MATERIALS AND METHODS

Design and data collection

A questionnaire designed by the Endocrine Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists to gather data concerning the extent of implementation of TBSRTC and its impact on clinical practice was mailed to 211 pathology laboratories in the year 2012. Participants were asked questions related to the year of implementation of TBSRTC, number of thyroid aspiration cases in 2010 and 2011, usage of liquid-based cytology, types of liquid-based cytology used, and usage of core needle biopsy. Subsequently, a questionnaire was mailed to 41 institutions that had agreed to provide the statistics of thyroid FNA including the incidence, operation rate and malignancy rate of each diagnostic categories of TBSRTC. All the participants’ answers were collated. Among them, sixteen institutes reported the incidence of each category (unsatisfactory, benign, AUS, follicular neoplasm [FN], suspicious for malignancy [SM], and malignancy) in TBSRTC diagnosed from January to December, 2011. In total, 42,132 cases were analyzed. Follow-up malignancy rates of each category in 15 institutes were also collected and analyzed. Malignancy rate of each category was estimated based on surgically resected specimens. This survey was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, waiving the requirement for informed consent (IRB No. B-1212/182-304).

Statistics

The statistical significance of the data was assessed using SPSS ver. 21.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated in two different settings considering thyroid FNA as a “screening test.” First, we calculated these parameters in malignant thyroid tumors. Surgical specimens which had been cytologically classified in the DC II of TBSRTC and diagnosed histologically as benign were considered to be true-negative samples. Surgical specimens whose cytologic diagnoses were in the remaining diagnostic categories (DC V, DC VI) and histologically proved to be malignant neoplasms were considered to be true-positives. The false-positive category included cases that had been diagnosed as SM or malignant (DC V, DC VI), but later confirmed histologically as benign (normal, non-neoplastic benign lesion, or benign neoplasm). The false-negative cases included those diagnosed as benign on FNA but confirmed as malignant upon surgical excision. In addition, those parameters were calculated for thyroid neoplasms including benign (such as follicular adenoma) and malignant. For this calculation, follow-up surgical specimens diagnosed as non-neoplastic benign disease or normal, which were interpreted as the DC II of TBSRTC, were considered to be true-negative samples, and the remaining diagnostic categories (DC IV, DC V, and DC VI), which proved to be either benign or malignant neoplasms by histologic examination of the surgical specimens, were considered to be true-positive. The false-positive category included cases that were diagnosed as FN, SM, and malignant but later confirmed histologically as benign non-neoplastic or normal. The false-negative cases included those diagnosed as DC II on FNA but confirmed as a true neoplasm upon surgical excision. The DC I and DC III (AUS/FLUS) categories were excluded from the statistical analysis because these diagnoses usually led to a repeat FNA rather than to surgical excision; moreover, these cases could not be categorized as either positive or negative.

RESULTS

General survey questions

Questionnaire surveys were sent out to 77 institutes of pathology with controlled quality authorized by the Korean Cytopathology Conference. Three institutes were excluded because they were sending out their cytology specimens to consultants for the diagnosis, and answers from 74 institutes were included in the assessment. The survey results are summarized in Table 1.

Among the 74 institutes, 60 used TBSRTC for their diagnostic categorization of thyroid FNA at the time of survey. The starting year of using this classification varied from 2008 to 2012. The usage increased particularly from 2010 to 2012, 3 to 5 years after the conference in Bethesda. In Korea, the corresponding guidelines of the KTA for management of patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer were introduced in 2009, which might attribute in the subsequent sharp rise in the usage of TBSRTC [6,16]. Forty-one out of the 74 institutes used conventional method for FNA, whereas 11 institutes used liquid-based method; the remaining 22 adopted both. Out of the 33 institutes using liquidbased preparation, 10 had started doing so in 2010. Regarding the preparation method for liquid-based FNA, two representative commercial methods, Thin-prep and Sure-path, were predominant: almost every institute chose one or the other method. Core needle biopsy was being done in 21 institutes (27% of the 77). Among them, four institutes (5% of the 77) used both core needle biopsy and FNA as the primary investigation method of thyroid nodules. In thirty-eight institutes (51.4%), FNA was done by radiologists, followed by clinicians of internal medicine, surgeons, pathologists, and thyroid-specialized clinicians.

The survey indicated that the majority of the FNA specimens in Korea (60/74, 81%) were being diagnosed as per TBSRTC as of 2007. Moreover, the preparation method also shifted from conventional to liquid-based, the latter adopted in about 43% (33/77) including the institutes performing both.

Incidence and malignancy rate of each DC of TBSRTC in Korea

Sixteen out of 74 institutes answering the survey reported the results of thyroid FNA by TBSRTC. The mean distribution of six categories from 42,132 cases of 16 institutes was as follows: 11.1% nondiagnostic, 62.3% benign, 9.7% AUS, 0.9% FN, 6.7% SM, and 9.1% malignancy (Table 2). The mean operation rates of each category were as follows: 7.5% nondiagnostic, 2.4% benign, 20.2% AUS, 43.7% FN, 59.9% SM, and 69.2% malignancy (Table 3).

The average of malignancy rates for resected cases of 15 institutes are shown in Table 4: nondiagnostic, 45.6%; benign, 16.5%; AUS, 68.7%; FN, 30.2%; SM, 97.5%; and malignancy, 99.7%. Relatively high malignancy rates were noted in nondiagnostic and benign categories, which might have resulted from false-negative results of clinically suspicious nodules. Overall, the false-positive rate of the SM and malignancy category combined was 1.23%.

Follow-up histologic diagnosis of each categories of TBSRTC

The final histological diagnoses upon resection are listed in Table 5. Each DC is sub-classified according to the recommendation of TBSRTC and follow-up histologic diagnoses are summarized by the sub-classification of each DC.

Of 4,599 cases, 247 were operated in the non-DC (DC I) and 128 cases (51.8%) were revealed as malignant nodules. The malignant cases mainly consisted of papillary thyroid carcinoma (121 cases), followed by five cases of follicular carcinoma, one case of poorly differentiated carcinoma, and one case of lymphoma. The benign category (DC II) had 422 cases of follow-up operation out of 21,399 cases. Among them, 320 (75.8%) were revealed as benign nodules and 102 cases (24.2%) were malignant: 89 papillary thyroid carcinomas, 12 follicular carcinomas, and one medullary carcinoma. Out of the 3,708 AUS-categorized cases, 722 had follow-up surgical resection (Table 3). The 514 cases (71.2%) with malignant histologic diagnoses consisted of 471 cases of papillary carcinoma, 25 cases of follicular carcinoma, 13 of medullary carcinoma, four of Hurthle cell carcinoma, and one of poorly differentiated carcinoma. The remaining 208 (28.8%) cases were proved to be benign lesions. In DC VI (FN), 121 out of 283 cases had surgical resection. Forty-six cases out of 121 cases (38%) were malignant: 23 cases of follicular carcinoma, 20 of papillary carcinoma, and three of Hurthle cell carcinoma. The remaining cases (75 cases, 61.9%) that were proved to be benign included 36 follicular adenomas, 19 nodular hyperplasia, 16 Hurthle cell adenomas, and four lymphocytic thyroiditis (Table 5). A total of 1,133 cases of DC V were histologically confirmed as benign nodules in 32 cases (2.8 %) and malignancy in 1,101 cases (97.2%): 1,094 cases of papillary carcinoma and seven cases of medullary carcinoma (Table 5). Lastly, DC VI (malignancy) had 2,439 resected cases out of 3,343 FNAs. Overall, the final histologic diagnoses were well correlated with preoperative FNA diagnoses. Out of 2,439 cases, 2,419 (99.6%) with a preoperative diagnosis of papillary carcinoma on FNA sub-classification were proved to be papillary carcinoma upon resection. Only 20 out of 2,439 resected cases were non-papillary thyroid carcinoma lesions including one follicular carcinoma, three medullary carcinomas, two poorly differentiated carcinomas, one undifferentiated carcinoma, one metastatic carcinoma, and 12 various benign lesions (Table 5).

Diagnostic values for TBSRTC in Korea

Through the data obtained by the survey summarized above, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were analyzed in two ways. First, we included only those in the benign category (DC II) as negative and malignant categories (DC V and VI) as positive. In this analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for malignant thyroid tumors were 97.19%, 87.91%, 98.76%, and 75.83%, respectively. Second, we included FN (DC IV) cases as positive and calculated each parameter for the neoplasm including both benign and malignant. In this case, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for neoplasm of thyroid were 97.14%, 72.89%, 96.78%, and 75.83%, respectively.

DISCUSSION

TBSRTC was proposed in October 2007 in Bethesda, Maryland, and published in 2009,1 TBSRTC was then immediately introduced in the 2009 guidelines of the KTA [6,16]. Despite the information about TBSRTC having been globally disseminated, the status of its usage in clinical practice in Korea has been unknown. This questionnaire provides a cross-sectional view, based on the collective data from participating pathology laboratories, of the degree of implementation of TBSRTC in Korea and evaluates its impact on daily practice by assessing the incidence and malignant risk of each DC at each pathology laboratory using TBSRTC.

Overall, the data shows that TBSRTC is well implemented in Korea. As of July 2012 (when the questionnaire was mailed), 81% (60 out of 74) of the participating pathology laboratories were already using TBSRTC, which is higher than the rate given in published data from the College of American Pathologists [17]. In addition, the data demonstrates interesting technical points. Fifty-seven percent of the laboratories are using conventional alcohol-fixed direct smears as a preparatory method for thyroid FNA; in contrast, 14.9% of the laboratories are using liquid-based cytology and 29.7% are using both. Overall, 44.6% of the laboratories are using liquid based cytology. Twenty-one out of 74 pathology laboratories (27%) received thyroid core needle biopsies; among them, four institutes used both core needle biopsy and FNA as the primary diagnostic test for thyroid nodules. Although core needle biopsy of thyroid nodules is emerging as an effective alternative method, the primary use of core needle biopsy in a thyroid nodule is quite unusual. For example, current American Thyroid Association thyroid nodule management guidelines and the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Statement have not included core biopsy as an evaluation tool of thyroid nodule, and some other studies suggest that after several non-diagnostic FNA, surgical excision should be considered appropriate [18,19].

More importantly, our data showed some differences in the incidence and malignant risk of certain categories between TBSRTC1 or published studies from other countries [7,12] and the current results. As shown in Table 2, lower incidence of DC IV (0.9±0.8%) and higher incidence of DC III (9.7±4.6%), DC V (6.7±4.1%), and DC VI (9.1±5.5%) were demonstrated. Moreover, the malignancy rates of DC I, II, III, and V (mean of malignancy rates: 46.5±33.5, 16.5±13.1, 68.7±15.8, and 97.5±4.5, respectively) in our study were higher than the risk of malignancy indicated by the original TBSRTC (1%–4%, DC I; 0%–3%, DC II; 5%–15%, DC III, and 60%–75%, DC V) [1] and other previous studies [11,18-24]. However, these findings are consistently shown in previous reports from Korea [8,9]. These can be explained by several reasons. First, in Korea, the prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinoma is more than 95%, whereas that of follicular carcinoma is very low, at 3.2% [6], which has resulted in the lower incidence of DC IV and higher incidence of DC III, V, and VI. In addition, higher prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinoma might influence higher malignant rates of DC II, DC III, and DC V. Second, most institutes submitting their details of TBSRTC are university-based tertiary centers. In tertiary referral institutes, the patients who had been diagnosed with suspicious or malignant nodules at primary care centers were more likely to receive an operation despite a DC III or DC V diagnosis of FNA, especially those whose imaging studies strongly suggest malignancy. In the present study, malignancy rates were calculated based on the resected cases. The malignancy rate assessed either in the total fine needle aspiration cytology cases or in the resected cases cannot be said to represent the exact malignancy rate of each DC of TBSRTC. The former can miss unresected malignant tumors, and the latter can be exaggerated by selection bias, which may occur in this type of retrospective study. Therefore, our malignancy rates cannot be directly compared with the malignant risk recommended in TBSRTC. Lastly, because Korean citizens tend to consider false-positive results more significantly than false-negative results, cytopathologists in Korea may have a tendency to under-diagnose FNA of thyroid nodules [10].

There are some limitations in the data derived from this questionnaire, especially those evaluating the incidence and malignancy rate of each DC in TBSRTC, as mentioned above. First, 14 out of 16 institutes submitting the incidence and malignancy rate of TBSRTC are university-based centers. Therefore, the results of this survey may not be truly representative of all kinds of practices; from community to academic. Second, all data are self-reported and not verified. Third, the data might not reflect the current status in certain aspects because the questionnaire was mailed in July 2012. The implementation of TBSRTC is more widespread in Korea at present, and liquid-based cytology and core needle biopsy are likely to have been adopted more widely. The usage of core needle biopsy in thyroid nodules has been actively studied in Korea [25].

In conclusion, overall, TBSRTC has been well adopted in Korea, with more than 80% of institutes using TBSRTC as of 2012. However, ongoing education is still necessary to reduce the variation of incidence and malignant rates of TBSRTC. Moreover, it would be better to modify reference values of malignancy rate of each category of TBSRTC and revisit the guidelines for treating patients with thyroid nodules in Korea based on the results of this study. Finally, it is highly recommended that each institute review their report of thyroid aspiration and have their own incidence and malignant rates for each DC.

Acknowledgments

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Figure & Data

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