MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is an institutional review board-approved study (CUMC-2012-0026-02 and KC10SNSI0689).

Cell lines and cell culture

A human fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080), mouse fibrosarcoma cell line (WEHI164), and rat Schmidt-Ruppin sarcoma cell line (RR1022) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The human gastric cancer cell line SNU-620-5FU/1000 (5FU) was obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). The hMSCs used in this study were human bone marrow-derived MSCs (Catholic MASTER Cells) obtained from the Catholic Institute of Cell Therapy (CIC, Seoul, Korea). Mouse MSCs (mMSCs) were isolated from C57BL/6 mice, and rat MSCs (rMSCs) were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats, as described previously.14 In brief, femora and tibiae were harvested and carefully cleaned of adherent soft tissue, the epiphyses were removed, and the bone was flushed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Welgene, Daegu, Korea). Bones were dissected into fragments of 1-3 mm³ and digested in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Welgene) supplemented with collagenase type I and dispase (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) for 1-2 hours in an incubator. The bone fragments were washed thoroughly with PBS and then cultivated in a 100-mm dish in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Welgene), 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Gibco) at 37℃ in a 5% CO₂ humidified incubator. Non-adherent cells were removed after 72-96 hours, and when the adherent cells reached 90% confluence, they were harvested with trypsin/EDTA (Gibco) and replated. MSCs, passages 5-9, were used after characterization by fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis (data not shown). HT1080 was maintained in DMEM, and WEHI164 and RR1022 were maintained in RPMI1640 with supplements of 10% vol/vol FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. We cultivated hMSCs, mMSCs, and rMSCs in DMEM containing 10% vol/vol FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. All cells were incubated at 37℃ in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.

Animals and immunosuppression

All experiments using mice and rats were conducted in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Catholic University (Seoul, Korea). Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)/IL-2Rγ^-/- (NOG/SCID) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Female Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Orient Bio (Seongnam, Korea). Animals were housed under pathogen-free conditions and were given autoclaved food and water.

To establish immunosuppression in the Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice, FK-506 (tacrolimus) and dexamethasone (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) were dissolved in saline at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and sterilized with a 0.22-µm filter (Millipore Co., Billerica, MA, USA). Both immunosuppressants were intraperitoneally administered 1 mg/kg/day each for 3 days before cell injection.

In vitro growth kinetics assay

The in vitro growth kinetics assay was performed in triplicate in 6-well cell culture plates (Falcon, BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). For the co-culture assay, hMSCs were irradiated with 40 Gy for growth inhibition. HT1080 alone, hMSCs alone, and HT1080 co-cultured hMSCs were cultured at a starting cell number of 1.0×10⁴ cells each. The proliferation status (i.e., cell number) was evaluated with a LUNA automated cell counter (Logos Biosystems, Annandale, VA, USA) on days 2-6 (Fig. 1).

Modified colony-forming cell assay

Colony-forming cell (CFC) assays are used to quantify progenitors via a simple in vitro assay.15 We adopted and modified a previously published method to determine the appropriate cell dose for in vivo inoculation. In brief, serially diluted cells (5, 10, 50, 100, 400, and 1,000 cells) for HT1080, WEHI164, and RR1022 were plated in a 24-well culture plate (Falcon, BD Bioscience). After 7 or 10 days of incubation, the culture dishes were washed gently, air dried, and then stained with hematoxylin. Under an inverted microscope, the numbers of demarcated areas of cell proliferation (colony formation) were counted. The mean number of colonies/plated cell number was referred to as the CFC frequency. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

In vivo tumor formation and growth in the presence or absence of MSCs

Experiment I (Fig. 2A-C): HT1080 alone (group 1), HT1080 combined with hMSCs (group 2), and hMSCs alone (group 3) in 100 µL of PBS were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomens of 6- to 8-week-old NOG/SCID mice, 5×10⁴ cells for HT1080 and 1×10⁵ cells for hMSCs. Each group consisted of six mice and was evaluated for tumor formation, tumor volume, microscopic growth pattern, and lung metastatic nodules on day 14.

Experiment II (Fig. 2D-F): WEHI164 alone (group 1) and WEHI164 combined with mMSCs (group 2) in 100 µL PBS were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of the backs of 6- to 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, 4×10⁴ cells for WEHI164 and 1×10⁵ cells for mMSCs. Each group consisted of six rats and was evaluated for tumor formation on day 21.

Experiment III (Fig. 2G-I): RR1022 alone (group 1) and RR1022 combined with rMSCs (group 2) in 100 µL PBS were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomens of 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice, 1.5×10⁴ cells for RR1022 and 1×10⁵ cells for rMSCs. Each group consisted of six mice and was evaluated for tumor formation on day 14.

Experiment IV (Fig. 3): For 5FU alone (group 1) and 5FU combined with hMSCs (group 2), 1×10⁵ cells in 100 µL PBS, were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of the backs of 6-week-old NOG/SCID mice. Each group consisted of three mice and was evaluated for tumor formation, microscopic growth characteristics, and lung metastasis at 10 weeks.

After sacrifice, tumor tissues were measured by caliper, and volume was calculated according to the following formula: volume=0.2618×L×W×(L+W).16 The number of lung metastatic nodules for each animal was counted macroscopically and microscopically. Samples from subcutaneous tumors and lung metastatic lesions in each group were fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde neutral buffer solution and then processed routinely for histology, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under light microscopy.

Immunohistochemical staining

Immunohistochemical staining was performed according to conventional protocols. In brief, 4-µm-thick formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections were processed for deparaffinization, antigen retrieval, and endo-blocking and then incubated with primary antibody cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (1:100, Dako, Cambridgeshire, UK). After washing, the slides were incubated with secondary antibody (K5007, Dako Real Envision/HRP) for 30 minutes at room temperature and were then visualized with DAB (K5007, Dako Real DAB+Chromogen) and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Statistical analysis

Data were statistically analyzed for significant differences using the Graph Pad Prism ver. 5.0 statistical package (Graphpad, La Jolla, CA, USA). Student's t-test was used to assess differences in means and to assess statistical significance. Results were expressed as means±standard deviation, and a value of p<.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

MSC co-culture promotes in vitro growth of fibrosarcoma cells

To investigate the effect of hMSCs on the proliferation of human fibro sarcoma cells, we performed a co-culture assay with HT1080 in the presence or absence of hMSCs. There was little difference in the cell numbers of both groups by day 3. However, during the exponential growth phase after day 4, the hMSC-co-cultured group showed significantly more rapid growth compared with HT1080 alone (Fig. 1A). On day 6, hMSC-co-cultured HT1080 showed 2.14 times more rapid growth compared with HT1080 alone (79- vs 37-fold change, p<0.05) (Fig. 1B). The cell density of hMSC-co-cultured HT1080 was higher than that of HT1080 alone, consistent with the increase in cell number (Fig. 1C). Irradiated hMSCs showed significant increases in cell size and cell processes (Fig. 1C) but not in cell number (10,667 cells at day 6/10,000 cells when initially plated).

CFC assay

To determine the inoculation cell number for in vivo experiments, we assessed the CFC frequencies of the sarcoma cells of human, mouse, and rat origins. The CFC frequencies were calculated as 1/5 (20%), 1/4 (25%), and 1/1.5 (66.6%) for HT1080, WEHI164, and RR1022, respectively. RR1022 was the most colony-genic (Table 1). To induce rapid in vivo tumor development and avoid cell dose-dependent variables, 10,000 CFC equivalent cells were inoculated for experiments to test the effects of MSCs on fibrosarcoma.

Effects of MSCs on in vivo growth of human fibrosarcoma cells in NOG/SCID mice

The 10,000-CFC equivalent for HT1080 cells was 5×10⁴ cells. HT1080 alone (group 1). HT1080 combined with hMSCs (group 2), and hMSCs alone (group 3) were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissues of NOG/SCID mice (n=6). Tumor formation began to be detected on day 7 in group 1 and group 2, but no tumor formation was detected in group 3 by the end of the experiment. To investigate early stage growth characteristics in the presence or absence of hMSCs, mice were sacrificed on day 14. The number of tumors in the hMSC-co-injected group was significantly greater than that of HT1080 alone (62.01±28.83 mm³ vs 30.08±25.74 mm³, p=.035) (Table 2, Fig. 2A, B). All HT1080 tumors showed expansile growth with good demarcation in the absence of hMSCs, whereas all tumors in the presence of hMSCs showed highly infiltrative growth (Fig. 2C).

Effects of MSCs on in vivo growth of mouse and rat sarcoma cells in xeno-environment animal models

The 10,000-CFC equivalent for WEHI164 cells was 4×10⁴ cells. WEHI164 alone and WEHI164 combined with mMSCs were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6). Five rats died of infection before the detection of tumor formation, which began at day 10. All live rats were sacrificed on day 21. Tumors in the mMSC-co-injected group (n=4) showed greater volume than those of WEHI164 alone (n=3) (108.68±134.09 mm³ vs 16.12±18.48 mm³, p=.141) (Table 2, Fig. 2D, E). All WEHI164 tumors showed nodular, compact, and expansile growth with relatively good demarcation in the absence of mMSCs, whereas all tumors in the presence of mMSCs showed infiltrative growth (Fig. 2F).

The 10,000-CFC equivalent for RR1022 cells was 1.5×10⁴ cells. RR1022 alone and RR1022 combined with rMSCs were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of C57BL/6 mice (n=6). Seven mice died of infection before the detection of tumor formation, which began on day 8. All live mice showed tumor formation and were sacrificed on day 14. Tumors of the mMSC-co-injected group (n=3) showed greater volume than those of RR 1022 alone (n=2) (120.46±63.81 mm³ vs 8.58±5.51 mm³, p=.050) (Table 2, Fig. 2G, H). All RR1022 tumors showed nodular and expansile growth with relatively good demarcation in the absence of mMSCs, whereas all tumors in the presence of mMSCs showed infiltrative growth dissecting the adjust collagen bundles (Fig. 2I).

Effects of MSCs on in vivo tumor progression of human gastric cancer cells in NOG/SCID mice

To assess the impact of MSCs on late stages of tumor progression, relatively slow in vivo growing cancer cells, 5FU, were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of NOG/SCID mice in the presence or absence of hMSCs (n=6). Mice began to form tiny but palpable nodules earlier than week 5, and they were maintained with monitoring twice a week. By week 10, the largest tumors had grown to more than 1.0 cm in diameter, so the mice were sacrificed. The tumors were multi-nodular or irregular, which made it difficult to measure their sizes exactly. However, the shapes and demarcation of the tumors were quite different between the groups. All tumors of 5FU alone were nodular in shape and showed compact expansile growth with good demarcation and no definite lung metastatic nodule (Fig. 3, upper panels), whereas tumors grown in the presence of hMSCs showed highly desmoplastic and infiltrative growth and multiple lung metastasis (Fig. 3, lower panels). Irregular-sized nesting and infiltrating tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin, but desmoplastic spindle cells were negative. The multiple lung metastatic nodules were strongly positive for cytokeratin immunostaining.

DISCUSSION

A great deal of evidence has accumulated concerning the role of MSCs in tumor progression, in contexts such as cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. However, the exact effects and mechanisms underlying these observations have not yet been clearly explained. This is likely due to the intrinsic attributes of cancer types, which explains the variable effects of MSCs on tumor progression.3 Fibrosarcoma, in lacking any specific differentiation characteristics, is a useful cancer model because of its limited heterogeneity. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of MSCs on the growth and progression of fibrosarcomas and to evaluate the similarity of these effects in various MSC-fibrosarcoma xeno-environment models.

Fibrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that maintains mesenchymal characteristics in terms of phenotype and gene-expression profile.13 Although many studies of cancer-microenvironment interactions have focused on epithelial malignancies,1,4,8 it has been suggested that some sarcoma cells require interactions with their microenvironments for growth and metastasis.9 In the current study, we demonstrated the advantages of hMSC-co-cultured conditions, as sarcoma proliferation increased more than two times in conditions with hMSCs compared to those without hMSCs. The proliferation of hMSCs themselves is significantly reduced by irradiation with doses up to 20 Gy.17 Moreover, in the current study, hMSCs were irradiated with 40 Gy and showed little change between initially plated cells and cultured cells in terms of morphology and cell number. MSCs are relatively radioresistant, and maintain their differentiation potential without an increase of irradiation-induced apoptosis at a dose range of up to 20 Gy.18,19 Taken together, these findings suggest that hMSCs promote fibrosarcoma cell proliferation not as proliferating bodies themselves but as supportive elements.

To investigate whether the supportive effects of hMSCs on fibrosarcoma cells works in vivo, we conducted co-injection experiments using hMSCs and HT1080 and found that in vivo, tumor growth is enhanced in the presence of hMSCs. Moreover, hMSC-co-injected tumors showed aggressive tumor growth characteristics. Infiltrative growth was previously regarded as pro-metastatic behavior. To counter concerns that increased tumor volume could be attributed to the proliferation of co-injected hMSCs, studies have found that inoculated MSCs alone become undetectable within two weeks.2 In addition, in the current study, no definite nodule formation was detected at the inoculation sites of hMSCs alone at two weeks. Taken together, these findings suggest that hMSCs not only promote in vivo tumor growth but also favor pro-metastatic infiltrative growth of human fibrosarcoma cells.

To explore the significance of this phenomenon, MSCs and fibrosarcoma cells of nonhuman origin were investigated. To provide experimental conditions similar to those of the xeno-environment, mouse fibrosarcoma cells and mMSCs were injected into Sprague-Dawley rats, and rat sarcoma cells and rMSCs were injected into C57BL/6 mice, under induced immunosuppressed conditions. Mouse and rat sarcoma cells co-injected with mMSCs and rMSCs, respectively, resulted in greater tumor formation in comparison with those without matched MSCs, similar to the results of previous studies. Unfortunately, the loss of some mice and rats due to infection resulted in failure to achieve statistical significance. Infiltrative growth patterns, however, were apparent in all MSC-co-injected groups for both sarcoma cells. Infiltrative growth has been regarded as an unfavorable tumor behavior and a pro-metastatic factor.17

Few studies have focused on MSCs as a tumor microenvironment of sarcomas.9,10 The hMSCs have been reported to migrate to the osteosarcoma site, integrate into the tumor stroma, and thereby promote tumor growth and metastasis.10 Osteosarcoma is a specialized committed type of malignant mesenchymal tumor with the ability to form osteoids, which is what differentiates it from fibrosarcoma lacking osteoblastic differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first regarding the effects of MSCs on fibrosarcoma cells.

Due to the rapid growth of fibrosarcoma cells and the infection risk of induced immunosuppressed animal models, our MSCs-fibrosarcoma in xeno-environment models were useful only to assess MSC effects in the early stages of tumor progression. To evaluate the late stages of metastasis, a more stable model is required.

To investigate the effects of hMSCs on tumor progression and metastasis, relatively slow growing gastric cancer cells, 5FU, were injected into the stable immunocompromised animal model of NOG/SCID mice. As expected, hMSCs promoted desmoplastic and highly infiltrative tumor growth and metastasis to the lung. These results are compatible with those of earlier studies.20,21 For example, Nomoto-Kojima et al.20 reported that adipose tissue stromal cells promote the progression of gastric cancer cells in vitro. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were recruited into the inflammatory gastric mucosa and contributed to tumorigenesis and tumor progression via a cytokine-mediated interaction.21 However, to the best of our knowledge, our results are the first demonstrating morphological evidence for MSC-associated gastric cancer progression in an animal model.

In conclusion, the results of the current study constitute morphological evidence for MSC-associated tumor progression of fibrosarcomas and gastric cancer cells. Understanding the relationships between MSCs and tumor progression will lead to further insights into tumor progression mechanisms and eventually to targeted treatment strategies.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

• 1. Artacho-Cordón A, Artacho-Cordón F, Ríos-Arrabal S, Calvente I, Núñez MI. Tumor microenvironment and breast cancer progression: a complex scenario. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13: 14-24. ArticlePubMed
• 2. Kidd S, Spaeth E, Dembinski JL, et al. Direct evidence of mesenchymal stem cell tropism for tumor and wounding microenvironments using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 2614-2623. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 3. Klopp AH, Gupta A, Spaeth E, Andreeff M, Marini F 3rd. Concise review: dissecting a discrepancy in the literature: do mesenchymal stem cells support or suppress tumor growth? Stem Cells 2011; 29: 11-19. ArticlePubMed
• 4. Karnoub AE, Dash AB, Vo AP, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2007; 449: 557-563. ArticlePubMed
• 5. Secchiero P, Zorzet S, Tripodo C, et al. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells display anti-cancer activity in SCID mice bearing disseminated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts. PLoS One 2010; 5: e11140.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 6. Clarke MR, Imhoff FM, Baird SK. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion through secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2. Mol Carcinog 2014 5 13 [Epub]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22178. Article
• 7. Shinagawa K, Kitadai Y, Tanaka M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance growth and metastasis of colon cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 2323-2333. ArticlePubMed
• 8. Bissell MJ, Hines WC. Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression. Nat Med 2011; 17: 320-329. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 9. Tsukamoto S, Honoki K, Fujii H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor engraftment and metastatic colonization in rat osteosarcoma model. Int J Oncol 2012; 40: 163-169. ArticlePubMed
• 10. Xu WT, Bian ZY, Fan QM, Li G, Tang TT. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) target osteosarcoma and promote its growth and pulmonary metastasis. Cancer Lett 2009; 281: 32-41. ArticlePubMed
• 11. Ottaviani G, Jaffe N. The etiology of osteosarcoma. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 152: 15-32. ArticlePubMed
• 12. Fox MG, Trotta BM. Osteosarcoma: review of the various types with emphasis on recent advancements in imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2013; 17: 123-136. ArticlePubMed
• 13. Fletcher CD, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn PC, Mertens F. WHO classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press, 2013; 299-300. Article
• 14. Zhu H, Guo ZK, Jiang XX, et al. A protocol for isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from mouse compact bone. Nat Protoc 2010; 5: 550-560. ArticlePubMed
• 15. Pereira C, Clarke E, Damen J. Hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 407: 177-208. ArticlePubMed
• 16. Luu HH, Kang Q, Park JK, et al. An orthotopic model of human osteosarcoma growth and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22: 319-329. ArticlePubMed
• 17. Koelzer VH, Lugli A. The tumor border configuration of colorectal cancer as a histomorphological prognostic indicator. Front Oncol 2014; 4: 29.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 18. Cmielova J, Havelek R, Soukup T, et al. Gamma radiation induces senescence in human adult mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and periodontal ligaments. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88: 393-404. ArticlePubMed
• 19. Nicolay NH, Sommer E, Lopez R, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells retain their defining stem cell characteristics after exposure to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 87: 1171-1178. ArticlePubMed
• 20. Nomoto-Kojima N, Aoki S, Uchihashi K, et al. Interaction between adipose tissue stromal cells and gastric cancer cells in vitro. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344: 287-298. ArticlePubMed
• 21. Martin J, Donnelly JM, Houghton J, Zavros Y. The role of sonic hedgehog reemergence during gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1516-1524. ArticlePubMedPMC

Fig. 1

Effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on in vitro proliferation of human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080). (A) In vitro growth kinetics of HT1080 cells in the presence of human-MSC (hMSC) are significantly enhanced compared to cells grown in the absence of hMSC. (B) The change is about 80-fold for hMSC-cocultures HT1080, but 40-fold for HT1080 alone. (C) Representative cell densities of cultured cells. Irradiated hMSCs show little change between cultures on days 2 and 5. ^ap<.05 by student's t-test.

Fig. 2

Effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on in vivo proliferation and invasion of various sarcoma cell types. Tumors of the MSC-treated groups of human sarcoma cells in NOG/SCID mice (A-C), mouse sarcoma cells in Sprague-Dawley rats (D-F), and rat sarcoma cells in C57BL/6 mice (G-I) show significantly increased and highly infiltrative growth compared with controls. Human MSC alone does not form tumors. HT1080, human sarcoma cell; WEHI164, mouse sarcoma cell; RR1022, rat sarcoma cell; hMSC, human mesenchymal stromal cell; mMSC, mouse mesenchymal stromal cell; rMSC, rat mesenchymal stromal cell. ^ap=.035, ^bp=.14, and ^cp=.050 by Student's t-test.

Fig. 3

Effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on invasion and metastasis in NOG/SCID mice bearing 5FU cells, a human gastric cancer cell line. Subcutaneous inoculation of 5FU alone results in compact expansile growth without lung metastasis (upper panels), whereas 5FU combined with human MSC (hMSC) shows marked desmoplastic and infiltrative growth and lung metastasis, highlighted by immunostaining for cytokeratin (lower panels). CK, cytokeratin.

Table 1.

Colony-forming cell (CFC) assay

Cell	CFC frequency	10,000 CFC equivalent
HT1080	1/5 cells (20)	5 × 104 cells
WEHI164	1/4 cells (25)	4 × 104 cells
RR1022	1/1.5 cells (66.6)	1.5 × 104 cells

Values are presented as number (%).

HT1080, human fibrosarcoma cells; WEHI164, mice fibrosarcoma cells; RR1022, rat sarcoma cells.

Table 2.

The effects of MSCs on in vivo growth characteristics of various sarcoma cells

Cell	Host animal	Co-injection (1 × 105)	n	Day sacrificed	Tumor volume (mean ± SD, mm3)	Growth pattern	p-value
HT1080 (5 × 104)	NOG/SCID	hMSC	6	14	62.01 ± 28.83	Infiltrative	.035
		-	6	14	30.08 ± 25.74	Expansile
WEHI164 (4 × 104)	Spague-Dawley	mMSC	4	21	108.68 ± 134.09	Infiltrative	.141
		-	3	21	16.12 ± 18.48	Expansile
RR1022 (1.5 × 104)	C57BL/6	rMSC	3	14	120.46 ± 63.81	Infiltrative	.050
		-	2	14	8.58 ± 5.51	Expansile

Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice are immunosuppressed with FK-506 and dexamethasone, 1 mg/kg/day, each.

HT1080, human fibrosarcoma cells; WEHI164, mice fibrosarcoma cells; RR1022, rat sarcoma cells; hMSC, human mesenchymal stromal cell; mMSC, mouse mesenchymal stromal cell; rMSC, rat mesenchymal stromal cells.

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Transition between canonical to non-canonical Wnt signaling during interactions between mesenchymal stem cells and osteosarcomas
  Asulin Masha, Ghedalia-Peled Noa Ben, Erez Ifat Cohen, Ventura Yvonne, Vago Razi
  Open Journal of Orthopedics and Rheumatology.2020; : 037.     CrossRef
• Mesenchymal stem-cell therapy for perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  F. Cheng, Z. Huang, Z. Li
  Techniques in Coloproctology.2019; 23(7): 613.     CrossRef
• Human mesenchymal stromal cells do not promote recurrence of soft tissue sarcomas in mouse xenografts after radiation and surgery
  PAOLA A. FILOMENO, KYUNG-PHIL KIM, NARA YOON, IRAN RASHEDI, VICTOR DAYAN, RITA A. KANDEL, XING-HUA WANG, TANIA C. FELIZARDO, ELLIOT BERINSTEIN, SALOMEH JELVEH, ANDREA FILOMENO, JEFFREY A. MEDIN, PETER C. FERGUSON, ARMAND KEATING
  Cytotherapy.2018; 20(8): 1001.     CrossRef
• Review article: mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases
  C. Grégoire, C. Lechanteur, A. Briquet, É. Baudoux, F. Baron, E. Louis, Y. Beguin
  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2017; 45(2): 205.     CrossRef
• Effect of hGC-MSCs from human gastric cancer tissue on cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor tissue of gastric cancer tumor-bearing mice
  Lin Song, Xin Zhou, Hong-Jun Jia, Mei Du, Jin-Ling Zhang, Liang Li
  Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2016; 9(8): 796.     CrossRef
• BMP9 inhibits the growth and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in a bone marrow stromal cell-derived microenvironment through the MAPK/ERK and NF-κB pathways
  JING WANG, YAGUANG WENG, MINGHAO ZHANG, YA LI, MENGTIAN FAN, YANGLIU GUO, YANTING SUN, WANG LI, QIONG SHI
  Oncology Reports.2016; 36(1): 410.     CrossRef
• Comparative proteomic analysis of fibrosarcoma and skin fibroblast cell lines
  Ogunc Meral, Hamdi Uysal
  Tumor Biology.2015; 36(2): 561.     CrossRef
• Involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the mesenchymal stem cells promote metastatic growth and chemoresistance of cholangiocarcinoma
  Weiwei Wang, Wei Zhong, Jiahui Yuan, Congcong Yan, Shaoping Hu, Yinping Tong, Yubin Mao, Tianhui Hu, Bing Zhang, Gang Song
  Oncotarget.2015; 6(39): 42276.     CrossRef