-Bautista, Pouya Jamshidi, Jared T. Ahrendsen
- J Pathol Transl Med. 2026;60(4):379-387. Published online July 15, 2026
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2026.06.06
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Abstract
PDF - Ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma are rare, predominantly low-grade neuroepithelial tumors that commonly present with epilepsy in children and young adults. Advances in molecular profiling have improved understanding of their pathogenesis, highlighting key roles for the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling pathway. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features, with complete surgical resection offering the best clinical outcomes. This review summarizes current knowledge on their epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, pathology, treatment strategies, and prognosis.
Original Article
- Immunohistochemical Expression of Synaptophysin in Brain Tumors.
- Byung Ha Choi, Shin Kwang Khang
- Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(5):433-439.
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Abstract
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- BACKGROUND
Perikaryal or perikaryal surface immunostaining for synaptophysin has been posited to distinguish the neoplastic neuronal elements of gangliogliomas from entrapped non-neoplastic neurons in other gliomas of various types. However, recent studies revealed that perikaryal surface immunoreactivity can be seen in the neurons of normal human spinal cords and brains, as well as in the brain tissues around certain non-neuronal lesions. To access the validity of this criterion in the diagnosis of ganglion cell neoplasms, we evaluated patterns of immunostaining of synaptophysin in neuronal, glial and some non-neuroepithelial tumors.
METHODS
We selected 104 cases of gangliogliomas, gangliocytomas, central neurocytomas, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastomas, a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, meningiomas, arterio-venous malformations, craniopharyngiomas, a foreign body granuloma, temporal lobe epilepsies, and autopsied brains. A representative block including the gray matter was identified for each case, and synaptophysin immunostaining was performed.
RESULTS
Perikaryal and perikaryal surface immunoreactivity for synaptophysin was observed in the neurons of various types of lesions. Percentage of perikaryal and perikaryal surface immunoreactivity of the gangliogliomas, glial tumors, and non-neuroepithelial lesions were 100%/93%, 80%/58% and 57%/26%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Although synaptophysin positive neurons are found in the ganglioglioma, these patterns are clearly not pathognomonic for glioneuronal tumors.
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