MATERIALS AND METHODS

The subjects of this study were 827 primary sporadic ccRCC patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy from 2006 to 2011 at Seoul National University Hospital. The clinical data corresponding to tissue specimens were collected from electronic medical records of the hospital. Clinical stage and nuclear grade of carcinomas were assigned according to the American Joint of Committee on Cancer 8th TNM staging and World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology (WHO/ISUP) nuclear grade, respectively. The representative tumor portions of ccRCC specimen blocks were selected in each case. Two representative cores with 2 mm-diameter was taken from tumor blocks and embedded to new recipient blocks using trephine apparatus (Superbiochips Laboratories, Seoul, Korea).

Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were cut to make several unstained slides for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were made for histopathological assessment of TMAs. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using Ventana Benchmark XT automated staining system (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA). The 4-µm-thick slides were stained with anti-AQP1 mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibody (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and anti-AQP3 IgG1 antibody (1:100, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The intensity of AQP expression in each slide was scored semi-quantitatively, incorporating the intensity and percentage of RCC cells with membranous stain positivity. The intensity was evaluated with scores of 0–3: 0 for negative staining; 1 for faint positivity; 2 for weak to moderate positivity; and 3 for strong positivity. The percentage of positive tumor cells was scored on a 0–4-point basis: 0 for 0%; 1 for 1 to 25%; 2 for 26 to 50%; 3 for 51–75%; and 4 for more than 75%. Next, the total AQP expression score was produced by the sum of two points and allocated to three categories: AQP-negative for 0–2; weakly AQP-positive for 3–5; and strongly AQP-positive for 6–7 [5]. Finally, both AQP-negative and weakly AQP-positive categories were considered as losing AQP1 expression significantly and allocated to “low” AQP1 expression group, and strongly AQP-positive category was allocated to “high” AQP1 expression group.

Clinical data and immunohistochemical AQP expression scores of TMAs were integrated and statistically analyzed using the R programming language (ver. 4.2.2) with the packages ‘survival’, ‘survminer’ and ‘dplyr’. The overall survival (OS) duration was defined as the interval from the date of surgical resection to death or the last follow-up. The progression-free survival (PFS) duration was defined as the interval from the date of surgical resection to the event of progression, such as death; local recurrence; distant metastasis; or disease progression after chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests were conducted to evaluate and compare OS and PFS between patients divided by binominal or dichotomized continuous clinicopathological variables, i.e., low (1, 2) and high (3, 4) TNM stage and/or WHO/ISUP nuclear grade, as well as with weakly and strongly AQP-positive ccRCC. Multivariate Cox regression model was established by statistically significant variables in univariate analyses, and the multivariate analysis was applied to assess the potential clinical significance of AQP expression by immunohistochemistry. A p-value less than .05 was interpreted as statistically significant.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

Clinicopathological characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. The group showed prominent male predominance, and the mean age was 56.5 years. The average size of the tumor was 4.2 cm. TNM stage 1 was the most common of the four stages. The WHO/ISUP nuclear grades 2 and 3 accounted for major proportion in the group. The mean OS interval and PFS interval were 91.8 and 79.5 months, respectively.

Aquaporin expression in ccRCC

AQP immunohistochemical staining was mainly present in the membrane. After evaluation, AQP1 expression was high in 320 cases (38.7%), and low in 507 cases (61.3%) (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the AQP3 expression level was exceptionally low in all cases compared to AQP1 expression, preventing it from being investigated statistically (Fig. 2).

Relationships of aquaporin expression and clinicopathological characteristics

Next, we examined whether there were statistically significant correlations between clinicopathological characteristics and AQP1 expression levels. First, we assigned the patient population to each of the four characteristics. The cutoff for patient age was 55 years. TNM stage and nuclear grade were grouped as “low” for stage/grade 1 to 2 and “high” for stage/grade 3 to 4. The state of distant metastasis (M category) was incorporated for the analysis. Consequently, Fisher’s exact test demonstrated that lower AQP1 expression presented statistically significant correlation with higher (55 or more) age of the patient, “high” TNM stage (3 or 4) and nuclear grade (3 or 4), the presence of distant metastasis (M1), and presence of microvascular invasion (Table 2).

Impact of aquaporin expressions on survival

Next, we investigated the impact of AQP1 expression level on OS and PFS periods. The survival curves corresponding to OS and PFS, derived from the Kaplan-Meier method are shown in Fig. 3. Survival rates according to AQP1 expression level demonstrated significant difference in both curves, inferring that decreased expression level of AQP1 in clear cell RCC is associated with undesirable clinical outcomes and shorter survival periods. This finding is in accordance with prior statistical analyses showing the relationship of low AQP1 expression level with worse clinicopathological features.

We also conducted multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis corresponding to both OS and PFS to investigate the ability of AQP1 expression to be an independent risk factor in ccRCC. First, univariate analyses were conducted for several clinicopathological factors (Table 3). In univariate analyses, TNM stage, WHO/ISUP nuclear grade, and AQP1 expression level were selected as basic components of the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model (Tables 3, 4). As a result, lower AQP1 expression level showed statistical significance to be an independent predictor of worse OS and PFS in the model.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we demonstrated that lower expression of AQP1 is related to more advanced clinical stage, higher WHO/ISUP nuclear grade, microvascular invasion, and shorter OS and PFS. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that AQP expression level as evaluated by immunohistochemistry has a similar relationship to ccRCC, compared with prior proteomic [7] and transcriptomic [8] studies of AQP1.

AQPs are expressed in normal kidney parenchyma, especially in tubules and the collecting duct system [10]. AQP1 is known to be differentially expressed in proximal tubular epithelial cells, whereas AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 are mainly located in distal tubules and collecting ducts. Considering that ccRCCs arise from proximal tubular epithelial cells and that a higher WHO/ISUP nuclear grade is significantly associated with a low AQP1 expression level in ccRCC, we can speculate that the loss of AQP1 in ccRCC reflects the loss of differentiation, which is commonly observed in carcinogenesis. As stated in previous publications covering non-urogenital malignancies, aberrant expression of AQPs could occur [5,11] and may have different correlations with RCCs. In this study, AQP3 was the candidate for such aberrant expression in ccRCC, not showing evidence of expression by immunohistochemistry. This point is worth investigating in additional studies.

Some previous studies showed that higher AQP1 expression is associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics in some malignancies, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [12] and cholangiocarcinoma [13]. On the contrary, the results of this study showed that lower AQP1 expression is associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics in ccRCC. The mechanisms for the opposite effect in different carcinomas are not well investigated and additional studies are needed to demonstrate the underlying mechanism of this difference.

Further research on the correlation between AQPs and other common and clinically significant subtypes of RCC, e.g., papillary and chromophobe RCC, is anticipated. Other subtypes of AQP might show different relationships between aggressive clinicopathological parameters of RCC. Xu et al. [14] reported elevated AQP9 mRNA expression in ccRCCs of advanced clinical stages with shorter OS and PFS, suggesting that AQP9 could act as an oncogene in ccRCC. This could be a possible topic for later studies about AQPs and malignancies.

Several previous studies have utilized interventional agents to investigate the potential of AQP as a target of anticancer therapies. AqB013, a small molecule AQP1 inhibitor, demonstrated the potential to prevent cancer cell migration and angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma cell lines [15]. The microRNA miR-874 showed the ability to inhibit AQP3 gene transcription and downregulate the level of AQP3 protein expression, impeding gastric carcinoma cell lines to form tumors, migrate, and metastasize [16]. These results propose the possibility that loss of AQP expression in ccRCC could be an exploitable characteristic to be utilized for targeted anticancer therapies.

The study may have some potential limitations, which might have impacted the results and are worth discussing. For instance, only ccRCC cases were incorporated in the study, leaving other common or clinically important subtypes of renal cell carcinomas uninvestigated, such as papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, collecting duct carcinoma, and medullary carcinoma. Further research is required to investigate the association of AQP expression and these renal malignancies. Despite this, we demonstrated the potential utility of aquaporin family proteins in ccRCC as tools to predict the clinical behavior and prognosis of this clinically important malignancy.

In conclusion, loss of AQP1 expression, evaluated by immunohistochemistry, is related to worse clinicopathological parameters and shorter survival in ccRCC. It would be potentially applied to predict prognosis and develop target anticancer agents.

Fig. 1.

Representative photographs of the expression levels of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) by immunohistochemistry and corresponding hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides. High expression of AQP1 (A) is associated with favorable histopathology and lower pathological stage (B), and low expression of AQP1 (C) is associated with unfavorable histological features and higher pathological stage (D).

Fig. 2.

Representative photographs of the expression levels of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) by immunohistochemistry slides. In contrast to aquaporin 1, the staining intensity of AQP3 was too low in every clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissue (A) to evaluate and analyze statistically. Distal tubular epithelial cells, which normally express the AQP3 protein, are positive for AQP3 immunostaining (B).

Fig. 3.

Overall (A) and progression-free (B) survival curves showing Kaplan-Meier survival probability by time. The difference in overall and progression- free survival rates between higher and lower aquaporin 1 (AQP1) expression was statistically significant in both respects of survival.

REFERENCES

• 1. Agre P, King LS, Yasui M, et al. Aquaporin water channels: from atomic structure to clinical medicine. J Physiol 2002; 542: 3-16. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 2. Chen J, Wang Z, Xu D, Liu Y, Gao Y. Aquaporin 3 promotes prostate cancer cell motility and invasion via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-3 secretion. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11: 2882-8. ArticlePubMed
• 3. Kusayama M, Wada K, Nagata M, et al. Critical role of aquaporin 3 on growth of human esophageal and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1128-36. ArticlePubMed
• 4. Yang J, Zhang JN, Chen WL, et al. Effects of AQP5 gene silencing on proliferation, migration and apoptosis of human glioma cells through regulating EGFR/ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 38444-55. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 5. Kang BW, Kim JG, Lee SJ, et al. Expression of aquaporin-1, aquaporin-3, and aquaporin-5 correlates with nodal metastasis in colon cancer. Oncology 2015; 88: 369-76. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 6. Moosavi MS, Elham Y. Aquaporins 1, 3 and 5 in different tumors, their expression, prognosis value and role as new therapeutic targets. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26: 615-25. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 7. Ticozzi-Valerio D, Raimondo F, Pitto M, et al. Differential expression of AQP1 in microdomain-enriched membranes of renal cell carcinoma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1: 588-97. ArticlePubMed
• 8. Huang Y, Murakami T, Sano F, et al. Expression of aquaporin 1 in primary renal tumors: a prognostic indicator for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2009; 56: 690-8. ArticlePubMed
• 9. Otto W, Rubenwolf PC, Burger M, et al. Loss of aquaporin 3 protein expression constitutes an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival: an immunohistochemical study on stage pT1 urothelial bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 459.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 10. Bedford JJ, Leader JP, Walker RJ. Aquaporin expression in normal human kidney and in renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2581-7. ArticlePubMed
• 11. Sato K, Miyamoto M, Takano M, Furuya K, Tsuda H. Different prognostic implications of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-5 expression among different histological types of ovarian carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26: 263-71. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 12. Zou W, Yang Z, Li D, Liu Z, Zou Q, Yuan Y. AQP1 and AQP3 expression are associated with severe symptoms and poor-prognosis of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 27: 40-7. ArticlePubMed
• 13. Li C, Li X, Wu L, Jiang Z. Elevated AQP1 expression is associated with unfavorable oncologic outcome in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16: 421-7. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 14. Xu WH, Shi SN, Xu Y, et al. Prognostic implications of aquaporin 9 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2019; 17: 363.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 15. Dorward HS, Du A, Bruhn MA, et al. Pharmacological blockade of aquaporin-1 water channel by AqB013 restricts migration and invasiveness of colon cancer cells and prevents endothelial tube formation in vitro. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35: 36.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 16. Jiang B, Li Z, Zhang W, et al. miR-874 Inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion through targeting aquaporin-3 in gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 1011-25. ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Serum Exosomal MiR-874 as a Potential Biomarker for Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis
  Amal F. Gharib, Saad S. Al-Shehri, Abdulraheem Almalki, Ayman Alhazmi, Mamdouh Allahyani, Ahmed Alghamdi, Amani A. Alrehaili, Maha M. Bakhuraysah, Althobaiti Naif Saad M., Weal H. Elsawy
  Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef