Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Subclassification into Basal, Ductal, and Mixed Subtypes Based on Comparison of Clinico-pathologic Features and Expression of p53, Cyclin D1, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, p16, and Human Papillomavirus: Kyung-Ja Cho, Se Un Jeong, Sung Bae Kim, Sang-wook Lee, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):374-380. Published online June 8, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.03.03

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Background
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma with distinct pathologic characteristics. The histogenesis of BSCC is not fully understood, and the cancer has been suggested to originate from a totipotent primitive cell in the basal cell layer of the surface epithelium or in the proximal duct of secretory glands.
Methods
Twenty-six cases of head and neck BSCC from Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, reported during a 14-year-period were subclassified into basal, ductal, and mixed subtypes according to the expression of basal (cytokeratin [CK] 5/6, p63) or ductal markers (CK7, CK8/18). The cases were also subject to immunohistochemical study for CK19, p53, cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and p16 and to in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV), and the results were clinico-pathologically compared.
Results
Mixed subtype (12 cases) was the most common, and these cases showed hypopharyngeal predilection, older age, and higher expression of CK19, p53, and EGFR than other subtypes. The basal subtype (nine cases) showed frequent comedo-necrosis and high expression of cyclin D1. The ductal subtype (five cases) showed the lowest expression of p53, cyclin D1, and EGFR. A small number of p16- and/or HPV-positive cases were not restricted to one subtype. BSCC was the cause of death in 19 patients, and the average follow-up period for all patients was 79.5 months. Overall survival among the three subtypes was not significantly different.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest a heterogeneous pathogenesis of head and neck BSCC. Each subtype showed variable histology and immunoprofiles, although the clinical implication of heterogeneity was not determined in this study.

Citations

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HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management
Matt Lechner, Jacklyn Liu, Liam Masterson, Tim R. Fenton
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology.2022; 19(5): 306. CrossRef
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Yinghong Zhang, Suqing Tian, Yali Du, Qiang Zuo, Li Zhu, Furong Ma
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Satoshi Koyama, Kazunori Fujiwara, Tsuyoshi Morisaki, Taihei Fujii, Yosuke Nakamura, Takahiro Fukuhara, Hiromi Takeuchi
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Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma with adenoid cystic‐like features of the head and neck region: A report of two cases
Kimihide Kusafuka, Haruna Yagi, Satoshi Baba, Hiroshi Inagaki, Chinatsu Tsuchiya, Kazuki Hirata, Aya Muramatsu, Makoto Suzuki, Kazumori Arai, Tadashi Terada
Pathology International.2020; 70(10): 767. CrossRef
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Lifang Cui, Congling Qu, Honggang Liu
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Linxiu Liu, Xuemin Xue, Liyan Xue
Diagnostic Pathology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jun-Sang Lee, Uk-Kyu Kim, Dae-Seok Hwang, Jun-Ho Lee, Hong-Seok Choi, Na-Rae Choi, Mi Heon Ryu, Gyoo Cheon Kim
The Korean Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.2019; 43(5): 197. CrossRef
p53 and p16 expression in oral cavity squamous cell and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
Allisson Filipe Lopes Martins, Carlos Henrique Pereira, Marília Oliveira Morais, Paulo Otávio Carmo Souza, Lucas Borges Fleury Fernandes, Aline Carvalho Batista, Elismauro Francisco Mendonça
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The Predictive Value of Pathologic Features in Pituitary Adenoma and Correlation with Pituitary Adenoma Recurrence: Jee Soon Kim, Youn Soo Lee, Min Jung Jung, Yong Kil Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(6):419-425. Published online October 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.06.30

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Abstract PDF

Background
The 2004 World Health Organization classification introduced atypical pituitary adenoma (aPA), which was equivocally defined as invasion with increased mitotic activity that had a Ki-67 labeling index (LI) greater than 3%, and extensive p53 immunoreactivity. However, aPAs that exhibit all of these features are rare and the predictive value for recurrence in pituitary adenomas (PAs) remains uncertain. Thus, we sought to characterize pathological features of PAs that correlated with recurrence.
Methods
One hundred and sixty-seven cases of surgically resected PA or aPA were retrieved from 2011 to 2013 in Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital. Among them, 28 cases were confirmed to be recurrent, based on pathologic or radiologic examination. The pathologic characteristics including mitosis, invasion, Ki-67 LI and p53 immunoreactivity were analyzed in relation to recurrence.
Results
Analysis of the pathologic features indicated that only Ki-67 LI over 3% was significantly associated with tumor recurrence (p = .02). The cases with at least one pathologic feature showed significantly higher recurrence rates (p < .01). Analysis indicated that cases with two pathologic features, Ki-67 LI over 3% and extensive p53 immunoreactivity 20% or more, were significantly associated with tumor recurrence (p < .01).
Conclusions
Based on these results, PA tumor recurrence can be predicted by using mitosis, invasion, Ki-67 LI (3%), or extensive p53 immunoreactivity (≥ 20%). Assessment of these features is recommended for PA diagnosis for more accurate prediction of recurrence.

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The Value of ER∝ in the Prognosis of GH- and PRL-Secreting PitNETs: Clinicopathological Correlations
Roxana-Ioana Dumitriu-Stan, Iulia-Florentina Burcea, Valeria Nicoleta Nastase, Raluca Amalia Ceaușu, Anda Dumitrascu, Laurentiu Catalin Cocosila, Alexandra Bastian, Sabina Zurac, Marius Raica, Catalina Poiana
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Kent Tadokoro, Colten Wolf, Joseph Toth, Cara Joyce, Meharvan Singh, Anand Germanwala, Chirag Patel
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Yu Zhang, Yuqi Luo, Xin Kong, Tao Wan, Yunling Long, Jun Ma
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Carolina Carrillo-Najar, Daniel Rembao-Bojórquez, Martha L. Tena-Suck, Sergio Zavala-Vega, Noemí Gelista-Herrera, Miguel A. Ramos-Peek, Juan L. Gómez-Amador, Febe Cazares-Raga, Fidel de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández, Alma Ortiz-Plata
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Ching-Chung Ko, Tai-Yuan Chen, Sher-Wei Lim, Yu-Ting Kuo, Te-Chang Wu, Jeon-Hor Chen
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Pituitary tumors: epidemiology and clinical presentation spectrum
Marta Araujo-Castro, Víctor Rodríguez Berrocal, Eider Pascual-Corrales
Hormones.2020; 19(2): 145. CrossRef
Ki67 in endocrine neoplasms: to count or not to count, this is the question! A systematic review from the English language literature
E. Guadagno, E. D’Avella, P. Cappabianca, A. Colao, M. Del Basso De Caro
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Study of Simple Immunohistochemical Cytocolorimetric Assay Application for More Accurate Assessment of Prognosis in Patients with Pituitary Adenomas
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Martin J. Rutkowski, Ryan M. Alward, Rebecca Chen, Jeffrey Wagner, Arman Jahangiri, Derek G. Southwell, Sandeep Kunwar, Lewis Blevins, Han Lee, Manish K. Aghi
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European Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 178(3): 237. CrossRef
Letter to the Editor. Atypical pituitary adenoma
Lauren E. Rotman, T. Brooks Vaughan, James R. Hackney, Kristen O. Riley
Journal of Neurosurgery.2018; 129(6): 1657. CrossRef
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Anna Angelousi, Georgios K Dimitriadis, Georgios Zografos, Svenja Nölting, Gregory Kaltsas, Ashley Grossman
Endocrine-Related Cancer.2017; 24(6): R239. CrossRef

The Role of TWIST in Ovarian Epithelial Cancers: Kyungbin Kim, Eun Young Park, Man Soo Yoon, Dong Soo Suh, Ki Hyung Kim, Jeong Hee Lee, Dong Hoon Shin, Jee Yeon Kim, Mee Young Sol, Kyung Un Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(4):283-291. Published online August 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.4.283

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Abstract PDF

Background

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with tumor hypoxia. EMT is regulated, in part, by the action of TWIST, which inhibits of E-cadherin expression and may interfere with the p53 tumor-suppressor pathway.

Methods

We examined the expression of TWIST, E-cadherin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), and p53 by immunohistochemistry in 123 cases of ovarian epithelial cancers (OEC) to evaluate the role of TWIST in OEC. We assessed the association between protein expression and clinicopathologic parameters.

Results

The expression of TWIST, E-cadherin, HIF1α, and p53 proteins was found in 28.5%, 51.2%, 35.0%, and 29.3% of cases, respectively. TWIST expression was associated with higher histologic grade and unfavorable survival. TWIST expression was correlated with HIF1α expression and reduced E-cadherin expression. The altered HIF1α/TWIST/E-cadherin pathway was associated with lower overall survival (OS), while the co-expression of TWIST and p53 was correlated with lower progression-free survival. In the multivariate analyses, TWIST expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS.

Conclusions

Our data imply that TWIST expression could be a useful predictor of unfavorable prognosis for OEC. TWIST may affect the p53 tumor-suppressor pathway. Moreover, hypoxia-mediated EMT, which involves the HIF1α/TWIST/E-cadherin pathway may play an important role in the progression of OEC.

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The Mechanism and Dynamic Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Ovarian Cancer
Pande Kadek Aditya Prayudi, I Gde Sastra Winata, I Nyoman Bayu Mahendra, I Nyoman Gede Budiana, Kade Yudi Saspriyana, Ketut Suwiyoga
Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
E-Cadherin Expression in Relation to Clinicopathological Parameters and Survival of Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Michal Kielbik, Izabela Szulc-Kielbik, Magdalena Klink
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(22): 14383. CrossRef
Oxygen sensing, mitochondrial biology and experimental therapeutics for pulmonary hypertension and cancer
Danchen Wu, Asish Dasgupta, Austin D. Read, Rachel E.T. Bentley, Mehras Motamed, Kuang-Hueih Chen, Ruaa Al-Qazazi, Jeffrey D. Mewburn, Kimberly J. Dunham-Snary, Elahe Alizadeh, Lian Tian, Stephen L. Archer
Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2021; 170: 150. CrossRef
Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancers: HIF-1α and Beyond
Shing Yau Tam, Vincent W. C. Wu, Helen K. W. Law
Frontiers in Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression of selected epithelial–mesenchymal transition transcription factors in serous borderline ovarian tumors and type I ovarian cancers
Pawel Sadlecki, Jakub Jóźwicki, Paulina Antosik, Marek Grabiec
Tumor Biology.2018; 40(6): 101042831878480. CrossRef
Expression and prognostic significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers and phenotype in serous ovarian cancer
In Hye Song, Kyu-Rae Kim, Sehun Lim, Seok-Hyung Kim, Chang Ohk Sung
Pathology - Research and Practice.2018; 214(10): 1564. CrossRef
Transcription factors controlling E-cadherin down-regulation in ovarian cancer
Holly Russell, Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol
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Immunohistochemical expression of TWIST in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathologic factors
Maryam Seyedmajidi, Safoura Seifi, Dariush Moslemi, Seyyedeh-Fatemeh Mozaffari, Hemmat Gholinia, Zahra Zolfaghari
Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2018; 14(5): 964. CrossRef
Activation of TWIST1 by COL11A1 promotes chemoresistance and inhibits apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by modulating NF‐κB‐mediated IKKβ expression
Yi‐Hui Wu, Yu‐Fang Huang, Tzu‐Hao Chang, Cheng‐Yang Chou
International Journal of Cancer.2017; 141(11): 2305. CrossRef
MicroRNA-219-5p inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by targeting the Twist/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Chunyan Wei, Xi Zhang, Sai He, Bianli Liu, Hongfang Han, Xuejun Sun
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Zi Chen, Dongwen Xu, Tao Zhang
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Is overexpression of TWIST, a transcriptional factor, a prognostic biomarker of head and neck carcinoma? Evidence from fifteen studies
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IMP3, a Promising Prognostic Marker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Ji Young Park, Misun Choe, Yuna Kang, Sang Sook Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(2):108-116. Published online April 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.2.108

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Abstract PDF

Background

Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) has been reported as a prognostic biomarker in various cancers. To validate IMP3 as a prognostic biomarker in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we investigated the expression of IMP3, p53, and Ki-67, and their associations with clinicopathologic outcomes.

Methods

We studied 148 clear cell RCCs (CCRCCs) from patients who underwent radical nephrectomy. The expression levels of IMP3, p53, and Ki-67 were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and the clinical and pathologic parameters were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Twenty-nine percent of CCRCCs expressed IMP3. Forty-one percent of IMP3-immunopositive tumors developed metastases, while only 11.4% of IMP3-negative tumors developed metastases (p<.001). A Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with IMP3-immunopositive tumors had lower metastasis-free survival and cancer-specific survival than did those with IMP3-immunonegative tumors (p<.001 and p<.001, respectively). Expression of high Ki-67 proliferation index was also associated with a higher metastatic rate. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, pT stage and IMP3-positivity were independently associated with disease-specific survival.

Conclusions

IMP3 is an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with CCRCC to predict metastasis and poor outcome.

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Natividad Martin-Morales, Miguel Padial-Molina, Isabel Tovar, Virginea De Araujo Farias, Pedro Hernández-Cortés, Esperanza Ramirez-Moreno, Mercedes Caba-Molina, Justin Davis, Alejandro Carrero Castaño, Jose Mariano Ruiz de Almodovar, Pablo Galindo-Moreno,
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circRARS synergises with IGF2BP3 to regulate RNA methylation recognition to promote tumour progression in renal cell carcinoma
Yuenan Liu, Kailei Chen, Yi Shou, Sen Li, Jun Wang, Qingyang Zhang, Ziwei Huang, Jiaju Xu, Mingfeng Li, Di Liu, Huageng Liang, Hongmei Yang, Xiaoping Zhang
Clinical and Translational Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic value of insulin‑like growth factor 2 mRNA‑binding protein 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor‑A in patients with primary non‑small‑cell lung cancer
Jiannan Liu, Ying Liu, Wenjing Gong, Xiangshuo Kong, Congcong Wang, Shuhua Wang, Aina Liu
Oncology Letters.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma cells is mediated by DEK/IMP3
Shuping You, Yun Guan, Weihong Li
Molecular Medicine Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Distribution of Human Papillomavirus 52 and 58 Genotypes, and Their Expression of p16 and p53 in Cervical Neoplasia: Tae Eun Kim, Hwal Woong Kim, Kyung Eun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(1):24-29. Published online February 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.24

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Abstract PDF

Background

This study investigates the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) 52 and 58 genotypes among women residing in Busan, and the expression of p16 and p53 proteins in cervical neoplasia with HPV 52 and 58 infections.

Methods

A total of three hundred fifteen cases were analyzed using the HPV DNA chip test for HPV genotypes, and of these, we retrospectively examined p16 and p53 expression in 62 cases of cervical tissues infected with HPV 52 and 58 using immunohistochemistry.

Results

HPV 52 and 58 genotypes were identified in 62 (54.9%) out of 113 high-risk, HPV-infected cases. Of the cases examined, there were 19 single HPV 52 infections (16.8%), 23 single HPV 58 infections (20.4%), 4 multiple HPV 52 infections (3.5%), and 16 multiple HPV-58 infections (14.2%). Immunoreactivity of p16 and p53 was observed in 41 (66.1%) and 23 (37.1%) of the 62 cases of cervical neoplasia infected with HPV 52 and 58 genotypes, respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a high prevalence of HPV 52 and 58 genotypes, in addition to HPV 16, among high-risk strains of cervical neoplasia in Korea. These findings suggest that development of more vaccines would be beneficial for the prevention of the various HPV genotypes.

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Screening for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Reveals HPV52 and HPV58 among Pediatric and Adult Patient Saliva Samples
Hunter Hinton, Lorena Herrera, Sofia Valenzuela, Katherine M. Howard, Karl Kingsley
Dentistry Journal.2024; 12(3): 56. CrossRef
Usefulness Analysis of Urine Samples for Early Screening of Human Papilloma Virus Infection
Yoon Sung Choi, Hyunwoo Jin, Kyung Eun Lee
Journal of Cancer Prevention.2019; 24(4): 240. CrossRef
Relationship between Expression of P16 and Ki-67 and Persistent Infection of HPV in Cervical Carcinoma Patients
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Advances in Clinical Medicine.2018; 08(08): 776. CrossRef
Analysis of Sequence Variation and Risk Association of Human Papillomavirus 52 Variants Circulating in Korea
Youn Jin Choi, Eun Young Ki, Chuqing Zhang, Wendy C. S. Ho, Sung-Jong Lee, Min Jin Jeong, Paul K. S. Chan, Jong Sup Park, Xuefeng Liu
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(12): e0168178. CrossRef

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Cell Cycle Related Protein Expression in Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Korean Patients with Clinicopathologic Analysis: Miji Lee, Sung Bae Kim, Sang-wook Lee, Jong-Lyel Roh, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim, Kyung-Ja Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(2):148-157. Published online April 24, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.2.148

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Abstract PDF

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) has recently been characterized as a distinct subset with a favorable prognosis. The prevalence and clinicopathologic significance of HPV-related TSCC in Koreans are not well known.

Methods

HPV in situ hybridization (ISH) accompanied by p53, p16, pRb, and cyclin D1 immunohistochemical staining were performed on 89 resection cases of TSCC from 2000 through 2010.

Results

HPV was detected by ISH in 59 of 89 cases (66.3%). HPV-positive TSCCs were more common in younger ages (p=0.005), and tumor sizes were smaller in the HPV-positive compared to the HPV-negative group (p=0.040). Positive HPV staining was significantly correlated with p16 expression (p<0.001), pRb inactivation (p=0.003), and cyclin D1 down-regulation (p<0.001) but not with p53 expression (p=0.334). Seventeen cases that showed p16-immunopositivity with HPV-negativity by ISH were retested by HPV typing; HPV DNA was not detected in all cases. There was no significant difference between HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients either in the disease-specific survival (DSS, p=0.857) or overall survival (p=0.910). Furthermore, pRb-inactivated cases showed better DSS (p=0.023), and p53-positive cases showed worse DSS (p=0.001).

Conclusions

Although high HPV prevalence was noted, it was not correlated with histopathologic findings or survival benefit. In addition to p53 expression, pRb inactivation along with p16 overexpression and down-regulation of cyclin D1 are thought to be important pathogenetic steps for developing TSCCs.

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Ha Young Park, Joong Seob Lee, Jee Hye Wee, Jeong Wook Kang, Eun Soo Kim, Taeryool Koo, Hee Sung Hwang, Hyo Jung Kim, Ho Suk Kang, Hyun Lim, Nan Young Kim, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Mi Jung Kwon
Biomedicines.2023; 11(3): 851. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic characterization of cervical metastasis from an unknown primary tumor: a multicenter study in Korea
Miseon Lee, Uiree Jo, Joon Seon Song, Youn Soo Lee, Chang Gok Woo, Dong-Hoon Kim, Jung Yeon Kim, Sun Och Yoon, Kyung-Ja Cho
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(3): 166. CrossRef
Negative Prognostic Implication of TERT Promoter Mutations in Human Papillomavirus–Negative Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Under the New 8th AJCC Staging System
Hyunchul Kim, Mi Jung Kwon, Bumjung Park, Hyo Geun Choi, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Kyueng-Whan Min, Eun Soo Kim, Hee Sung Hwang, Mineui Hong, Taeryool Koo, Hyo Jung Kim
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2021; 12(S1): 134. CrossRef
Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus and its genotype distribution in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Yuil Kim, Young-Hoon Joo, Min-Sik Kim, Youn Soo Lee
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(5): 411. CrossRef
Frequent hepatocyte growth factor overexpression and low frequency of c-Met gene amplification in human papillomavirus–negative tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma and their prognostic significances
Mi Jung Kwon, Dong Hoon Kim, Hye-Rim Park, Hyung Sik Shin, Ji Hyun Kwon, Dong Jin Lee, Jin Hwan Kim, Seong Jin Cho, Eun Sook Nam
Human Pathology.2014; 45(7): 1327. CrossRef

Expression of CHOP in Squamous Tumor of the Uterine Cervix: Hyun Hee Chu, Jun Sang Bae, Kyoung Min Kim, Ho Sung Park, Dong Hyu Cho, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Ja Chung; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):463-469. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.463

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Abstract PDF

Background

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and abnormal p53 expression are closely involved in carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) of uterine cervix. Recent studies have suggested that virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress modulates various cell survival and cell death signaling pathways. The C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is associated with ER stress-mediated apoptosis and is also involved in carcinogenesis of several human cancers. We hypothesized that CHOP is involved in the carcinogenesis of uterine cervical cancer in association with HR-HPV and/or p53.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze CHOP and p53 protein expression of tissue sections from 191 patients with invasive cancer or preinvasive lesions of the uterine cervix (61 cases of SqCC, 66 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] III, and 64 cases of CIN I).

Results

CHOP was expressed in 59.4% of CIN I, 48.5% of CIN III, and 70.5% of SqCC cases. It was also significantly more frequent in invasive SqCC than in preinvasive lesions (p=0.042). Moreover, CHOP expression significantly correlated with HR-HPV infection and p53 expression (p=0.009 and p=0.038, respectively).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that CHOP is involved in the carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix SqCC via association with HR-HPV and p53.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Homeostasis in Reproductive Physiology and Pathology
Elif Guzel, Sefa Arlier, Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli, Mehmet Tabak, Tugba Ekiz, Nihan Semerci, Kellie Larsen, Frederick Schatz, Charles Lockwood, Umit Kayisli
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2017; 18(4): 792. CrossRef
Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway PERK‐eIF2α confers radioresistance in oropharyngeal carcinoma by activating NF‐κB
Qiao Qiao, Chaonan Sun, Chuyang Han, Ning Han, Miao Zhang, Guang Li
Cancer Science.2017; 108(7): 1421. CrossRef
Curcumin induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis through selective generation of reactive oxygen species in cervical cancer cells
Boyun Kim, Hee Seung Kim, Eun-Ji Jung, Jung Yun Lee, Benjamin K. Tsang, Jeong Mook Lim, Yong Sang Song
Molecular Carcinogenesis.2016; 55(5): 918. CrossRef
Down-regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma: Their relationship with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic significance
Xiao-Juan Zhu, She-Gan Gao, San-Qiang Li, Zhen-Guo Shi, Zhi-Kun Ma, Shan-Shan Zhu, Xiao-Shan Feng
Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology.2015; 39(3): 391. CrossRef
MG289 in <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> Enhances Microbial Invasion and Bacterial Persistence in Benign Human Prostate Cells
Wasia Rizwani, Leticia Reyes, Jeongsoon Kim, Steve Goodison, Charles J. Rosser
Open Journal of Urology.2013; 03(06): 232. CrossRef

Molecular Biological Characteristics of Differentiated Early Gastric Cancer on the Basis of Mucin Expression.: Nari Shin, Hye Yeon Kim, Woo Kyung Kim, Min Gyung Park, Kyung Bin Kim, Dong Hoon Shin, Kyung Un Choi, Jee Yeon Kim, Chang Hun Lee, Gi Young Huh, Mee Young Sol, Do Youn Park; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(1):69-78.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.1.69

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
It is clear that the biologic characteristics of gastric cancer are different on the basis of mucin phenotypes. However, there are unabated controversies on the exact biologic differences of mucin expression in gastric cancer.
METHODS
We analyzed various protein expressions and microsatellite instability (MSI) status based on mucin expression in 130 differentiated early gastric adenocarcinoma cases. Furthermore, we evaluated the genomic alternation in 10 selected differentiated early gastric adenocarcinoma cases using array based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH).
RESULTS
Intestinal mucin predominant subtype showed significantly elevated p53 protein and caudal-related homeobox 2 expression, and delocalization of beta catenin expressions compared to the gastric mucin predominant subtype. On MSI status, the gastric mucin predominant subtype more frequently showed unstable status than the intestinal mucin predominant subtype. CGH study showed more frequent chromosomal gain and loss in the intestinal mucin predominant subtype than the gastric mucin predominant subtype, albeit without statistical significance. Interestingly, there were significant differences in chromosomal alternation between four mucin phenotypes.
CONCLUSIONS
Study results suggest possible different points of biologic behaviors in early differentiated gastric adenocarcinomas by mucin expression type.

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Mucin Expression in Gastric Cancer: Reappraisal of Its Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance
Dae Hwan Kim, Nari Shin, Gwang Ha Kim, Geum Am Song, Tae-Yong Jeon, Dong-Heon Kim, Gregory Y. Lauwers, Do Youn Park
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2013; 137(8): 1047. CrossRef
Microsatellite Instability Status in Gastric Cancer: A Reappraisal of Its Clinical Significance and Relationship with Mucin Phenotypes
Joo-Yeun Kim, Na Ri Shin, Ahrong Kim, Hyun-Jeong Lee, Won-young Park, Jee-Yeon Kim, Chang-Hun Lee, Gi-Young Huh, Do Youn Park
Korean Journal of Pathology.2013; 47(1): 28. CrossRef

Prognostic Significance of Methylation Profiles in Urothelial Carcinomas of the Bladder.: Hee Jung Park, Eui Jin Lee, Sang Yun Ha, Ghee Young Kwon, Young Lyun Oh, Kyoung Mee Kim, Dae Shick Kim, Seongil Seo, Hyun Moo Lee, Han Yong Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(6):623-630.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.6.623

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Study on epigenetics of urothelial carcinomas has expanded and allowed better understanding of their correlation with clinicopathologic features. The aim of this study was to determine reliable predictive epigenetic markers for patients with urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder.
METHODS
In 64 urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder, methylationspecific polymerase chain reaction with RAS association domain family 1A (RASSF1A), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), death-associated protein-kinase (DAPK), runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), p14, p16 and MGMT was performed and correlated the results with p53 mutations, DNA ploidy, clinicopathologic parameters and recurrences.
RESULTS
Hypermethyation of RASSF1A, APC, DAPK, RUNX3, p14, p16 and MGMT promoters was observed in 35 (54.7%), 29 (45.3%), 18 (28.1%), 18 (28.1%), 9 (14.1%), 2 (3.1%), and 6 (9.4%) cases, respectively. Hypermethylation of RUNX3 and APC was significantly associated with high histologic grades and aneuploidy. Methylation of DAPK was significantly associated with muscle invasion. Methylation of DAPK and RUNX3 genes was significantly associated with recurrence. In survival analyses, methylation of RUNX3 gene and methylation-high (methylation at two or more loci) phenotype was significantly associated with poor recurrence-free survival.
CONCLUSIONS
Methylation of RUNX3 gene and methylation-high phenotype are significant indicator of recurrence.

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DAPK Promoter Methylation and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lihe Dai, Chong Ma, Zhensheng Zhang, Shuxiong Zeng, Anwei Liu, Shijie Tang, Qian Ren, Yinghao Sun, Chuanliang Xu, Shengtao Zhou
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(12): e0167228. CrossRef

Uncoupling Protein 2 (UCP2) and p53 Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast.: Kyu Yeoun Won, Gou Young Kim, Youn Wha Kim, Sung Jig Lim, Jeong Yoon Song; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(6):565-570.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.6.565

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a recently identified mitochondrial inner membrane anion carrier and a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species production. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics and relationships of UCP2 and p53 expression in breast cancer tissues.
METHODS
Tissue microarray slides from 107 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were constructed, UCP2 and p53 immunohistochemical staining was conducted, and clinicopathological correlations were investigated.
RESULTS
UCP2 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma was high in 53 cases (49.5%), while p53 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma was high in 37 cases (34.6%). UCP2 expression was correlated significantly with histological grade (p = 0.038) and mitotic count (p = 0.050). UCP2 expression was correlated significantly with p53 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (p = 0.045). UCP2 expression (p = 0.8308) and p53 expression (p = 0.3292) showed no significant difference for the overall survival rate in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma.
CONCLUSIONS
UCP2 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma increased proportionally with histological grade and mitotic count. High UCP2 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma was observed in conjunction with high p53 expression.

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Forkhead box protein A1 inhibits the expression of uncoupling protein 2 in hydrogen peroxide-induced A549 cell line
Lan Song, Zhaojun Xu, Ling Li, Mei Hu, Lijuan Cheng, Lingli Chen, Bo Zhang
Cell Stress and Chaperones.2014; 19(1): 53. CrossRef
New Aspects of Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs) and Their Roles in Tumorigenesis
Delira Robbins, Yunfeng Zhao
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2011; 12(8): 5285. CrossRef

Expression of p63 and its Isoform, deltaNp63, in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.: Ick Doo Kim, Dong Hoon Shin, Kyung Un Choi, Do Youn Park, Gi Yeong Huh, Mee Young Sol, Min Ki Lee, Young Dae Kim, Chang Hun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(4):321-328.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.4.321

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Several studies have been conducted on the role of the p63 gene family in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Nevertheless, the role of these genes in the development and progression of NSCLC remains controversial. This study was designed to examine the expression and clinicopathologic significance of the p63 family in NSCLC.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 92 cases of NSCLC (47 squamous cell carcinomas [SqCCs] and 45 adenocarcinomas [ACs]) using tissue microarray blocks. The results were analyzed and correlated with clinicopathologic data. RESULTS: The expression of delta Np63 (Delta Np63) was elevated in SqCC (39/47), but not in AC (2/45; p<0.01). Both p63 and Delta Np63 had high expression in 39 SqCCs; p63 and Delta Np63 also had a similar geomorphologic distribution in most positive tumors. The expression of Delta Np63 was correlated with histologic type, gender, pT stage, p53 expression, and p63 expression. pT and pN stages were independent factors in survival (p<0.05, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The major p63 isoform in NSCLC, Delta Np63, had a strong correlation with p53 and p63, and was exclusively expressed in SqCC. However, our findings suggest that Delta Np63 was not an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC.

The Expressions of E2F1 and p53 in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Their Prognostic Significance.: Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Hye Rim Park, Hyung Sik Shin, Jong Seok Lee, Chan Heun Park, Woon Geon Shin; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(3):212-220.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.3.212

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
E2F1 plays a critical role in the G1-to-S phase transition by inducing various genes that encode S phase-activating proteins and that modulate such diverse cellular functions as DNA synthesis, mitosis and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the E2F1 expression in relation to the clinicopathologic parameters and other tumor markers in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical stainings for obtaining the E2F1, p53, and Ki-67 labeling indices were performed on a tissue microarray of 72 gastrointestinal stromal tumor specimens. The clinicopathologic parameters that were analyzed including the risk grade system by Miettinen et al. and the disease-free survival (DFS) rate.
RESULTS
1) An E2F1 expression was correlated with a larger tumor size, a p53 expression and a shorter period of DFS (p=0.014, p=0.007, and p=0.039). 2) A p53 expression was significantly associated with a high risk grade, a larger tumor size, high mitotic counts and a shorter period of DFS (p=0.003, p=0.044, p<0.001, and p<0.0001). 3) A high-risk grade and the epithelioid type were significantly associated with a shorter period of DFS (p=0.0006 and p=0.0008).
CONCLUSIONS
E2F1, as well as p53, may be a potentially novel independent prognostic factor for predicting a worse outcome for those patients suffering with Gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

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Comparison of tissue microarray and full section in immunohistochemistry of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Hye Rim Park, Hyung Sik Shin, Jun Ho Park, Chan Heun Park, Won Jae Lee
Pathology International.2009; 59(12): 851. CrossRef

Expression Pattern of the Rb Protein and its Correlation with Prognosis in Primary Lung Cancer.: Hea Kyoung Hur, Seo Hee Rha, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):152-161.

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Abstract PDF: An immunohistochemical stain for the Rb tumor suppressor gene product was performed in pathologic specimens from 72 primary lung cancer patients to study the correlation between its expression and histologic type, cancer differentiation, clinical stage and survival rate. The expression of the Rb protein was positive in 34 cases(47.2%) and negative in 38 cases(52.8%). The Rb protein was not expressed in 16 of 42 cases(38.1%) in squamous cell carcinoma, in 17 of 23 cases(73.9%) in adenocarcinoma, in one of three cases(33.3%) in undifferentiated large cell carcinoma, in two of two cases(100%) in small cell carcinoma, in one of one case(100%) in an adenosquamous carcinoma and in one of one case(100%) in an atypical carcinoid. There were significant difference of the Rb protein expression between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma(p<0.05). The expression of Rb protein was not correlated with degree of cancer cell differentiation and clinical stage of the lung cancer(p>0.05). The two year survival rate for patients with the Rb positive was 65% compared with 37% for those with the Rb negative which was significant(p<0.05). This result suggests that an altered or the absence of the Rb protein in cancer cells can be a valuable prognostic factor in the lung cancer.

Loss of PTEN Expression in Primary Lung Cancer.: Mee Sook Roh; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(5):286-291.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene, a candidate tumor suppressor, is localized to chromosome 10q23 and shares extensive homology with cytoskeletal proteins auxilin and tensin. It appears to have multifunctional roles involved in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The role of PTEN alteration in the lung cancer and its relationship with other suppressor genes are not well established.
METHODS
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 105 patients with diagnosed with primary lung cancer were evaluated for PTEN and p53 protein expression using immunohistochemical methods. The results of the expression pattern of PTEN were compared with clinicopathological parameters and the expression pattern of p53.
RESULTS
Forty-seven (44.8%) of 105 cases had loss of PTEN expression. Loss of PTEN expression was significantly associated with histologic type (p<0.05), but did not correlate with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and stage. There was no significant relationship between loss of PTEN expression and p53 expression, and no significant difference in clinicopathologic characteristics between particular groups of patterns with the four possible tumor carrying PTEN/p53 phenotypes.
CONCLUSION
It is suggested that loss of PTEN expression occurs commonly in primary lung cancers and correlates with histologic type. Our results also support the proposed role of PTEN as a candidate tumor suppressor in lung cancer, and we suggest that there is a need for further study of this gene.

Altered Expression of p53, p21WAF1, p16, Rb, Smad4 and c-erbB-2 in Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.: Yun Kyung Kang, Woo Ho Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(6):382-388.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Our aim was to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the expression of key molecular markers in a series of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and to determine their association with clinicopathologic variables.
METHODS
By using immunohistochemical staining, we examined the expressions of five tumor suppressor genes (p53, p21WAF1, p16, Rb, Smad4) and a growth factor receptor (c-erbB-2) in 52 surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
RESULTS
Abnormal nuclear overexpression of p53 was noted in 28/52 (53.8%) cases. Total loss of p21WAF1, p16, Rb, and Smad4 was detected in 15/52 (28.8%), 33/52 (63.5%), 4/52 (7.7%), and 26/52 (50%) cases, respectively. Overexpression of c-erbB-2 was noted in 21/52 (40.4%) cases. Forty-nine (94.2%) cases revealed aberration of at least one of the markers examined. There was a positive correlation between p53 and c-erbB-2 overexpression (p<0.05). Among the examined genes, overexpression of c-erbB-2 was found to have a positive relationship with the tumor stage (p<0.05). There was also a significant correlation between the histologic grade and the number of abnormally expressed genes per tumor (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Among the various tumor-associated proteins evaluated in this study, c-erbB-2 could have the most likely clinical implication.

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