Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Review

Cytologic hallmarks and differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma subtypes: Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Chan Kwon Jung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(6):265-282. Published online November 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.10.11

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Abstract PDF: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy, characterized by a range of subtypes that differ in their cytologic features, clinical behavior, and prognosis. Accurate cytologic evaluation of PTC using fine-needle aspiration is essential but can be challenging due to the morphologic diversity among subtypes. This review focuses on the distinct cytologic characteristics of various PTC subtypes, including the classic type, follicular variant, tall cell, columnar cell, hobnail, diffuse sclerosing, Warthin-like, solid/trabecular, and oncocytic PTCs. Each subtype demonstrates unique nuclear features, architectural patterns, and background elements essential for diagnosis and differentiation from other thyroid lesions. Recognizing these distinct cytologic patterns is essential for identifying aggressive subtypes like tall cell, hobnail, and columnar cell PTCs, which have a higher risk of recurrence, metastasis, and poorer clinical outcomes. Additionally, rare subtypes such as diffuse sclerosing and Warthin-like PTCs present unique cytologic profiles that must be carefully interpreted to avoid diagnostic errors. The review also highlights the cytologic indicators of lymph node metastasis and high-grade features, such as differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinoma. The integration of molecular testing can further refine subtype diagnosis by identifying specific genetic mutations. A thorough understanding of these subtype-specific cytologic features and molecular profiles is vital for accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized management of PTC patients. Future improvements in diagnostic techniques and standardization are needed to enhance cytologic evaluation and clinical decision-making in thyroid cancer.

Original Article

Expression of Raf-1 Kinase Inhibitory Protein in Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma.: Hyun Soo Kim, Gou Young Kim, Sung Jig Lim, Youn Wha Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(3):234-242.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.3.234

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BACKGROUND
Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) recently has been identified as a metastasis suppressor in a variety of human carcinomas. The prognostic significance of RKIP expression in extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) carcinoma has not been studied. The aims of the current study were to evaluate RKIP expression and to determine the prognostic significance of RKIP expression in EBD carcinoma.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical staining for RKIP was performed for 131 cases of EBD carcinoma. The associations of RKIP expression with clinicopathologic parameters and patient outcomes were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictive parameters for lymphovascular invasion and nodal and distant metastases.
RESULTS
Loss of RKIP expression was observed in 55.0% (72/131) of cases. EBD carcinoma had significantly lower RKIP immunoreactivity than normal EBD (p < 0.001). Loss of RKIP expression was significantly associated with lymphatic invasion (p = 0.030) and nodal metastasis (p = 0.036), but it was not found to be a significant prognostic predictor for overall, disease-free or distant metastasis-free survival. In addition, loss of RKIP expression was an independent predictor for lymphatic invasion (p = 0.027).
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that RKIP may play a role in the suppression of lymphatic invasion and nodal metastasis in EBD carcinoma.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Down-regulation of osteoprotegerin expression as a novel biomarker for colorectal carcinoma
Hyun-Soo Kim, Gun Yoon, Sung-Im Do, Sung-Joo Kim, Youn-Wha Kim
Oncotarget.2016; 7(12): 15187. CrossRef
Expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase at the invasive front of hepatic colorectal metastasis
HYUN-SOO KIM, SUNG-IM DO, BYEONG-JOO NOH, YOUNG IN JEONG, SUN JIN PARK, YOUN WHA KIM
Oncology Letters.2015; 9(3): 1261. CrossRef
Reduced expression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein predicts regional lymph node metastasis and shorter survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Hyun-Soo Kim, Kyu Yeoun Won, Gou Young Kim, Soo Cheol Kim, Yong-Koo Park, Youn Wha Kim
Pathology - Research and Practice.2012; 208(5): 292. CrossRef
Expression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein in carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater
Hyun-Soo Kim, Sun Ho Lee, Kyu Yeoun Won, Gou Young Kim, Yong-Koo Park, Youn Wha Kim
Virchows Archiv.2012; 460(1): 61. CrossRef
Raf-1 Kinase Inhibitory Protein Expression in Thyroid Carcinomas
Hyun-Soo Kim, Gou Young Kim, Sung-Jig Lim, Youn Wha Kim
Endocrine Pathology.2010; 21(4): 253. CrossRef
Loss of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Hyun-Soo Kim, Gou Young Kim, Sung-Jig Lim, Youn Wha Kim
Pathology.2010; 42(7): 655. CrossRef

Case Report

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Metastatic Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Misinterpreted as Carcinoma: A Case Report.: Hyun Jung Kim, Sung Jik Lim, Kyeongmee Park; Korean J Cytopathol. 2005;16(1):52-56.

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Abstract PDF: Fine-needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) has been used extensively in the diagnosis of metastatic malignancies. However, metastatic soft tissue sarcomas are often overlooked, primarily due to the low frequency with which they occur. Here, we report a rare case of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma in both cervical lymph nodes, which was detected by FNAC. A 45-year-old woman presented with anosmia, postnasal drip, and sneezing, symptoms which had persisted for 1 month. The patient was found to have a tumorous lesion at the upper portion of the mid-turbinate, with multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and this lesion was examined closely at our facility. FNA cytology smears obtained from both cervical lymph nodes revealed a high degree of cellularity, and displayed cohesive clusters with gland-like spaces, as well as single isolated cells with abundant karyorrhectic debris. The tumor cells exhibited round to oval nuclei containing fine chromatin, occasional small nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm, or a total lack of cytoplasm. Some of the tumor cells were arranged in multinucleated forms and abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasms, reminiscent of a rhabdomyoblast. The histological findings of the lymph nodes revealed an outstanding sinusoidal infiltration and a prominent alveolar growth pattern, interspersed with occasional typical rhabdomyoblasts. The immunohistochemical results [desmin(+), myoglobin(+), myogenin (+), pan CK(-), synaptophysin(-), neuron specific enolase(-)] supported a confirmative diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a representative sarcoma, which typically manifests with nodal metastasis and carcinoma-like clustering. The cytopathologist should remain alert upon encountering unusual morphology, so that the possibility of this condition, although somewhat remote, should not be dismissed or overlooked.

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