MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient selection

Between July 2010 and June 2013, 385 CSF cytology samples were collected from 42 patients with the presence of a metastatic tumor confirmed by at least two histologic or cytological studies. Cytology samples obtained before adjuvant therapies were excluded to evaluate the diagnostic rate of CSF cytology more consistently. The breakdown of the patient population was as follows: 25 males and 17 females, with a median age of 55 years (range, 29 to 77 years). The mean observation period was 5 months (range, 1 to 22 months), and the mean number of CSF examinations was 9 (range, 2 to 34).

Cerebrospinal fluid specimen collection and cytology slide preparation

All patients underwent an operation for the placement of a ventricular catheter and reservoir as well as consecutive CSF collections using the reservoir (Fig. 1). To minimize dry artifacts and prevent cell degeneration, samples were delivered to the Department of Pathology immediately upon collection. Samples were then processed using liquid-based cytology (LBC) (ThinPrep, Cytyc Co., Boxborough, MA, USA), an automated method of preparation and smearing of cells in a monolayer. Slides were stained and evaluated with the Papanicolaou staining method. Of the 385 CSF samples, 54 were processed by a conventional smear method rather than the liquid-based method because those samples were obtained when the liquid-based method was not available for CSF cytology.

Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed using a Ventana XT automated stainer (Ventana Co., Tucson, AZ, USA) with an antibody to cytokeratin (1:300, AE1/AE3, Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Slides were incubated with primary antibody for 32 minutes at 37℃ followed by a universal secondary antibody for 8 minutes at 37℃. Slides were incubated in streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase D for 16 minutes at 37℃, and then the substrate, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) H₂O₂, was added for 8 minutes, followed by hematoxylin and bluing reagent counterstains at 37℃.

Interpretation criteria

Cases without atypical cells suggestive of metastasis were diagnosed as negative for malignancy. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was defined as the presence of atypical cells with cytokeratin immunoreactivity, regardless of the amount (Fig. 2). There were some cases that presented with atypical cells on Papanicolaou-stained slides, but it was not possible to evaluate many of these cases using cytokeratin ICC slides because the cells disappeared during the staining process. In those cases, we termed the diagnosis suspicious for malignancy, and these cases were regarded as positive findings when calculating the diagnostic rates. All slides, including those for ICC, were independently reviewed by two pathologists (S.H.K and Y.S.B).

RESULTS

As summarized in Table 1, primary malignancy sites were diverse. Lung was the most common primary site with 22 cases, followed by breast with 6 cases. The histologic types of primary malignancies are shown in Table 1. Of the 385 specimens, 132 were diagnosed as positive for malignancy and 27 were suspicious for malignancy, for a total of 159 specimens considered to have a positive diagnosis of malignancy. Among the 42 patients, 3 were never diagnosed as malignant by cytology examination even though all were confirmed to have CNS metastasis on brain tissue biopsy. Eight patients were consistently diagnosed as positive for malignancy in serial CSF evaluations. The positive malignancy diagnosis rates in the other 31 patients ranged from 4.5% to 87.5%, and the mean positive rate was 41.3%.

Table 2 demonstrates two representative cases (case nos. 4 and 12) from our series. During a period of two months, these two patients underwent 13 and 15 CSF cytology examinations, which yielded positive results in 6 and 10 of the tests, respectively. The intervals between CSF cytology examinations ranged from 0 to 13 days and were short enough to enable more meticulous analysis of consecutive diagnostic rates. However, the results appeared random, without a consistent trend. Even within the same day, the diagnoses made from two specimens were different.

DISCUSSION

Rapid transport is important for optimal cellular preservation in CSF materials, which can be cytolysed quickly. In order to reduce the number of nondiagnostic cases, CSF materials should be examined as soon as possible after collection. From a routine diagnostic viewpoint, degeneration is one of the most problematic artifacts when diagnosing cytology slides, as CSF specimens tend to degenerate more readily than other cytology specimens. These artifacts can affect the diagnostic accuracy and reduce specimen adequacy. We were able to control artificial factors by reminding clinicians of the importance of rapid processing and encouraging them to submit the samples immediately.

Most previous studies concerning the diagnostic rates of CSF examination used the lumbar puncture as a diagnosing modality.4-6 However, lumbar puncture can be harmful to patients and difficult for clinicians because it is an invasive procedure. It is this for reason that most previous studies regarding the diagnostic accuracy of CSF performed only one CSF examination per patient. In this study, however, consecutive CSF sampling was performed using the ventricular catheter and reservoir from each patient. Although a neurosurgical procedure is required to implant a ventricular catheter in patients, it enables the continuous collection of CSF and consecutive analysis.

LBC is now a widely used method for preparing cytology samples and has achieved broad acceptance for most cytology specimens.8-11 Furthermore, for the diagnosis of metastatic tumors in CSF, thin-layer LBC has been suggested as an appropriate diagnostic method.12,13 As in immunohistochemistry, ICC improves the diagnostic rates because cytology is often difficult and problematic to evaluate using cellular morphology alone.14 Using LBC is more convenient for performing ICC than conventional smear techniques, and the diagnostic efficacy of ICC on smears processed by thin-layer LBC has been previously validated.15-17

Up to the present time, there have been several reports regarding the diagnostic accuracy of CSF cytology in patients with CNS metastasis. Wasserstrom et al.5 reported a sensitivity of 54.4% in initial examination and 91.1% in subsequent examination. Gondos and King6 also reported a sensitivity of 53.3%. Even though we used implanted ventricular catheters when obtaining CSF and LBC when preparing CSF slides, results of our study showed much lower diagnostic rates than previous studies. The discrepancy between results of previous studies and ours might be due to the different process of gathering CSF; unlike previous studies, we tried to evaluate the diagnostic rates of CSF cytology using consecutive examination of CSF samples from each patient. Moreover, in our study, samples were obtained from patients receiving adjuvant treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which may have affected the diagnostic rates of CSF analysis. From the viewpoint of daily practice, our results may be more practical and accurate because most patients with CNS metastasis are now managed with ancillary treatments.7

We could not analyze the results of CSF examinations with statistics of sensitivity or specificity because not all cytology specimens had a concordant tissue biopsy. In other words, the negative findings could not be directly considered as false negatives because we could not completely exclude the possibility that the negative findings resulted from true tumor regression due to adjuvant therapies. However, as shown in Table 2, results were distributed unevenly although all examinations were performed within very short intervals, even within the same day in some cases. Therefore, we suggest that the negative findings are not the results of tumor regression but false negative results. If so, the value of 41.3% can be regarded as sensitivity of CSF cytology in patients being treated with adjuvant therapies due to CNS metastasis.

Several possible explanations exist for the negative results. First, several factors influencing the quality of CSF cytology specimens should be investigated. In our study, cytology specimens from positive cases were more cellular than those from negative cases. However, this cannot be the reason for the negative results because CSF is physiologically acellular. The volume of the submitted specimen can affect the diagnostic accuracy, but unfortunately this aspect was not evaluable because the amount of fluid was not promptly recorded. Dry artifact is one of the most important factors in determining the quality of CSF slides. As mentioned earlier, we could maintain the quality of CSF cytology by notifying clinicians of the importance of rapid transport. However, specimen transport could not be controlled precisely and evenly because the specimens were transported by different clinicians with different time intervals. There was no significant difference among negative results when grouped according to the sites of primary tumors (data not shown). Taken together, the negative results should be regarded as a multifactorial phenomenon without a specific reason.

Temporary CSF cytology examinations are no longer sufficient for estimating clinical course because chemotherapy and optional radiotherapy are generally standard treatment modalities in patients with CNS metastasis. Although the total number of cases included was not remarkable, this study is noteworthy in that we tried to evaluate the diagnostic rates of CSF cytology in a novel way. By analyzing consecutive CSF samples obtained within short-term intervals, we were able to evaluate the diagnostic rates of CSF examination more precisely and more practically. Although the sensitivity of CSF cytology as a diagnostic tool in patients with CNS metastasis was lower than expected, even with the ICC, we consider this result to be important and instructive as negative results should not be ignored or regarded as tumor regression. Alternatively, continuous follow-up using CSF cytology is essential for determining clinical course, and the results must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical and radiological findings.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

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Fig. 1

Operation for ventricular catheter and reservoir placement. A localized area of the skull is removed (A), and the reservoir is placed in the defect area (B).

Fig. 2

Low (A) and high (B) power views of cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. Separate case showing an atypical cell (C) confirmed as metastatic carcinoma using immunocytochemistry for cytokeratin (D).

Table 1.

Clinicopathologic features of 42 cases and diagnostic rates of cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Case No.	Sex	Age (yr)	Primary site	Histologic type	Period (mo)	Total	Negative rate	Positive rate
1	M	48	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	6	3 (50.0)	3 (50.0)
2	M	63	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	4	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
3	F	60	Ovary	Serous papillary carcinoma	8	13	10 (76.9)	3 (23.1)
4	M	64	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	2	13	7 (53.8)	6 (46.2)
5	M	56	Rectum	Adenocarcinoma	7	12	12 (100.0)	0 (0)
6	F	56	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	5	11	10 (90.9)	1 (9.1)
7	F	43	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	3	13	8 (61.5)	5 (38.5)
8	M	58	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	11	22	19 (86.0)	3 (14.0)
9	M	52	Kidney	Renal cell carcinoma	5	9	9 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
10	F	66	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	22	22	21 (95.5)	1 (4.5)
11	M	66	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	2	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
12	M	58	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	2	15	5 (33.3)	10 (66.7)
13	M	62	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	21	34	18 (52.9)	16 (47.1)
14	M	65	Stomach	Adenocarcinoma	1	7	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)
15	M	66	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	6	15	12 (80.0)	3 (20.0)
16	F	58	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	4	17	11 (64.7)	6 (35.3)
17	M	29	Stomach	Signet ring cell carcinoma	3	9	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)
18	M	51	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	3	0 (0.0)	3 (100.0)
19	F	71	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	4	1 (25.0)	3 (75.0)
20	F	74	Ovary	Serous papillary carcinoma	3	8	0 (0.0)	8 (100.0)
21	M	64	Stomach	Adenocarcinoma	1	4	0 (0.0)	4 (100.0)
22	M	52	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	8	1 (12.5)	7 (87.5)
23	F	58	Stomach	Adenocarcinoma	1	3	0 (0.0)	3 (100.0)
24	M	65	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	9	14	12 (85.7)	2 (14.3)
25	F	47	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1	2	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
26	F	40	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	11	7	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)
27	F	56	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1	2	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
28	M	65	Lung	Small cell carcinoma	4	4	3 (75.0)	1 (25.0)
29	M	51	Skin	Malignant melanoma	1	2	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
30	F	46	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	5	18	17 (94.4)	1 (5.6)
31	M	55	Urinary bladder	Urothelial carcinoma	1	2	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)
32	M	41	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	2	11	3 (27.3)	8 (72.7)
33	M	53	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	2	8	7 (87.5)	1 (12.5)
34	M	55	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	8	7	1 (14.3)	6 (85.7)
35	F	46	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	5	3	3 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
36	M	39	Pancreas	Adenocarcinoma	6	7	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)
37	F	65	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	5	13	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)
38	M	31	Skin	Malignant melanoma	2	4	3 (75.0)	1 (25.0)
39	F	46	Breast	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1	4	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
40	F	49	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	10	8	3 (37.5)	5 (62.5)
41	M	49	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	9	0 (0.0)	9 (100.0)
42	F	77	Lung	Adenocarcinoma	1	6	3 (50.0)	3 (50.0)
Mean					5	385	226 (58.7)	159 (41.3)

Values are presented as number (%).

M, male; F, female.

Table 2.

Consecutive cerebrospinal fluid cytology results of case no. 4 and case no. 12

Case No. 4	Cytological diagnosis	Date	Case No. 12	Cytological diagnosis	Date
1	Negative for malignancy	Oct 20, 2010	1	Positive for malignancy	Feb 5, 2013
2	Positive for malignancy	Oct 23, 2010	2	Positive for malignancy	Feb 15, 2013
3	Negative for malignancy	Oct 30, 2010	3	Negative for malignancy	Feb 25, 2013
4	Positive for malignancy	Nov 2, 2010	4	Positive for malignancy	Feb 27, 2013
5	Positive for malignancy	Nov 8, 2010	5	Positive for malignancy	Mar 5, 2013
6	Negative for malignancy	Nov 10, 2010	6	Positive for malignancy	Mar 6, 2013
7	Suspicious for malignancy	Nov 23, 2010	7	Negative for malignancy	Mar 12, 2013
8	Positive for malignancy	Nov 24, 2010	8	Positive for malignancy	Mar 14, 2013
9	Negative for malignancy	Nov 24, 2010	9	Positive for malignancy	Mar 18, 2013
10	Negative for malignancy	Dec 1, 2010	10	Negative for malignancy	Mar 21, 2013
11	Suspicious for malignancy	Dec 3, 2010	11	Positive for malignancy	Mar 26, 2013
12	Negative for malignancy	Dec 9, 2010	12	Negative for malignancy	Mar 27, 2013
13	Negative for malignancy	Dec 16, 2010	13	Positive for malignancy	Mar 29, 2013
			14	Negative for malignancy	Apr 2, 2013
			15	Positive for malignancy	Apr 3, 2013

Figure & Data

References

Citations

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