1Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
2Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Pathology Center, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, Korea
© The Korean Society of Pathologists/The Korean Society for Cytopathology
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethics Statement
The Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital approved this study (1811-061-983) and waived the requirement to obtain informed consent. This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines.
Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: JMB, GHK. Formal analysis: JMB, GHK. Funding acquisition: GHK. Investigation: JAL, HEP, HYJ, LJ, SYY, JMB. Methodology: SYY, JMB. Project administration: NYC, JMB. Resources: JMB, JHK, GHK. Supervision: JMB, GHK. Visualization: JAL, GHK. Writing—original draft: JAL, GHK. Writing—review & editing: JAL, GHK. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Conflicts of Interest
J.H.K., a contributing editor of the Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine, was not involved in the editorial evaluation or decision to publish this article. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Funding Statement
This study was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (No. 2021R1A2C1003542, RS-2023-00218623, and RS-2024-00450408).
Parameter | No. | CRCs with CDX2 loss | CRCs with retained CDX2 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | .681 | |||
Male | 303 | 36 (42.9) | 267 (39.6) | |
Female | 202 | 27 (57.1) | 175 (60.4) | |
Location | .049 | |||
Right colon | 150 | 26 (41.3) | 124 (28.1) | |
Left colon | 289 | 33 (52.4) | 256 (57.9) | |
Rectum | 66 | 4 (6.3) | 62 (14.0) | |
Differentiation | < .001 | |||
Low | 469 | 50 (79.4) | 419 (94.8) | |
High | 36 | 13 (20.6) | 23 (5.2) | |
Venous invasion | .831 | |||
Absent | 450 | 57 (90.5) | 393 (88.9) | |
Present | 55 | 6 (9.5) | 49 (11.1) | |
Lymphatic emboli | .172 | |||
Absent | 298 | 32 (50.8) | 266 (60.2) | |
Present | 207 | 31 (49.2) | 176 (39.8) | |
Perineural invasion | .288 | |||
Absent | 369 | 50 (79.4) | 319 (72.2) | |
Present | 136 | 13 (20.6) | 123 (27.8) | |
T category | .018 | |||
T1 | 10 | 4 (6.3) | 6 (1.4) | |
T2 | 46 | 6 (9.5) | 40 (9.0) | |
T3 | 397 | 43 (68.3) | 354 (80.1) | |
T4 | 52 | 10 (15.9) | 42 (9.5) | |
N category | .313 | |||
N1 | 348 | 40 (63.5) | 308 (69.7) | |
N2 | 157 | 23 (36.5) | 134 (30.3) | |
CIMP | < .001 | |||
CIMP-L,0 | 473 | 51 (82.3) | 422 (96.3) | |
CIMP-H | 27 | 11 (17.7) | 16 (3.7) | |
MSI | .001 | |||
MSS | 475 | 53 (84.1) | 422 (95.9) | |
MSI-H | 28 | 10 (15.9) | 18 (4.1) | |
KRAS | .642 | |||
Wild | 346 | 39 (68.4) | 307 (71.6) | |
Mutant | 129 | 18 (31.6) | 122 (28.4) | |
BRAF | < .001 | |||
Wild | 475 | 51 (85.0) | 424 (98.1) | |
Mutant | 17 | 9 (15.0) | 8 (1.9) | |
KRT20 | < .001 | |||
Decreased | 68 | 35 (55.6) | 33 (7.5) | |
Retained | 437 | 28 (44.4) | 409 (92.5) | |
KRT7 | < .001 | |||
Not expressed | 474 | 52 (82.5) | 422 (95.5) | |
Expressed | 31 | 11 (17.5) | 20 (4.5) |
Parameter | No. | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Differentiation | .014 | ||
Low grade | 469 | - | |
High grade | 36 | 2.997 (1.244–7.221) | |
N category | < .001 | ||
N1 | 348 | - | |
N2 | 157 | 3.459 (1.759–6.803) | |
T category | .001 | ||
T1-3 | 453 | - | |
T4 | 52 | 3.050 (1.567–5.936) | |
Lymphatic emboli | < .001 | ||
Absent | 298 | - | |
Present | 207 | 7.586 (3.149–18.272) | |
Venous invasion | .004 | ||
Absent | 450 | - | |
Present | 55 | 3.050 (1.429–6.512) | |
Perineural invasion | .089 | ||
Absent | 369 | - | |
Present | 136 | 1.818 (0.914–3.619) | |
CIMP | .076 | ||
CIMP-L,0 | 473 | - | |
CIMP-H | 27 | 2.577 (0.906–7.333) | |
BRAF | .320 | ||
Wild | 475 | - | |
Mutant | 17 | 2.070 (0.494–8.678) | |
KRAS | .007 | ||
Wild | 346 | - | |
Mutant | 129 | 2.724 (1.315–5.644) | |
KRT7 | .008 | ||
Not expressed | 474 | - | |
Expressed | 31 | 3.316 (1.377–7.989) | |
KRT20 | .717 | ||
Retained | 437 | - | |
Decreased | 68 | 0.839 (0.324–2.169) | |
CDX2 | .037 | ||
Retained | 442 | - | |
Loss | 63 | 2.314 (1.050–5.100) | |
CD3 iTIL | .316 | ||
Low | 224 | - | |
High | 222 | 0.697 (0.344–1.412) | |
CD3 sTIL | .026 | ||
Low | 216 | - | |
High | 230 | 0.428 (0.203–0.903) | |
CD8 iTIL | .013 | ||
Low | 223 | - | |
High | 223 | 0.378 (0.175–0.817) | |
CD8 sTIL | .028 | ||
Low | 223 | - | |
High | 223 | 0.433 (0.205–0.915) | |
Combination of the CDX2 expression and CD8 iTIL density statuses | |||
CDX2 retained/CD8 iTIL-high | 188 | - | |
CDX2 loss/CD8 iTIL-low | 19 | 7.250 (1.211–43.401) | .030 |
CDX2 loss/CD8 iTIL-high | 30 | 15.781 (3.939–63.230) | <.001 |
CDX2 retained/CD8 iTIL-low | 209 | 6.686 (1.994–22.419) | .002 |
Parameter | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|
Differentiation | ||
High grade vs. low grade | 1.733 (0.559–5.368) | .341 |
T category | ||
T4 vs. T1-3 | 1.934 (0.769–4.867) | .161 |
N category | ||
N2 vs. N1 | 1.943 (0.901–4.187) | .090 |
Lymphatic emboli | ||
Present vs. absent | 4.432 (1.779–11.041) | .001 |
Venous invasion | ||
Present vs. absent | 1.618 (0.646–4.053) | .304 |
KRAS | ||
Mutant vs. wild | 2.318 (1.115–4.819) | .024 |
KRT7 | ||
Expressed vs. not expressed | 1.984 (0.734–5.360) | .177 |
CD3 sTIL | ||
High vs. low | 0.438 (0.178–1.077) | .072 |
CD8 sTIL | ||
High vs. low | 0.685 (0.182–2.584) | .577 |
Combination of the CDX2 expression and CD8 iTIL density statuses | ||
CDX2 retained/CD8 iTIL-high | - | |
CDX2 loss/CD8 iTIL-low | 8.176 (1.137–58.783) | .037 |
CDX2 loss/CD8 iTIL-high | 17.868 (3.429–93.100) | .001 |
CDX2 retained/CD8 iTIL-low | 6.769 (1.542–29.703) | .011 |
CRC, colorectal carcinoma; CDX2, caudal-type homeobox 2; CIMP, CpG island methylator phenotype; CIMP-L, CIMP-low; CIMP-0, no methylation; CIMP-H, CIMP-high; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSS, microsatellite-stable; MSI-H, MSI-high.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CIMP, CpG island methylator phenotype; CIMP-L, CIMP-low; CIMP-0, no methylation; CIMP-H, CIMP-high; iTIL, intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; sTIL, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; CDX2, caudal-type homeobox 2.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; sTIL, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; iTIL, intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte.