Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Case Studies

Malignant Pleural Effusion from Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Case Report with Unusual Cytologic Findings: Jinyoung Jeon, Tae-Jung Kim, Hong Sik Park, Kyo-Young Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(4):257-261. Published online June 7, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.05.08

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We present a case of 55-year-old man who complained of dyspnea and sputum for a month. He was an ex-smoker with a history of prostate cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest radiographs revealed bilateral pleural effusions of a small to moderate amount. Pigtail catheters were inserted for drainage. The pleural fluid consisted of large clusters and tightly cohesive groups of malignant cells, which however could not be ascribed to prostate cancer with certainty. We performed immunocytochemical panel studies to determine the origin of cancer metastasis. The immunostaining results were positive for prostate-specific antigen, alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, and Nkx 3.1, consistent with prostate cancer. Pleural effusion associated with prostate cancer is rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in Korea to describe cytologic features of malignant pleural effusion associated with prostate cancer.

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Pleural Metastasis as an Initial Presentation of Prostate Cancer: Case Report and Literature Review
Katarzyna Skrobisz, Kevin Miszewski, Laura Miszewska, Michał Bieńkowski, Marcin Matuszewski, Michał Studniarek
Diagnostics.2025; 15(6): 666. CrossRef
EBUS-TBNA pleural biopsy reveals prostate cancer metastasis: A rare case report and review of the literature
Fotios Sampsonas, Dimitrios Komninos, Vasilina Sotiropoulou, Matthaios Katsaras, Dimitra Gkanetsou, Ourania Papaioannou, Panagiota Tsiri, Vasiliki Tzelepi, Argyrios Tzouvelekis
Pneumon.2024; 37(2): 1. CrossRef
Cytopathological Features of Extensive Bilateral Pleural Effusions in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Report of a Rare Case
Hehua Huang, Caroline Yap
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bilateral pleural effusion: etiology, diagnostics
N. A. Stogova
PULMONOLOGIYA.2022; 32(6): 885. CrossRef
Rare Metastatic Prostate Cancer Mimicking Lymphoma with Malignant Pleural Effusion
Tung Liu, En Meng, Yu-Chun Lin, Tai-Kuang Chao, Yi-Ming Chang
Journal of Medical Sciences.2021; 42(1): 46. CrossRef

Merkel Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to Pleural Fluid: A Case Report: Ye-Young Rhee, Soo Hee Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Se Hoon Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(3):206-209. Published online November 23, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.11.10

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Abstract PDF

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin that shows locoregional or distant metastasis. Metastasis of MCC to body cavity effusion is extremely rare; only three cases have been reported so far. Metastatic MCC in effusion cytology shows small blue round cells with fine stippled chromatin like other small blue round cell tumors such as small cell lung carcinoma or lymphoma. The diagnosis of metastatic MCC can grant patients good chances at recently advanced therapeutic options. Here, we present a case of metastatic MCC to pleural effusion with characteristic single file-like pattern.

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Pleural Metastasis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Sina Maghsoudlou, Marc Pusztaszeri, Mauro Saieg
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2025; 53(6): 308. CrossRef
Merkel cell carcinoma presenting as a malignant pleural effusion post‐COVID‐19 hospitalization: A case report and literature review
Joel Lanceta, Mesut Toprak, Oana C. Rosca
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytology coupled with immunocytochemistry identifies Merkel cell carcinoma: A rare intruder in the cerebrospinal fluid
Reetu Kundu, Brijdeep Singh, Pranab Dey
Cytopathology.2022; 33(4): 530. CrossRef
Derrame pleural por carcinoma de células de Merkel
María J. Soler-Sempere, María O. Alvárez-Fernández, Isabel Padilla-Navas, María Cabezas-Macián, Jose F. Sánchez-Hernández, Eduardo García-Pachón
Archivos de Bronconeumología.2021; 57(11): 715. CrossRef
A rare case of pleural localisation of both metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Elise Kaspi, Shirley Fritz, Julien Colle, Florent Amatore, Diane Frankel, Patrice Roll
Cytopathology.2021; 32(3): 367. CrossRef
Merkel cell carcinoma with pleural effusion
María J. Soler-Sempere, María O. Alvárez-Fernández, Isabel Padilla-Navas, María Cabezas-Macián, Jose F. Sánchez-Hernández, Eduardo García-Pachón
Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition).2021; 57(11): 715. CrossRef

Aggressive Supratentorial Ependymoma, RELA Fusion-Positive with Extracranial Metastasis: A Case Report: Seong-Ik Kim, Yoojin Lee, Seung Ki Kim, Hyoung Jin Kang, Sung-Hye Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):588-593. Published online November 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.08.10

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Abstract PDF

Ependymoma is the third most common pediatric primary brain tumor. Ependymomas are categorized according to their locations and genetic abnormalities, and these two parameters are important prognostic factors for patient outcome. For supratentorial (ST) ependymomas, RELA fusion-positive ependymomas show a more aggressive behavior than YAP1 fusion-positive ependymomas. Extracranial metastases of intra-axial neuroepithelial tumors are extremely rare. In this paper, we report a case of aggressive anaplastic ependymoma arising in the right frontoparietal lobe, which had genetically 1q25 gain, CDKN2A homozygous deletion, and L1CAM overexpression. The patient was a 10-year-old boy who underwent four times of tumor removal and seven times of gamma knife surgery. Metastatic loci were scalp and temporalis muscle overlying primary operation site, lung, liver, buttock, bone, and mediastinal lymph nodes. He had the malignancy for 10 years and died. This tumor is a representative case of RELA fusion-positive ST ependymoma, showing aggressive behavior.

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Metastatic Supratentorial Ependymoma: A Case Presentation and Systematic Review of the Literature
Khanh Tan Tran, József Virga, Nour Kurdi, Krisztina Ajna Chalupa, Bernadett Szűcs, Álmos Klekner, Attila Mokanszki, Judit Bedekovics
Neuropathology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Case report: Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young and supratentorial ependymoma diagnosed in an adult male
Cynthia Y. Xu, Craig A. Beers, Jian-Qiang Lu, Crystal L. Hann, Ronald C. Ramos
Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Pediatric Case of Extraneural Subcutaneous Metastasis of Ependymoma
Chika Ueno, Masayuki Tanaka, Ayako Yamazaki, Shuichi Yamamoto
Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology.2023; 45(8): e1025. CrossRef
Patterns of Extraneural Metastases in Children With Ependymoma
Priya P. Chan, Nicholas S. Whipple, Biswarathan Ramani, David A. Solomon, Holly Zhou, Luke L. Linscott, John R.W. Kestle, Carol S. Bruggers
Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology.2023; 45(2): e272. CrossRef
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Zinc Finger Translocation Associated-RELA Fusion Ependymoma Compared to Its Wild-Type Counterpart
Hanbing Shao, Ni Chen, Xiaorui Su, Linmao Zheng, Xibiao Yang, Xinyue Wan, Simin Zhang, Qiaoyue Tan, Shuang Li, Qiyong Gong, Qiang Yue
World Neurosurgery.2023; 175: e1283. CrossRef
A clinicopathological analysis of supratentorial ependymoma, ZFTA fusion-positive: utility of immunohistochemical detection of CDKN2A alterations and characteristics of the immune microenvironment
Naohito Hashimoto, Tomonari Suzuki, Keisuke Ishizawa, Sumihito Nobusawa, Hideaki Yokoo, Ryo Nishikawa, Masanori Yasuda, Atsushi Sasaki
Brain Tumor Pathology.2023; 40(3): 163. CrossRef
Recurrent intracranial anaplastic ependymoma with late‐onset giant scalp metastasis
Gianluca Scalia, Gianluca Ferini, Bipin Chaurasia, Francesca Graziano, Stefano Priola, Paolo Amico, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana
Clinical Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Extra-Neural Metastases From Primary Intracranial Ependymomas: A Systematic Review
Paolo Palmisciano, Gianluca Ferini, Fabio Barone, Vishal Chavda, Fabrizio Romano, Paolo Amico, Donatella Emmanuele, Giovanni F. Nicoletti, Gianluca Pompili, Giuseppe Roberto Giammalva, Rosario Maugeri, Domenico Gerardo Iacopino, Lidia Strigari, Tseng T. Y
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes to pediatric brain tumors in 2021 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system
Murat Alp Oztek, Sakura M. Noda, Erin K. Romberg, Bonnie L. Cole, Jason N. Wright, Gisele E. Ishak, Francisco A. Perez
Pediatric Radiology.2022; 53(3): 523. CrossRef
Delineation of molecular characteristics in pediatric PFA ependymoma involving rare osseous and pulmonary metastases: A case report and literature review
Mading Zhou, Leiming Wang, Peng Sun, Yutong Liu, Ge Chen, Gao Zeng
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
SeekFusion - A Clinically Validated Fusion Transcript Detection Pipeline for PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing of RNA
Jagadheshwar Balan, Garrett Jenkinson, Asha Nair, Neiladri Saha, Tejaswi Koganti, Jesse Voss, Christopher Zysk, Emily G. Barr Fritcher, Christian A. Ross, Caterina Giannini, Aditya Raghunathan, Benjamin R. Kipp, Robert Jenkins, Cris Ida, Kevin C. Halling,
Frontiers in Genetics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytology of Extraneural Metastases of Nonhematolymphoid Primary Central Nervous System Tumors: Six Cases with Histopathological Correlation and Literature Update
Joerg Schwock, Lorna Mirham, Zeina Ghorab
Acta Cytologica.2021; 65(6): 529. CrossRef
Mutation profiling of anaplastic ependymoma grade III by Ion Proton next generation DNA sequencing
Ejaz Butt, Sabra Alyami, Tahani Nageeti, Muhammad Saeed, Khalid AlQuthami, Abdellatif Bouazzaoui, Mohammad Athar, Zainularifeen Abduljaleel, Faisal Al-Allaf, Mohiuddin Taher
F1000Research.2020; 8: 613. CrossRef
Cortically based cystic supratentorial RELA fusion-positive ependymoma: a case report with unusual presentation and appearance and review of literature
Yasmine T. Sallam, Qi Zhang, Sachin K. Pandey
Radiology Case Reports.2020; 15(12): 2495. CrossRef
Mutation profiling of anaplastic ependymoma grade III by Ion Proton next generation DNA sequencing
Muhammad Butt, Sabra Alyami, Tahani Nageeti, Muhammad Saeed, Khalid AlQuthami, Abdellatif Bouazzaoui, Mohammad Athar, Zainularifeen Abduljaleel, Faisal Al-Allaf, Mohiuddin Taher
F1000Research.2019; 8: 613. CrossRef
Extraneural metastatic anaplastic ependymoma: a systematic review and a report of metastases to bilateral parotid glands
Gray Umbach, Tarek Y El Ahmadieh, Aaron R Plitt, Salah G Aoun, Om J Neeley, Kristopher A Lyon, Ekokobe Fonkem, Jack M Raisanen, Justin A Bishop, Zabi Wardak, Toral R Patel, Larry Myers, Bruce E Mickey
Neuro-Oncology Practice.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
RELA Fusion in Supratentorial Extraventricular Ependymomas: A Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Study of 43 Cases
Leiming Wang, Lina Liu, Hainan Li, PeiPei Wang, Zeliang Hu, Yukui Wei, Ming Zhang, Wenjuan Wen, Zhi Li, Li Liu, Lihong Zhao, Dehong Lu, Lianghong Teng
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2019; 43(12): 1674. CrossRef
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–related transcription factors are up-regulated in ependymomas and correlate with a poor prognosis
Prit Benny Malgulwar, Aruna Nambirajan, Pankaj Pathak, Madhu Rajeshwari, Vaishali Suri, Chitra Sarkar, Manmohan Singh, Mehar Chand Sharma
Human Pathology.2018; 82: 149. CrossRef

Original Articles

Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression and Its Correlation with Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Hyo Jung An, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Jeong-Hee Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Dong Chul Kim, Jung Wook Yang, Min Hye Kim, Jin Pyeong Kim, Eun Jung Jung, Dae Hyun Song; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(1):9-13. Published online October 3, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.07.26

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Abstract PDF

Background
The immunotherapeutic role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in life expectancy in many cancers has been highlighted. However, data regarding PD-L1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are limited. In this study, we describe the PD-L1 and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expressions in PTC and analyze their correlation with lymph node (LN) metastasis.
Methods
Clinicopathological data were obtained from 116 patients with PTC who were treated in Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea in 2009. Tissue microarray blocks were made using representative paraffin blocks of classical PTCs excluding follicular variants. Two pathologists graded the proportion and intensity of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in both tumor and inflammatory cells. According to their proportions, positive PTC cells were scored as negative (0%), grade 1 (1%–50%), and grade 2 (51%–100%). Similarly, positive inflammatory cells were graded as negative (0%), grade 1 (1%–10%), and grade 2 (11%–20%). The intensity of each protein expression was simplified as positive or negative.
Results
A statistically significant correlation exists between the proportions of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression both in papillary carcinoma (p=.001) and peritumoral lymphoid cells in the thyroid (p<.001). In addition, the proportion of PD-L1 expression in PTC cells was closely related to metastatic LNs (p=.036).
Conclusions
PD-L1 is a valuable predictive marker for LN metastasis in PTC. Immunomodulating therapies that inhibit PD-L1 might be an option for patients with LN metastasis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Study of PD-L1 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Its Correlation to the Clinicopathologic Characteristics
Asmaa Gamal Mohamed El Sayed, Dina Ragab Diab Ibrahim, Mahmoud Mahmoud El-Leithy, Mai Mohamed Ali Ezz El Din, Hoda Hassan Abou Gabal, Reham Mohamed Faheim
Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Summary and Analysis of Molecular Biological Changes, PD-L1 Immune Status and Clinicopathological Features of 78 Cases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (<1 cm in Diameter) Combined With Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
Xiaoteng Sun, Zhengyan He, Weijie Yu, Baoyuan Li, Xinmiao Xu, Xiaoqin Zhang, Minglong Yin
Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunotyping of thyroid cancer for clinical outcomes and implications
Jin Xu, Zhen Luo, Dayong Xu, Mujing Ke, Cheng Tan
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of PD-L1, TERT promoter mutations, and BRAFV600E mutation in poorly differentiated, differentiated high grade thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: our institutional experience
Alessia Piermattei, Giuseppe Migliara, Angela Feraco, Carmine Bruno, Luisa Cioni, Qianqian Zhang, Belen Padial-Urtueta, Elisabetta Merenda, Guido Fadda, Marco Raffaelli, Luigi Maria Larocca, Antonino Mule, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Esther Diana Rossi
Virchows Archiv.2025; 487(3): 605. CrossRef
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis with Oncocytic Metaplasia Influences PD-L1 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Vitor Barreto Santana, Vitória Machado Krüger, Maria Cristina Yunes Abrahão, Pietru Lentz Martins Cantú, Rosicler Luzia Brackmann, Gisele Moroni Pandolfi, Liane Scheffler Marisco, Gabriela Remonatto, Luciana Adolfo Ferreira, Marcia Silveira Graudenz
Head and Neck Pathology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring markers of immunoresponsiveness in papillary thyroid carcinoma and future treatment strategies
Atish Mohanty, Michelle Afkhami, Amanda Reyes, Rebecca Pharaon, Holly Yin, Haiqing Li, Dana Do, Diana Bell, Arin Nam, Sue Chang, Thomas Gernon, Robert Kang, Arya Amini, Sagus Sampath, Prakash Kulkarni, Raju Pillai, Vicky Villaflor, Ravi Salgia, Ellie Magh
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2024; 12(7): e008505. CrossRef
Update regarding the role of PD-L1 in oncocytic thyroid lesions on cytological samples
Marco Dell'Aquila, Pietro Tralongo, Alessia Granitto, Maurizio Martini, Sara Capodimonti, Mariangela Curatolo, Vincenzo Fiorentino, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Guido Fadda, Celestino Pio Lombardi, Maco Raffaelli, Liron Pantanowitz, Luigi Maria Larocca, Esther Dia
Journal of Clinical Pathology.2023; 76(10): 671. CrossRef
Analysis of anti‐apoptotic PVT1 oncogene and apoptosis‐related proteins (p53, Bcl2, PD‐1, and PD‐L1) expression in thyroid carcinoma
Afaf T. Ibrahiem, Amin K. Makhdoom, Khalid S. Alanazi, Abdulaziz M. Alanazi, Abdulaziz M. Mukhlef, Saad H. Elshafey, Eman A. Toraih, Manal S. Fawzy
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
EphA10 drives tumor progression and immune evasion by regulating the MAPK/ERK cascade in lung adenocarcinoma
Wenyue Zhao, Lu Liu, Xuehao Li, Shun Xu
International Immunopharmacology.2022; 110: 109031. CrossRef
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Minimizes Lymph Node Metastasis in BRAF Mutant Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Peter P. Issa, Mahmoud Omar, Yusef Buti, Chad P. Issa, Bert Chabot, Christopher J. Carnabatu, Ruhul Munshi, Mohammad Hussein, Mohamed Aboueisha, Mohamed Shama, Ralph L. Corsetti, Eman Toraih, Emad Kandil
Biomedicines.2022; 10(8): 2051. CrossRef
Expression of β-Catenin in Thyroid Neoplasms (Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study)
Mohamed Sherif Ismail, Amr Mousa Abdel Gawad Mousa, Mohammed Faisal Darwish, M. Mostafa Salem, Randa Said
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.2022; 10(A): 1565. CrossRef
Identification and validation of an immune-related prognostic signature and key gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Rujia Qin, Chunyan Li, Xuemin Wang, Zhaoming Zhong, Chuanzheng Sun
Cancer Cell International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
PD‐L1 and thyroid cytology: A possible diagnostic and prognostic marker
Marco Dell’Aquila, Alessia Granitto, Maurizio Martini, Sara Capodimonti, Alessandra Cocomazzi, Teresa Musarra, Vincenzo Fiorentino, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Celestino Pio Lombardi, Guido Fadda, Liron Pantanowitz, Luigi Maria Larocca, Esther Diana Rossi
Cancer Cytopathology.2020; 128(3): 177. CrossRef
Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Is a Potential Biomarker of Disease-Free Survival in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of PD-L1 Immunoexpression in Follicular Epithelial Derived Thyroid Carcinoma
Ilaria Girolami, Liron Pantanowitz, Ozgur Mete, Matteo Brunelli, Stefano Marletta, Chiara Colato, Pierpaolo Trimboli, Anna Crescenzi, Massimo Bongiovanni, Mattia Barbareschi, Albino Eccher
Endocrine Pathology.2020; 31(3): 291. CrossRef
Regression of Papillary Thyroid Cancer during Nivolumab for Renal Cell Cancer
Andrea Palermo, Andrea Napolitano, Daria Maggi, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Gaia Tabacco, Silvia Manfrini, Anna Crescenzi, Chiara Taffon, Francesco Pantano, Bruno Vincenzi, Guiseppe Tonini, Daniele Santini
European Thyroid Journal.2020; 9(3): 157. CrossRef
A potential biomarker hsa-miR-200a-5p distinguishing between benign thyroid tumors with papillary hyperplasia and papillary thyroid carcinoma
Xian Wang, Shan Huang, Xiaocan Li, Dongrui Jiang, Hongzhen Yu, Qiang Wu, Chaobing Gao, Zhengsheng Wu, Yi-Hsien Hsieh
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(7): e0200290. CrossRef
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Emerging from Hashimoto Thyroiditis Demonstrates Increased PD-L1 Expression, Which Persists with Metastasis
Daniel Lubin, Ezra Baraban, Amanda Lisby, Sahar Jalali-Farahani, Paul Zhang, Virginia Livolsi
Endocrine Pathology.2018; 29(4): 317. CrossRef
Chemotherapeutic Treatments Increase PD-L1 Expression in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma through EGFR/ERK Activation
Hoi Yan Ng, Jian Li, Lihua Tao, Alfred King-Yin Lam, Kwok Wah Chan, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Valen Zhuoyou Yu, Michael Wong, Benjamin Li, Maria Li Lung
Translational Oncology.2018; 11(6): 1323. CrossRef

Do Helper T Cell Subtypes in Lymphocytic Thyroiditis Play a Role in the Antitumor Effect?: Seok Woo Yang, Seong-Ho Kang, Kyung Rae Kim, In Hong Choi, Hang Seok Chang, Young Lyun Oh, Soon Won Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(5):377-384. Published online September 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.07.25

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Abstract PDF

Background
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is frequently accompanied by lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT). Some reports claim that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (the clinical form of LT) enhances the likelihood of PTC; however, others suggest that LT has antitumor activity. This study was aimed to find out the relationship between the patterns of helper T cell (Th) cytokines in thyroid tissue of PTC with or without LT and the clinicopathological manifestation of PTC.
Methods
Fresh surgical samples of PTC with (13 cases) or without (10 cases) LT were used. The prognostic parameters (tumor size, extra-thyroidal extension of PTC, and lymph node metastasis) were analyzed. The mRNA levels of two subtypes of Th cytokines, Th1 (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interferon γ [IFN-γ ], and interleukin [IL] 2) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10), were analyzed. Because most PTC cases were microcarcinomas and recent cases without clinical follow-up, negative or faint p27 immunoreactivity was used as a surrogate marker for lymph node metastasis.
Results
PTC with LT cases showed significantly higher expression of TNF-α (p = .043), IFN-γ (p < .010), IL-4 (p = .015) than those without LT cases. Although the data were not statistically significant, all analyzed cytokines (except for IL-4) were highly expressed in the cases with higher expression of p27 surrogate marker.
Conclusions
These results indicate that mixed Th1 (TNF-α, IFN-γ , and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10) immunity might play a role in the antitumor effect in terms of lymph node metastasis.

Citations

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Papillary thyroid carcinoma with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: impact and correlation
Shengpeng Yao, Hong Zhang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Obesity and Thyroid Cancer Risk: An Update
Fabiana Franchini, Giuseppe Palatucci, Annamaria Colao, Paola Ungaro, Paolo Emidio Macchia, Immacolata Cristina Nettore
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1116. CrossRef
Association between Hashimoto thyroiditis and clinical outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis
Qizhi Tang, Weiyu Pan, Liangyue Peng, Francis Moore
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(6): e0269995. CrossRef
The Heat Shock Protein Story—From Taking mTORC1,2 and Heat Shock Protein Inhibitors as Therapeutic Measures for Treating Cancers to Development of Cancer Vaccines
Peter Chin Wan Fung, Regina Kit Chee Kong
Journal of Cancer Therapy.2017; 08(11): 962. CrossRef

Case Study

A Rare Case of Recurrent Metastatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: Hye Seung Lee, Han Kyeom Kim, Bong Kyung Shin, Jin Hyuk Choi, Yoo Jin Choi, Ha Yeon Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(1):87-91. Published online August 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.06.16

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Abstract PDF

A 61-year-old woman visited our hospital for bilateral multiple lung nodules and a mass in her thorax. She had a long history of multiple metastatic recurrences of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN); 24 years previously, the patient had undergone pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for a 9.9 × 8.6 cm mass in the pancreatic head. The tumor was diagnosed as an SPN. Nine years later, metastatic nodules were found on computed tomography in the patient’s liver and peritoneum and were excised. She subsequently underwent an additional eight metastatectomy procedures in diverse organs. For the presented event, the lung nodules were removed. The prevalence of malignant SPN in the general population is 5%–15%. However, multiple metastatic recurrence of malignant SPN is rare; the lung is a particularly rare site of metastasis, found in only three cases in the literature. Here, we describe this exceptional case and provide a literature review.

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A rare case of a large solid pseudopapillary neoplasm with extensive liver metastasis
Jun Hyung Kim, Hyung Sun Kim, Jung Min Lee, Ji Hae Nahm, Joon Seong Park
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Malignant Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: An Orthogonal Analysis
Andrew M. Fleming, Leah E. Hendrick, Danny Yakoub, Hafeez Abdelhafeez, Jeremiah L. Deneve, Max R. Langham, Evan S. Glazer, Andrew M. Davidoff, Nipun B. Merchant, Paxton V. Dickson, Andrew J. Murphy
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Case report: Clinical analysis and literature review of five cases of metastatic solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas
Run Hu, Renjie Gui, Xi Nie, Huaxin Duan
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Case of Treatment of Solid Pseudopapillary Pancreatic Tumor
F. S. Rakhimova, N. D. Mamashev, O. A. Shimkina, B. Kh. Bebezov
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Large tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, and synchronous metastasis are associated with the recurrence of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas
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Solid-Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: A 63-Case Analysis of Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Features and Risk Factors of Malignancy
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Minimally Invasive Approach for Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm and Initially Undiagnosed Slowly Progressing Liver Tumor
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Original Articles

Stromal Expression of MicroRNA-21 in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients with Distant Metastases: Kyu Sang Lee, Soo Kyung Nam, Jiwon Koh, Duck-Woo Kim, Sung-Bum Kang, Gheeyoung Choe, Woo Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(4):270-277. Published online May 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.03.19

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Abstract PDF

Background
The aim of this study was to determine the regional heterogeneity and clinicopathological significance of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with distant metastasis.
Methods
miR-21 expression was investigated by using locked nucleic acid– fluorescence in situ hybridization in the center and periphery of the primary cancer and in distant metastasis from 170 patients with advanced CRC. In addition, α-smooth muscle actin and desmin were evaluated to identify cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by using immunohistochemistry.
Results
The miR-21 signal was observed in the cancer stroma. The expression of miR-21 (a score of 1–4) in the center and periphery of the primary cancer and in distant metastasis was observed in specimens from 133 (78.2%), 105 (61.8%), and 91 (53.5%) patients, respectively. miR-21 expression was heterogeneous in advanced CRC. Discordance between miR-21 expression in the center of the primary cancer and either the periphery of the primary cancer or distant metastasis was 31.7% or 44.7%, respectively. miR-21 stromal expression in the periphery of the primary cancer was significantly associated with a better prognosis (p=.004). miR-21 expression was significantly associated with CAFs in the center of the primary cancer (p=.001) and distant metastases (p=.041).
Conclusions
miR-21 expression is observed in cancer stroma related to the CAF quantity and frequently presents regional heterogeneity in CRC. Our findings indicate that the role of miR-21 in predicting prognosis may be controversial but provide a new perspective of miR-21 level measurement in cancer specimens.

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Expression of Selected miRNAs in Normal and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and in BxPc3 and MIA PaCa-2 Cell Lines of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Václav Mandys, Alexey Popov, Robert Gürlich, Jan Havránek, Lucie Pfeiferová, Michal Kolář, Jana Vránová, Karel Smetana, Lukáš Lacina, Pavol Szabo
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 3617. CrossRef
MicroRNAs and colorectal cancer: clinical potential and regulatory networks
George Yiadom Osei, Joseph Adu-Amankwaah, Selina Koomson, Solomon Beletaa, Emmanuel Akomanin Asiamah, Cecilia Smith-Togobo, Siti Razila Abdul Razak
Molecular Biology Reports.2023; 50(11): 9575. CrossRef
MicroRNA-552 expression in colorectal cancer and its clinicopathological significance
Joon Im, Soo Kyung Nam, Hye Seung Lee
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Postoperative changes in plasma miR21‐5p as a novel biomarker for colorectal cancer recurrence: A prospective study
Masahiro Fukada, Nobuhisa Matsuhashi, Takao Takahashi, Nobuhiko Sugito, Kazuki Heishima, Kazuhiro Yoshida, Yukihiro Akao
Cancer Science.2021; 112(10): 4270. CrossRef
Differential expression of microRNAs in colorectal cancer: Different patterns between isolated cancer gland and stromal cells
Ayaka Sato, Yasuko Fujita, Koki Otsuka, Akira Sasaki, Hiromu Suzuki, Takayuki Matsumoto, Tamotsu Sugai
Pathology International.2020; 70(1): 21. CrossRef
High-Throughput Multiplex Immunohistochemical Imaging of the Tumor and Its Microenvironment
Jiwon Koh, Yoonjin Kwak, Jin Kim, Woo Ho Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2020; 52(1): 98. CrossRef
Tumor Tissue MIR92a and Plasma MIRs21 and 29a as Predictive Biomarkers Associated with Clinicopathological Features and Surgical Resection in a Prospective Study on Colorectal Cancer Patients
Masahiro Fukada, Nobuhisa Matsuhashi, Takao Takahashi, Nobuhiko Sugito, Kazuki Heishima, Yukihiro Akao, Kazuhiro Yoshida
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(8): 2509. CrossRef
The promising role of noncoding RNAs in cancer-associated fibroblasts: an overview of current status and future perspectives
Zengli Fang, Jin Xu, Bo Zhang, Wei Wang, Jiang Liu, Chen Liang, Jie Hua, Qingcai Meng, Xianjun Yu, Si Shi
Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Altered miR-21, miRNA-148a Expression in Relation to KRAS Mutation Status as Indicator of Adenoma-Carcinoma Transitional Pattern in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma Lesions
Somayeh Igder, Javad Mohammadiasl, Pooneh Mokarram
Biochemical Genetics.2019; 57(6): 767. CrossRef
Development and Validation of an Easy-to-Implement, Practical Algorithm for the Identification of Molecular Subtypes of Gastric Cancer: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications
Jiwon Koh, Keun-Wook Lee, Soo Kyung Nam, An Na Seo, Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, Do Joong Park, Hyung-Ho Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee
The Oncologist.2019; 24(12): e1321. CrossRef
Prognostic Utility of Histological Growth Patterns of Colorectal Lung Oligometastasis
Son Jae Yeong, Min Gyoung Pak, Hyoun Wook Lee, Seung Yeon Ha, Mee Sook Roh
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2018; 52(2): 98. CrossRef
Effect of dietary components on miRNA and colorectal carcinogenesis
Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Babajide A. Ojo, Olusola Bolaji Adewale, Temitope Esho, Ashley Pretorius
Cancer Cell International.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Ligand-Independent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Overexpression Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer
Sumi Yun, Yoonjin Kwak, Soo Kyung Nam, An Na Seo, Heung-Kwon Oh, Duck-Woo Kim, Sung-Bum Kang, Hye Seung Lee
Cancer Research and Treatment.2018; 50(4): 1351. CrossRef
Mutation analysis of CTNNB1 gene and the ras pathway genes KRAS , NRAS , BRAF , and PIK3CA in eyelid sebaceous carcinomas
Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Hye-Rim Park, Soo Kee Min, Jinwon Seo, Ji-Young Choe
Pathology - Research and Practice.2017; 213(6): 654. CrossRef
Exosomal miRNAs and miRNA dysregulation in cancer-associated fibroblasts
Fengming Yang, Zhiqiang Ning, Ling Ma, Weitao Liu, Chuchu Shao, Yongqian Shu, Hua Shen
Molecular Cancer.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinicopathologic implications of immune classification by PD-L1 expression and CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in stage II and III gastric cancer patients
Jiwon Koh, Chan-Young Ock, Jin Won Kim, Soo Kyung Nam, Yoonjin Kwak, Sumi Yun, Sang-Hoon Ahn, Do Joong Park, Hyung-Ho Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee
Oncotarget.2017; 8(16): 26356. CrossRef

IMP3, a Promising Prognostic Marker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Ji Young Park, Misun Choe, Yuna Kang, Sang Sook Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(2):108-116. Published online April 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.2.108

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Abstract PDF

Background

Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) has been reported as a prognostic biomarker in various cancers. To validate IMP3 as a prognostic biomarker in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we investigated the expression of IMP3, p53, and Ki-67, and their associations with clinicopathologic outcomes.

Methods

We studied 148 clear cell RCCs (CCRCCs) from patients who underwent radical nephrectomy. The expression levels of IMP3, p53, and Ki-67 were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and the clinical and pathologic parameters were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Twenty-nine percent of CCRCCs expressed IMP3. Forty-one percent of IMP3-immunopositive tumors developed metastases, while only 11.4% of IMP3-negative tumors developed metastases (p<.001). A Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with IMP3-immunopositive tumors had lower metastasis-free survival and cancer-specific survival than did those with IMP3-immunonegative tumors (p<.001 and p<.001, respectively). Expression of high Ki-67 proliferation index was also associated with a higher metastatic rate. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, pT stage and IMP3-positivity were independently associated with disease-specific survival.

Conclusions

IMP3 is an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with CCRCC to predict metastasis and poor outcome.

Citations

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IMP3 Immunohistochemical Expression Is Related with Progression and Metastases in Xenografted and Cutaneous Melanomas
Natividad Martin-Morales, Miguel Padial-Molina, Isabel Tovar, Virginea De Araujo Farias, Pedro Hernández-Cortés, Esperanza Ramirez-Moreno, Mercedes Caba-Molina, Justin Davis, Alejandro Carrero Castaño, Jose Mariano Ruiz de Almodovar, Pablo Galindo-Moreno,
Pathobiology.2024; 91(2): 132. CrossRef
circRARS synergises with IGF2BP3 to regulate RNA methylation recognition to promote tumour progression in renal cell carcinoma
Yuenan Liu, Kailei Chen, Yi Shou, Sen Li, Jun Wang, Qingyang Zhang, Ziwei Huang, Jiaju Xu, Mingfeng Li, Di Liu, Huageng Liang, Hongmei Yang, Xiaoping Zhang
Clinical and Translational Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic value of insulin‑like growth factor 2 mRNA‑binding protein 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor‑A in patients with primary non‑small‑cell lung cancer
Jiannan Liu, Ying Liu, Wenjing Gong, Xiangshuo Kong, Congcong Wang, Shuhua Wang, Aina Liu
Oncology Letters.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma cells is mediated by DEK/IMP3
Shuping You, Yun Guan, Weihong Li
Molecular Medicine Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Diagnostic Accuracy of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Cytology in Metastatic Tumors: An Analysis of Consecutive CSF Samples: Yoon Sung Bae, June-Won Cheong, Won Seok Chang, Sewha Kim, Eun Ji Oh, Se Hoon Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):563-568. Published online December 24, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.563

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Abstract PDF

Background

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination can be used to verify the presence of primary malignancies as well as cases of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis. Because of its importance, there have been several studies concerning the sensitivity of CSF cytology. To determine the practical use and reproducibility of diagnoses based on CSF cytology, we evaluated this test by analyzing cytology results from consecutive CSF samples.

Methods

Between July 2010 and June 2013, 385 CSF cytology samples from 42 patients were collected. The samples were gathered using a ventricular catheter and reservoir. CSF cytology of all patients was examined more than two times with immunocytochemistry for cytokeratin.

Results

Primary neoplastic sites and histologic types of patients' metastatic cancer were diverse. The overall sensitivity for detecting malignancy was 41.3%. Even within short-term intervals, diagnoses frequently changed.

Conclusions

Our results were inconsistent, with low sensitivity, when compared to the results of previous studies. However, CSF evaluation can still provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information because adjuvant treatments are now routinely performed in patients with CNS metastasis. Negative CSF cytology results should not be ignored, and continuous CSF follow-up is essential for following the clinical course of patients with metastatic cancer involving the CNS.

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Analytical validation of the Belay Vantage™ assay for evaluation of MGMT promoter methylation using enzymatically converted tumorDNA from cerebrospinal fluid
Kala F Schilter, Qian Nie, Jennifer N Adams, Rakshitha Jagadish, Anthony Acevedo, Alexandra Larson, Samantha A Vo, Brett A Domagala, Kyle M Hernandez, Christopher Douville, Yuxuan Wang, Brian Coe, Chetan Bettegowda, Honey V Reddi
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Analytical Validation and Clinical Sensitivity of the Belay Summit Assay for the Detection of DNA Variants in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Primary and Metastatic Central Nervous System Cancer
Qian Nie, Kala F. Schilter, Kyle M. Hernandez, Jennifer N. Adams, Rakshitha Jagadish, Anthony Acevedo, Alexandra Larson, Brett A. Domagala, Samantha A. Vo, Sakshi Khurana, Kathleen Mitchell, Dean Ellis, Baymuhammet Muhammedov, Yuxuan Wang, Christopher Dou
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Demonstrating the clinical utility of genomic profiling using cerebrospinal fluid to inform management of central nervous system tumors – a meta analysis of the literature
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Nida Babar, Asif Loya, Sajid Mushtaq, Maryam Hameed, Usman Hassan, Mudassar Hussain
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2025; 53(12): 620. CrossRef
Molecular Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Tumor-Derived DNA to Aid in the Diagnosis and Targeted Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis
Michael Youssef, Alexandra Larson, Vindhya Udhane, Viriya Keo, Kala F. Schilter, Qian Nie, Honey V. Reddi
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Hyeji Yoon, Constance V. Chen, Vimal Krishnan, Jill Grochowski, Gioia Iezza, Poonam Vohra, Ronald Balassanian, Nancy Y. Greenland
Cancer Cytopathology.2024; 132(10): 621. CrossRef
Liquid biopsy for evaluating mutations and chromosomal aberrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with primary or metastatic CNS tumors
Ahmad Charifa, Sally Agersborg, Arash Mohtashamian, Andrew Ip, Andre Goy, Maher Albitar
The Journal of Liquid Biopsy.2024; 6: 100281. CrossRef
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Shyam H. Nemade, Meherbano M. Kamal
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Standardizing a volume benchmark for cerebrospinal fluids for optimal diagnostic accuracy
David Kim, Susan A. Alperstein, Momin T. Siddiqui
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Konstantinos I. Tsamis, Hercules Sakkas, Alexandros Giannakis, Han Suk Ryu, Constantina Gartzonika, Ilias P. Nikas
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Morphologic Alteration of Metastatic Neuroblastic Tumor in Bone Marrow after Chemotherapy: Go Eun Bae, Yeon-Lim Suh, Ki Woong Sung, Jung-Sun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):433-442. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.433

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Abstract PDF

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate the histologic features of metastatic neuroblastic tumors (NTs) in bone marrow (BM) before and after chemotherapy in comparison with those of primary NTs.

Methods

A total of 294 biopsies from 48 children diagnosed with NTs with BM metastasis were examined. There were 48 primary neoplasm biopsies, 48 BM biopsies before chemotherapy, 36 primary neoplasm excisional biopsies after chemotherapy, and 162 BM biopsies after chemotherapy.

Results

Metastatic NTs in BM before chemotherapy were composed of undifferentiated and/or differentiating neuroblasts, but had neither ganglion cells nor Schwannian stroma. Metastatic foci of BM after chemotherapy were found to have differentiated into ganglion cells or Schwannian stroma, which became more prominent after further cycles of chemotherapy. Persistence of NTs or tumor cell types in BM after treatment did not show statistically significant correlation to patients' outcome. However, three out of five patients who newly developed poorly differentiated neuroblasts in BM after treatment expired due to disease progression.

Conclusions

Metastatic NTs in BM initially consist of undifferentiated or differentiating neuroblasts regardless of the primary tumor subtype, and become differentiated after chemotherapy. Newly appearing poorly differentiated neuroblasts after treatment might be an indicator for poor prognosis.

Citations

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Postchemotherapy gross residual tumor in non‐high‐risk neuroblastoma: Clinical significance and the role of adjuvant therapy
Eun Seop Seo, Hana Lim, Hee Won Cho, Hee Young Ju, Ji Won Lee, Keon Hee Yoo, Sanghoon Lee, Do Hoon Lim, Ki Woong Sung, Hong Hoe Koo
Pediatric Blood & Cancer.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Histologic Variations and Immunohistochemical Features of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Cheol Lee, Jeong-Whan Park, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Han Nam, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):426-432. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.426

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Abstract PDF

Background

Due to advancements in treatment of metastatic and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), it has become increasingly important to diagnose metastatic RCC and the specific subtype. In this study, we investigated the diverse histologic features of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) cases in comparison with corresponding primary lesions.

Methods

We identified 119 metastatic CCRCC cases from 81 corresponding primary lesions diagnosed between 1995 and 2010 and evaluated the diverse histologic and immunohistochemical features of these lesions.

Results

A total of 44 primary lesions (54.3%) had a non-clear cell component in addition to a typical clear cell component. Of the 119 metastatic lesions, 63 lesions (52.9%) contained a non-clear cell component, and 29 metastatic lesions were composed of a non-clear cell component only. Rhabdoid features were the most frequent non-clear cell histology among the metastatic lesions. Metastatic CCRCCs mainly showed positive CD10 and epithelial membrane antigen staining and negative cytokeratin 7 staining.

Conclusions

Metastatic CCRCC commonly showed a variety of histologic features. If there is a difficulty to diagnose metastatic CCRCC due to a variety of histologic features or small biopsy specimen, histologic review of the primary lesion and immunohistochemical analysis can help determine the correct diagnosis.

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Histopathologic Predictors of Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Dong Jin Lee, Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam, Ji Hyun Kwon, Jin Hwan Kim, Young-Soo Rho, Hyung Sik Shin, Seong Jin Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(3):203-210. Published online June 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.3.203

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Abstract PDF

Background

Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) need to be established to determine the degree of surgery required to achieve high curative rates. However, little is known currently about the histopathological features predicting prognosis, specifically in TSCC.

Methods

This study included 53 patients who underwent surgical resection with neck dissection. Clinicopathological factors investigated included age, gender, alcohol use, tobacco consumption, tumor stage, adjacent structure involvement, cell differentiation, squamous dysplasia, in situ carcinoma associated with primary invasive cancer, carcinoma in situ skip lesions, necrosis, invasive front, depth of invasion, and lymphatic, muscle, or perineural invasion.

Results

Contralateral cervical metastasis was associated with higher T stages and soft palate invasion. Lymphatic and muscle invasion were associated with ipsilateral cervical metastasis. Advanced T stage, invasion to the base of tongue, and skip lesions were associated with decreased disease-free survival. Advanced T stage and skip lesions were associated with worse overall survival.

Conclusions

Advanced T stage and soft palate invasion may predict a high risk of contralateral nodal metastasis. T stage and skip lesion are worse prognostic factors in TSCC and should be commented in pathology reports.

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European Journal of Radiology.2014; 83(3): e137. CrossRef

Case Reports

Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid Metastatic to Adenocarcinoma In Situ of Lung: Report of an Unusual Case: Kyoung Min Kim, Yo Na Kim, Hyun Hee Chu, Heung Yong Jin, Min Ho Kim, Myoung Ja Chung; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):282-286. Published online June 22, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.282

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Abstract PDF

The tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare event. The lung tumors are the most common donor tumors in tumor-to-tumor metastasis, but are exceedingly rare as a recipient. Here, we report a case of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasizing to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS, formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma) of the lung in a 44-year-old woman who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC 8 years ago. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first case reporting on PTC metastasized to AIS. A review of the relevant literature is presented.

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A case of colorectal cancer with intratumoral metastasis to primary lung cancer
Yasushi Cho, Mitsuhito Kaji, Shunsuke Nomura, Yusuke Motohashi, Masaaki Sato, Motoya Takeuchi
The Journal of the Japanese Association for Chest Surgery.2021; 35(5): 576. CrossRef
Tumor-to-tumor metastasis: metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast within adenocarcinoma of the lung
Myoung Jae Kang, Ae Ri An, Myoung Ja Chung, Kyoung Min Kim
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(2): 188. CrossRef
Metastatic Renal Cell Neoplasm Within a Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma as Incidental Finding in an Asymptomatic Patient: a Case Report
Maria-Rosa Bella-Cueto, Mireia Pascua-Solé, Albert Cano-Palomares, M. Àngels Cabezuelo-Hernandez, Maria-Rosa Escoda-Giralt, Santiago Barcons-Vilaplana, Paula Serret-Miralles, Carmen Caral-Vanaclocha, Xavier Guirao-Garriga, Joan Prats-Lopez, Meritxell Meda
SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine.2020; 2(7): 978. CrossRef
A Rare Case of Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma within a Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Taebum Lee, Yoon Jin Cha, Sangjeong Ahn, Joungho Han, Young Mog Shim
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2015; 49(1): 78. CrossRef
Tumour-to-tumour metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma withBRAFmutation to lung adenocarcinoma withEGFRmutation: the utility of mutation-specific antibodies
Yuki Katsuya, Akihiko Yoshida, Shun-ichi Watanabe, Koji Tsuta
Histopathology.2015; 67(2): 262. CrossRef
Pulmonary metastasis of a papillary thyroid carcinoma and primary lung adenocarcinoma: two coincident carcinomas at the same location
Liyan Xue, Zhonghua Luan, Ying Liu, Shuangmei Zou, Jun Jiang, Ning Wu, Ning Lu, Dongmei Lin
Diagnostic Pathology.2013;[Epub] CrossRef

Cytologic Findings of Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Presenting with Multiple Pulmonary Masses: A Case Report with Review of Literature.: Na Rae Kim, Jae Y Ro, Eun Kyung Cho, Mi Jin Kim, Jungsuk An, Seung Yeon Ha; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(1):119-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.1.119

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Abstract PDF

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor of uncertain origin, and it has a strong propensity for metastasis to the lungs, bones and brain. We report upon an unusual case of ASPS, presenting as multiple lung nodules with no other detectable primary site, in a 44-year-old man. A fine needle aspiration of the nodules yielded scattered, discohesive cells, each containing an eccentrically displaced nucleus and prominent nucleolus, on a granular background. Tumor cells with numerous bared nuclei, and occasional sheets of epithelioid cells were also found. Under the cytological diagnosis of an unclassified epithelioid malignant tumor, resection of the lung nodules was performed. The histologic findings were consistent with ASPS, showing positive TFE3-nuclear immunoreactivity. There is limited literature concerning cytological findings associated with pulmonary ASPS: especially in cases where the primary site is unknown. Here, we present a cytological review of pulmonary ASPS, investigating the significance of TFE3 staining in the diagnosis of ASPS.

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Alveolar soft part sarcoma: A case report with emphasis on some unusual cytological features
Neelam Sood, Minakshi Gulia
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2018; 46(2): 170. CrossRef

The Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of a Metastatic Pulmonary Adrenocortical Carcinoma Mimicking Primary Large Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.: Na Rae Kim, Dong Hae Chung, Jae Ik Lee, Seung Yeon Ha; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(5):558-563.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.5.558

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Abstract PDF: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare neoplasm and it has an invariably lethal prognosis. We report here on the fine needle aspiration cytologic findings of a solitary metastatic pulmonary adrenocortical carcinoma in a 24-year-old woman. The aspirate smears were very cellular and they were composed of a monomorphic population of large polyhedral cells with abundant granular or vacuolated cytoplasm, and the cells were predominantly singly scattered in a necrotic background. Multinucleated pleomorphic tumor cells were also found. Pleomorphic nuclei with thickened nuclear membranes were impinging on the cell membranes. Mitotic activity was occasionally seen. The cytologic findings of pleomorphic cells with microvacuolated cytoplasm and the presence of vague gland-like sheets, as well as the patient's history of undergoing adrenalectomy for primary adrenocortical carcinoma helped the pathologist reach the diagnosis of metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Here, we focus on the cytologic differential points of metastastic pulmonary adrenocortical carcinoma and primary pulmonary carcinoma, especially large cell carcinoma.

Metastases from Rectum and Thyroid Cancers in Same Cervical Lymph Node: A Case Report.: Bulent Yildiz, Abdulkadir Reis, Evren Fidan, Feyyaz Ozdemir, Halil Kavgaci, Fazil Aydin; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(5):551-553.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.5.551

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Abstract PDF

An excisional biopsy targeting a cervical lymph node was performed on a 49-year-old female patient with metastatic rectal cancer. The biopsy revealed rectal and papillary thyroid cancer metastasis in the same lymph node. A thin-needle thyroid aspiration biopsy was performed, and the result was papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient, who received chemotherapy for the metastatic rectal cancer, died due to disease progression about 5 months after a secondary primary tumor was detected. Metastasis of multiple malignancies in the same lymph node is extremely rare. A metastases of rectal and thyroid cancers to the same lymph node has not been reported until now. Our patient is the first case in the literature.

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Tumor-to-tumor metastases: systematic review and meta-analysis of 685 reported cases
Michał Kunc, Paulina Skrzypkowska, Rafał Pęksa, Wojciech Biernat
Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Correlates with Histologic Grade and Metastasis in Osteosarcoma.: Hye Rim Park, Jinwon Seo, Patrizia Bacchini, Franco Bertoni, Yong Koo Park; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(4):384-389.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.4.384

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is reportedly overexpressed in several types of carcinomas, but little is known about the expression pattern of CA9 in osteosarcoma. We aimed to assess the prevalence of CA9 expression and its prognostic implications in osteosarcoma patients.
METHODS
We compared immunohistochemical expression of CA9 between conventional, high-grade and low-grade, central osteosarcomas. Specimens were obtained before chemotherapy and stained with anti-human CA9 antibody. We also evaluated the histologic grade, presence of metastasis, and patient prognosis.
RESULTS
Among 38 samples of conventional high-grade osteosarcoma, 22 (57.9%) tumors displayed CA9 overexpression. Twenty-five cases of low-grade central osteosarcomas were all negative (p < 0.0001). CA9 expression was significantly associated with the presence of metastasis (p = 0.0010). The overall survival rate was significantly reduced with increased CA9 expression (p = 0.0012), higher histologic grade (p < 0.0001), and younger age (p = 0.0140). However, the overall survival rate was not significantly correlated with gender, tumor size, or American Joint Committee on Cancer stage.
CONCLUSIONS
CA9 expression is a frequent and tumor-specific event in osteosarcoma. CA9 expression is associated with higher grade tumors, metastasis and poor prognosis for the osteosarcoma patients.

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The reducing effect of TNF-α on carbonic anhydrase III gene expression in colon carcinoma and osteosarcoma cells
Sümeyye Aydoğan Türkoğlu, Derya Okuyan, Feray Köçkar
Cytotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Metastatic Carcinomas to the Sinonasal Tract.: Eun Ju Kim, Bong Jae Lee, Kyung Ja Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(3):302-307.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.3.302

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Metastases to the sinonasal tract are rare but occur for many malignancies. The demographics of sinonasal metastases in Korea aren't well known.
METHODS
Nine cases of metastases to the sinonasal tract identified at Asan Medical Center from January, 1995 to December, 2007 were reviewed.
RESULTS
Metastatic carcinomas accounted for 2.4% of sinonasal malignancies and 4.7% of carcinomas. Six kinds of cancer metastasized to the sinonasal tract. They included hepatocellular carcinomas (nasal cavity and maxillary sinus), colonic adenocarcinomas (sphenoid sinus and maxillary sinus), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nasal cavity), pulmonary small cell carcinoma (nasal cavity), follicular carcinoma of thyroid (sphenoid sinus), and breast ductal carcinoma (maxillary sinus). Primary sites had been known in 7 cases, but follicular carcinoma and one adenocarcinoma were diagnosed after sinus metastases. Histologically, they had ill-defined borders and involved both mucosae and bones. Microscopic findings were not different from those for the primary tumors.
CONCLUSIONS
The pattern of sinonasal metastases in Korea are different from western data regarding incidence, site, and type, with hepatocellular carcinoma and the nasal cavity being the most common type and site, respectively. Awareness of the possibility of metastases and their pattern is encouraged when examining sinonasal tumors.

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Metastatic Carcinomas to the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Su-Jin Shin, Jong-Lyel Roh, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim, Sung Bae Kim, Sang-wook Lee, Kyung-Ja Cho
Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(3): 266. CrossRef

Validation of Gene Expression Changes of Osteopontin and MMP-1 in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Carcinomas.: Junjeong Choi, Sangkyum Kim, Jeon Han Park, Nam Kyu Kim, Hoguen Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(3):225-233.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.3.225

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Metastasis is one of the most important characteristics of cancer in terms of its impact on patient survival. Unfortunately, identification of altered genes during tumor metastasis is limited.
METHODS
Using high-throughput microarrays containing 19K spotted human oligonucleotides, gene expression of primary and matched metastatic colon cancer were compared in previous study. Although DNA microarray analysis did not demonstrate complete classification of primary and metastatic carcinoma, 80 differentially expressed genes were identified. Among these, expression of osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and serpin A1 was assessed using immunohistochemistry in a validation set containing 43 pairs from tissue microarrays.
RESULTS
The expression of osteopontin was significantly higher in metastatic carcinoma than in primary carcinoma, as indicated by mRNA expression. The expression of MMP-1 was significantly lower in metastatic carcinoma. Expression of serpin A1 was not correlated with the microarray results.
CONCLUSIONS
Osteopontin and MMP-1 expression successfully classified primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas and further studies on their clinical application is encouraged.

Case Report

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of a Myxoid Leiomyosarcoma with Epithelioid Features and It Metastasized to the Abdominal Wall: A Case Report.: Lee So Maeng, Hiun Suk Chae, Anhi Lee, Yongan Chung, Kyo Young Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):220-224.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.220

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Abstract PDF: We present the cytologic findings observed in a fine needle aspiration biopsy specimen of a rare myxoid variant of leiomyosarcoma with epithelioid features and the tumor had metastasized to the abdominal wall. The aspirate showed hypercellularity in a hemorrhagic background. Some large 3-dimensional aggregates of spindle cells were observed. Each cell had a solitary ovoid-to-elongated nucleus with finely granulated chromatin, one or two small distinct nucleoli and an irregular nuclear membrane. There were irregular fascicles of spindle cells with cigar-shaped, blunt-ended nuclei admixed with inflammatory cells. Epithelioid cells with a rather narrow, dense cytoplasmic rim and a well-defined cell border were embedded in a myxoid matrix in a cord-like and cluster arrangement. The matrix appeared as a pale green substance with sharply defined edges. There were very few mitoses. These cytologic features were the same as those of a uterine myxoid leiomyosarcoma that was surgically excised 7 years ago, and immunohistochemical staining revealed the smooth muscle origin of the tumor.

Original Articles

Metastatic Tumors to the Breast from Extramammary Malignancies.: Bong Hee Park, Yonghee Lee, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hak Hee Kim, Sung Bae Kim, Gyungyub Gong; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(1):70-76.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.1.70

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Metastases to the breast from extramammary malignancies are very rare. We describe here the clinicopathologic features of the metastatic breast tumors that were identified in Korean patients at a single institute.
METHODS
We analyzed the clinicopathologic data of the patients who were diagnosed between January 1989 and April 2009 at Asan Medical Center.
RESULTS
Only 31 (0.21%) patients with metastases to the breast from extramammary malignancies were diagnosed over a 20-year period, and 29 of them had available data. The mean time to the diagnosis of metastasis after the diagnosis of the primary malignancy was 21 months (range, 0 to 102 months). The most common primary site was the stomach, followed by the uterus and lung. The most common histologic type was adenocarcinoma. A common clinical presentation was a unilateral palpable mass. Most metastatic tumors had morphological features that were similar to those of their respective primary tumors. However, in situ carcinoma, microcalcification and desmoplastic reactions were rarely observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Metastatic breast lesions from extramammary sites are extremely rare, and the stomach, uterus and lung could be considered as the common primary sites in Korean patients. The clinical history and comparing the morphology of the primary tumor with the morphology of the metastatic tumor are important for achieving the proper diagnosis.

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Histological clues to the diagnosis of metastasis to the breast from extramammary malignancies
Andrew H S Lee, Zsolt Hodi, Irshad Soomro, Vishakha Sovani, Areeg Abbas, Emad Rakha, Ian O Ellis
Histopathology.2020; 77(2): 303. CrossRef

Clinicopathologic Significances of EGFR Expression at Invasive Front of Colorectal Cancer.: Yeo Ju Kang, Chan Kwon Jung, Yeong Jin Choi, Kyo Young Lee, Hyung Jin Kim, Won Kyung Kang, Seong Taek Oh; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(1):16-21.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.1.16

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently expressed in the invasive front of colorectal cancer (CRC), but its clinicopathologic significance remains unclear. We investigated the clinical value of the EGFR expression at the invasive front of CRC.
METHODS
We performed an immunohistochemical analysis in order to examine the expression and distribution of EGFR in 214 cases of CRC. The EGFR status was considered positive when > or =1% of the tumor cells had membranous staining.
RESULTS
Overall, an EGFR expression was observed in 144 (67%) cases and it had no significant relationship with the clinicopathologic parameters. However, an EGFR expression at the invasive front was correlated with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and a high level of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (p = 0.028, p = 0.043, and p = 0.045, respectively). For the budding-positive CRCs liver metastases were found in the cases with an EGFR expression at the budding, but no liver metastasis occurred in the EGFR negative cases at the budding (p = 0.030).
CONCLUSIONS
An EGFR expression at the invasive front has clinicopathologic significances in patients with CRC. An EGFR expression at tumor cell budding is a pathologic marker that suggests the high potential for liver metastasis in CRC.

Comparison of Cytologic Evaluation between Conventional Method and CellprepPlus(R) Liquid-Based Cytology in Body Fluid.: Ji Hae Koo, Ho Chang Lee, Hyung Geun Song, Hye Suk Han, Ki Hyeong Lee, Kang Hyeon Choe, Ki Man Lee, Ok Jun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(5):448-452.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.5.448

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Assessment of body fluid cytology is a useful means of evaluating a metastatic tumor. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been developed as a replacement for the conventional Papanicolaou (CP) test. This study was performed to compare CellprepPlus(R) LBC with CP in cytologic diagnosis. METHODS: Body fluid samples (n=188, including 72 peritoneal fluid and 116 pleural fluid samples) were divided equally and analyzed by both CellprepPlus(R) and CP.
RESULTS
CellprepPlus(R) revealed distributed thin layers of non-overlapping cells. All CellprepPlus(R) preparations were adequate, while 18 (9.57%) CP preparations were inadequate. The respective diagnostic rates of CellprepPlus(R) and CP were 75.0% and 76.1% negative, 10.6% and 6.38% atypical, 5.85% and 2.66% suspicious, and 8.51% and 5.32% malignant. Of the 58 confirmed cases, the sensitivity of CellprepPlus(R) and CP was 94.4% and 73.3%, respectively, and the negative predictive value was 97.2% and 87.9%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
CellprepPlus(R) LBC has better sensitivity and negative predictive value, and produces higher quality slide preparations than than CP, making it suitable as in screening of body fluid as a cytologic diagnostic tool.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CYTOLOGIC EVALUATION BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL METHOD & LIQUID BASED CYTOLOGY IN PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL & PERITONEAL FLUIDS
R. P. Siddiqui, Mohd. Jafar Memon, Shraddha Sahu
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2020; : 1. CrossRef
Comparison of liquid-based cytology (CellPrepPlus) and conventional smears in pancreaticobiliary disease
Myeong Ho Yeon, Hee Seok Jeong, Hee Seung Lee, Jong Soon Jang, Seungho Lee, Soon Man Yoon, Hee Bok Chae, Seon Mee Park, Sei Jin Youn, Joung-Ho Han, Hye-Suk Han, Ho Chang Lee
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2018; 33(5): 883. CrossRef
Comparison of diagnostic accuracy between CellprepPlus® and ThinPrep® liquid‐based preparations in effusion cytology
Yong‐Moon Lee, Ji‐Yong Hwang, Seung‐Myoung Son, Song‐Yi Choi, Ho‐Chang Lee, Eun‐Joong Kim, Hye‐Suk Han, Jin young An, Joung‐Ho Han, Ok‐Jun Lee
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2014; 42(5): 384. CrossRef
Evaluation of Urine Cytology in Urothelial Carcinoma Patients: A Comparison of CellprepPlus® Liquid-Based Cytology and Conventional Smear
Seung-Myoung Son, Ji Hae Koo, Song-Yi Choi, Ho-Chang Lee, Yong-Moon Lee, Hyung Geun Song, Hae-Kyung Hwang, Hye-Suk Han, Seok-Joong Yun, Wun-Jae Kim, Eun-Joong Kim, Ok-Jun Lee
Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(1): 68. CrossRef
CellprepPlus® Liquid-based Smear in Sono-guided Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration: A Comparison of Conventional Method and CellprepPlus® Liquid-based Cytology
Ji Hae Koo, Seung Young Lee, Ho-chang Lee, Jin-Woo Park, Sung Soo Koong, Tae Keun Oh, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Eun-Joong Kim, Ok-Jun Lee
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(2): 182. CrossRef

Case Reports

Malignant Glomus Tumors of the Stomach: A Report of 2 Cases with Multiple Metastases.: Hyunjoo Lee, Yoon Seok Choi, Sang Cheul Oh, Jong Jae Park, Chul Whan Kim, Han Kyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(4):358-363.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.4.358

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Abstract PDF

Glomus tumors are mesenchymal neoplasms usually developing in the dermis or subcutis of the extremities. The majority of glomus tumors are entirely benign, and malignant glomus tumors are very rare, especially those arising in the visceral organs. Here, we are presenting two cases of malignant glomus tumor, initially diagnosed in the stomach by endoscopic biopsy. Case 1 was found in the stomach, right kidney, brain and humerus of a 65-year-old woman, and Case 2 in the stomach and liver of a 63-year-old man. Histologically, the tumor was composed of solid sheets and nests of round and short-spindle shaped tumor cells with vesicular nucleus and prominent nucleolus. The tumor cells were closely admixed with blood vessels of varying size. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed diffuse and strong positive staining for smooth muscle actin and paranuclear, dot-like staining for synaptophysin, but negative for desmin, c-kit, CD34 and S-100 protein. These two are rare cases of a malignant glomus tumor with widespread metastases.

Citations

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Malignant gastric glomus tumor with heterochronous liver metastases: a case report and review of the literature
Shining Xu, Teng Xu, Yihao Zhi, Feng Dong, Chao Wu, Minhua Zheng
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinicopathologic features of gastric glomus tumor: A report of 15 cases and literature review
Minying Deng, Rongkui Luo, Jie Huang, Yuanlong Luo, Qi Song, Huaiyu Liang, Chen Xu, Wei Yuan, Yingyong Hou
Pathology and Oncology Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Glomus Tumor of the Stomach: A Systematic Review and Illustrative Case Report
Andrea Pansa, Laura Samà, Laura Ruspi, Federico Sicoli, Ferdinando Carlo Maria Cananzi, Vittorio Quagliuolo
Digestive Diseases.2023; 41(1): 17. CrossRef
Locally Advanced Glomus Tumor of the Stomach With Synchronous Liver Metastases: Case Report and Literature Review
Fabio Frosio, Carmine Petruzziello, Elia Poiasina, Michele Pisano, Alessandro Lucianetti
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastric Glomus Tumor: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 21 Cases
Jun Lin, Juan Shen, Hao Yue, Qiongqiong Li, Yuqing Cheng, Mengyun Zhou, Yujiang Fang
BioMed Research International.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Malignant glomus tumor of the gastric antrum with hepatic metastases: a case report and literature review
Adina A. Bodolan, Rebecca Wilcox, Michelle X. Yang
Human Pathology: Case Reports.2018; 14: 81. CrossRef

Metastatic Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Presented with a Dura Mass: A Case Report.: Sun Young Kwon, Hyun Chang Joo, Kun Young Kwon, Sang Sook Lee, Chul Ho Sohn, Man Bin Yim, Sang Pyo Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(2):180-183.

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Abstract PDF: Alveolar soft part sarcoma, accounting for less than 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas, is known for late metastases to the lung, bone and brain. We have examined a case of metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma to the brain in a 34-year-old woman. Computed tomography of the brain revealed a well enhancing dura based mass of the left temporal area. The patient had a previous history of surgery for alveolar soft part sarcoma from the right thigh at the age of 24 years. She underwent total removal of the dural mass under the clinical impression of the meningioma. Grossly, a well-circumscribed, pale tan and solid mass was 3.4 x 3.2 x 2.4 cm and easily detached from the attached dura. Histologically, the tumor showed typical features of alveolar soft part sarcoma. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for muscle related antibodies. Ultrastructural examination showed rod-shaped membrane bound crystals and electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm of tumor cells.

Emphysematous Cystic Pulmonary Metastasis of Angiosarcoma.: Tae Heon Kim, Ji Sun Song, Soon Hee Jung, Ki Jun Sung, Eun Gi Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(6):544-546.

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Abstract: Pulmonary metastatic angiosarcoma usually reveals multiple nodular lesions associated with parenchymal hemorrhage. It is presented, in rare cases, as multiple emphysematous cystic lesions, complicated by pneumothorax. We experienced a case of pulmonary metastastasis from angiosarcoma of the scalp in a 58-year-old male showing multiple thin-walled emphysematous cystic lesions. The tumor cells spread along the subpleural and interlobular septa, focally surrounding the cystic lesions. This case suggests that a rare metastatic pattern seen in angiosarcoma of the scalp should be considered as a differential diagnosis of bullous emphysematous lesion.

Original Article

Correlation Between Expression of p53, Bcl-2 Protein and Ki-67 Labelling Index and Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Gastric Cancer.: Joon Hyuk Choi, Young Ran Shim; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(1):7-12.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of cliniopathological variables and p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67 labelling index between early gastric cancer with and without lymph node metastasis.
METHODS
The authors analyzed thirty patients who had early gastric cancer confined to submucosa (sm cancer) without lymph node metastasis and thirty patients who had sm cancer with lymph node metastasis. The expression of p53 protein, bcl-2 protein and Ki-67 labelling index were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
No significant correlation was found between lymph node metastasis and age, sex, tumor size, Lauren classification, histologic grade, and venous invasion. But lymphatic invasion was significantly correlated to lymph node metastasis (p<0.01). The p53 positive rate was 73.3% (22/30) and 66.7% (20/30) in sm cancer with and without lymph node metastatsis, respectively. The bcl-2 positive rate was 40.0% (12/30) and 30.0% (9/30) in sm cancer with and without lymph node metastasis, respectively. The Ki-67 labelling index (%) was 63.9+/-15.3 and 61.4+/-12.8 in sm cancer with and without lymph node metastasis, respectively. The lymph node metastasis was not significantly correlated to expression of p53 protein, bcl-2 protein or Ki-67 labelling index.
CONCLUSIONS
Expression of p53, bcl-2 protein and proliferative activity of sm cancer may not influence lymph node metastasis. Lymphatic invasion is a significant predictor of lymph node metastasis.

Case Reports

Intestinal Metastasis of Osteosarcoma Presenting with Intussusception: A Case Report.: Seong Ho Yoo, Min A Kim, Kyu Joo Park, Joon Koo Han, Sang Hoon Lee, Chong Jai Kim, Eui Keun Ham; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(4):271-273.

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Abstract PDF: Metastatic osteosarcoma most commonly affects the lungs and other bones. Intestinal intussusception caused by metastatic osteosarcoma is very rare. We report a case of metastatic osteosarcoma of the intestine in a 39-year-old female. She underwent surgical resection of the left femur due to osteosarcoma and received additional chemotherapy 3 years ago. Pulmonary metastasis was found two years later and the patient complained of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting after 8 months following excision of the lung nodules. Abdominal computed tomography revealed intussusception with a suspected polypoid mass in the distal portion of the jejunum. The histologic findings of the resected bowel were those of osteosarcoma. This is the first case of documented intestinal metastasis of osteosarcoma in Korea. It is suggested that the tumor metastasis to the small intestine should be considered in patients with previous osteosarcoma, when the patient presents with acute abdominal symptoms and intussusception.

Bilateral Mammary Metastasis of Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma: A Case Report.: Soo Youn Cho, Ho Chang Lee, Chong Jai Kim, Min Suk Kim, Sun Hoo Park, Eui Keun Ham, In Ae Park; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(5):365-368.

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Abstract PDF: An alveolar soft part sarcoma(ASPS) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor, which metastasizes to the lung, bone and brain. Recently, we encountered an unusual case of a metastatic ASPS to the bilateral breasts in a 27-year-old woman. She had undergone surgery for an ASPS in her right thigh two years ago, which metastasized to the breast on three occasions, 15 months, 20 months and two years after surgery.

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