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Review Article
Article image
Breast schwannoma: review of entity and differential diagnosis
Sandra Ixchel Sanchez, Ashley Cimino-Mathews
J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(6):353-360.   Published online November 3, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.08.12
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  • 137 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Schwannomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors composed of Schwann cells, which uncommonly involve the breast. Most breast schwannomas are clinically present as a superficial palpable breast mass but may also be detected on screening mammography. Excision is the preferred treatment if symptomatic, and these are not known to recur. Histomorphology is similar to other anatomic sites: bland spindle cells with wavy nuclei, nuclear palisading (Verocay bodies), variably hypercellular (Antoni A) and hypocellular (Antoni B) areas, myxoid stroma, hyalinized vessels and variable cystic degeneration. Classic immunohistochemistry is diffuse and strong labeling for S100 and Sox10. Notable diagnostic pitfalls specific to the breast include myofibroblastoma, particularly the palisaded variant, and fascicular pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia.
Review
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Breast fine-needle aspiration cytology in the era of core-needle biopsy: what is its role?
Ahrong Kim, Hyun Jung Lee, Jee Yeon Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(1):26-38.   Published online January 15, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.11.01
Correction in: J Pathol Transl Med 2025;59(2):147
  • 12,134 View
  • 426 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has long been recognized as a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic tool for breast lesions. However, with the advent of core-needle biopsy (CNB), the role of FNAC has diminished in some clinical settings. This review aims to re-evaluate the diagnostic value of FNAC in the current era, focusing on its complementary use alongside CNB, the adoption of new approaches such as the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System, and the implementation of rapid on-site evaluation to reduce inadequate sample rates. Advances in liquid-based cytology, receptor expression testing, molecular diagnostics, and artificial intelligence are discussed, highlighting their potential to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC. Despite challenges, FNAC remains a valuable diagnostic method, particularly in low-resource settings and specific clinical scenarios, and its role continues to evolve with technology.

Citations

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  • Bulk-lysis protocols as a sensitive method for investigation of circulating CK19 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer by flow cytometry
    Daniella Serafin Couto Vieira, Laura Otto Walter, Maria Eduarda Cunha da Silva, Lisandra de Oliveira Silva, Heloísa Zorzi Costa, Chandra Chiappin Cardoso, Fernando Carlos de Lander Schmitt, Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva
    Analytical Methods.2025; 17(23): 4771.     CrossRef
Original Article
Article image
International Academy of Cytology standardized reporting of breast fine-needle aspiration cytology with cyto-histopathological correlation of breast carcinoma
Shweta Pai
J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(5):241-248.   Published online September 13, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.07.14
  • 7,726 View
  • 407 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) has developed a standardized approach for reporting the findings of breast fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Accordingly, there are five chief categories of breast lesions, C1 (insufficient material), C2 (benign), C3 (atypical), C4 (suspicious), and C5 (malignant). The prognostication and management of breast carcinoma can be performed readily on the basis of this classification system. The aim of this study was to classify various breast lesions into one of the above-named categories and to further grade the C5 lesions specifically using the Robinson system. The latter grades were then correlated with modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grades.
Methods
This retrospective study was undertaken in the pathology department of a hospital located in the urban part of the city of Bangalore. All FNAC procedures performed on breast lumps spanning the year 2020 were included in the study.
Results
A total of 205 breast lesions was classified according to the IAC guidelines into C1 (6 cases, 2.9%), C2 (151 cases, 73.7%), C3 (13 cases, 6.3%), C4 (5 cases, 2.5%), and C5 (30 cases, 14.6%) groups. The C5 cases were further graded using Robinson’s system. The latter showed a significant correlation with the SBR system (concordance=83.3%, Spearman correlation=0.746, Kendall’s tau-b=0.736, kappa=0.661, standard error=0.095, p≤.001).
Conclusions
A standardized approach for FNAC reporting of breast lesions, as advocated for by the IAC, improves the quality and clarity of the reports and assures diagnostic reproducibility on a global scale. Further, the cytological grading of C5 lesions provides reliable cyto-prognostic scores that can help assess a tumor’s aggressiveness and predict its histological grade.
Case Study
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Metastatic choroidal melanoma in the breast: a case report and review of the literature
Loay Abudalu, Vinisha Malhotra, Nabila Nasir, Sami Titi
J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(4):238-241.   Published online July 11, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.06.07
  • 4,982 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The breast is an unusual site for metastases, accounting for less than 2% of malignant breast lesions but include those from malignant melanomas, carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas from various organs. We diagnosed a very rare case of metastatic choroidal melanoma for a 67-year-old female who presented with a right breast lump and who had been previously diagnosed with choroidal melanoma-monosomy 3 in 2017. To the best of our knowledge, only five such cases have been published so far, with one in a male patient.
Original Articles
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A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of primary and secondary breast angiosarcoma
Evi Abada, Hyejeong Jang, Seongho Kim, Rouba Ali-Fehmi, Sudeshna Bandyopadhyay
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):342-353.   Published online October 27, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.08.31
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  • 7 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
We aimed to study the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) (CD117, c-Myc, and p53) characteristics, and overall survival of primary and secondary breast angiosarcoma (BAS).
Methods
This was a retrospective study of BAS cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2020 at our institution. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed for tumor morphology, margin status, and lymph node metastasis. CD117, p53, D2-40, CD31, and c-Myc IHC stains were performed on 11 viable tissue blocks. Additional clinical information was obtained from the electronic medical records.
Results
Seventeen patients with BAS were identified. Of these, five (29%) were primary and 12 (71%) were secondary BAS, respectively. The median age at diagnosis for primary BAS was 36 years. The median age at diagnosis for secondary BAS was 67 years. The median time to secondary BAS development following radiotherapy was 6.5 years (range, 2 to 12 years). There was no significant difference between primary and secondary BAS in several histopathologic parameters examined, including histologic grade, necrosis, mitotic count, lymph node metastasis, and positive tumor margins. There was also no difference in CD117, p53, D2-40, CD31, and c-Myc expression by IHC between primary and secondary BAS. During a median followup of 21 months, primary BAS had two (40%) reported deaths and secondary BAS had three (25%) reported deaths. However, this difference in survival between both groups was not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.09 to 3.28; p = .450).
Conclusions
BAS is a rare and aggressive disease. No histologic, IHC (CD117, c-Myc, and p53), or survival differences were identified between primary and secondary BAS in this study.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Angiosarcoma: a systematic review of biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies
    Huyen Thuc Tran Luong, Sofie Vercammen, Ario de Marco, Hilde de Rooster, Antonio Cosma
    Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Etiology, pathogenesis, and management of angiosarcoma associated with implants and foreign body: Clinical cases and research updates
    Ramy Samargandi
    Medicine.2024; 103(18): e37932.     CrossRef
  • Ovarian angiosarcoma: A systematic review of literature and survival analysis
    Shafi Rehman, Arya Harikrishna, Amisha Silwal, B.R. Sumie, Safdar Mohamed, Nisha Kolhe, Meghana Maddi, Linh Huynh, Jesus Gutierrez, Yoshita Rao Annepu, Ameer Mustafa Farrukh
    Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2024; 73: 152331.     CrossRef
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for radiation associated angiosarcoma (RAAS) of the breast: A retrospective single center study
    Stijn J.C. van der Burg, Sophie J.M. Reijers, Anke Kuijpers, Lotte Heimans, Astrid N. Scholten, Rick L.M. Haas, Hester van Boven, Willemijn M. Kolff, Marie-Jeanne T.F.D. Vrancken Peeters, Martijn Kerst, Beatrijs A. Seinstra, Neeltje Steeghs, Winette T.A.
    The Breast.2024; 78: 103825.     CrossRef
  • Lymph node involvement in secondary breast angiosarcoma – a case presentation
    Adriana Irina Ciuvică, Tiberiu Augustin Georgescu , Andrei Dennis Voichiţoiu , Angela Arsene , Luchian Marinescu , George Ionuţ Bucur , Livia Iordache , Nahedd Saba
    Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology.2024; 65(3): 523.     CrossRef
  • Primary ovarian angiosarcoma: Two case reports and review of literature
    Ying Zhou, Yi-Wen Sun, Xiao-Yang Liu, Dan-Hua Shen
    World Journal of Clinical Cases.2023; 11(21): 5122.     CrossRef
Article image
Fatty acid synthetase expression in triple-negative breast cancer
Jin Hee Park, Hye Seung Han, So Dug Lim, Wook Youn Kim, Kyoung Sik Park, Young Bum Yoo, Seung Eun Lee, Wan-Seop Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(2):73-80.   Published online January 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.10.27
  • 7,535 View
  • 204 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a relatively poor prognosis. Research has identified potential metabolic targets, including fatty acid metabolism, in TNBC. The absence of effective target therapies for TNBC led to exploration of the role of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) as a potential target for TNBC therapy. Here, we analyzed the expression of FASN, a representative lipid metabolism–related protein, and investigated the association between FASN expression and Ki-67 and the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) biomarkers in TNBC.
Methods
Immunohistochemical expression of FASN was analyzed in 166 patients with TNBC. For analytical purposes, patients with 0–1+ FASN staining were grouped as low-grade FASN and patients with 2–3+ FASN staining as high-grade FASN.
Results
FASN expression was observed in 47.1% of TNBC patients. Low and high expression of FASN was identified in 75.9% and 24.1%, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found in T category, N category, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, or recurrence rate between the low and high-FASN expression groups. Ki-67 proliferation level was significantly different between the low and high-FASN expression groups. FASN expression was significantly related to Ki-67 as the level increased. There was no significant difference in PD-L1 positivity between the low- and high-FASN expression groups.
Conclusions
We identified FASN expression in 166 TNBC patients. The Ki-67 proliferation index was positively correlated with FASN level, indicating higher proliferation activity as FASN increases. However, there was no statistical association with PD-L1 SP142, the currently FDA-approved assay, or FASN expression level.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Lipid metabolism involved in progression and drug resistance of breast cancer
    Wenxiang Fu, Aijun Sun, Huijuan Dai
    Genes & Diseases.2025; 12(4): 101376.     CrossRef
  • Unveiling the impact of lipid metabolism on triple-negative breast cancer growth and treatment options
    Xin-xian Cai, Zhe-zhong Zhang, Xiao-xiao Yang, Wen-rui Shen, Liu-wei Yuan, Xi Ding, Ying Yu, Wen-yu Cai
    Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Protein biomarkers for diagnosis of breast cancer
    Emeka Eze Joshua Iweala, Doris Nnenna Amuji, Faith Chinasaokwu Nnaji
    Scientific African.2024; 25: e02308.     CrossRef
  • Microarray analysis points to LMNB1 and JUN as potential target genes for predicting metastasis promotion by etoposide in colorectal cancer
    Jiafei Liu, Hongjie Yang, Peng Li, Yuanda Zhou, Zhichun Zhang, Qingsheng Zeng, Xipeng Zhang, Yi Sun
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The signature of extracellular vesicles in hypoxic breast cancer and their therapeutic engineering
    Baiheng Zhu, Kehao Xiang, Tanghua Li, Xin Li, Fujun Shi
    Cell Communication and Signaling.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • NFYA promotes malignant behavior of triple-negative breast cancer in mice through the regulation of lipid metabolism
    Nobuhiro Okada, Chihiro Ueki, Masahiro Shimazaki, Goki Tsujimoto, Susumu Kohno, Hayato Muranaka, Kiyotsugu Yoshikawa, Chiaki Takahashi
    Communications Biology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Role of EGFR and FASN in breast cancer progression
    Suchi Chaturvedi, Mainak Biswas, Sushabhan Sadhukhan, Avinash Sonawane
    Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling.2023; 17(4): 1249.     CrossRef
  • Bioinformatics Method Was Used to Analyze the Highly Expressed Gene FAM83A of Breast Cancer in Young Women
    Yongzhe Tang, Hao Wang, Qi He, Yuanyuan Chen, Jie Wang, Fahd Abd Algalil
    Applied Bionics and Biomechanics.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
  • NCAPH promotes proliferation as well as motility of breast cancer cells by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
    Ting Zhang, Peng Li, Wanying Guo, Qipeng Liu, Weiqiang Qiao, Miao Deng
    Physiology International.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Article image
A multicenter study of interobserver variability in pathologic diagnosis of papillary breast lesions on core needle biopsy with WHO classification
Hye Ju Kang, Sun Young Kwon, Ahrong Kim, Woo Gyeong Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Ae Ree Kim, Chungyeul Kim, Soo Kee Min, So Young Park, Sun Hee Sung, Hye Kyoung Yoon, Ahwon Lee, Ji Shin Lee, Hyang Im Lee, Ho Chang Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Sun Young Jun, Min Jung Jung, Chang Won Jung, Soo Youn Cho, Eun Yoon Cho, Hye Jeong Choi, So Yeon Park, Jee Yeon Kim, In Ae Park, Youngmee Kwon
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(6):380-387.   Published online October 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.07.29
  • 7,163 View
  • 226 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Papillary breast lesions (PBLs) comprise diverse entities from benign and atypical lesions to malignant tumors. Although PBLs are characterized by a papillary growth pattern, it is challenging to achieve high diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility. Thus, we investigated the diagnostic reproducibility of PBLs in core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens with World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
Methods
Diagnostic reproducibility was assessed using interobserver variability (kappa value, κ) and agreement rate in the pathologic diagnosis of 60 PBL cases on CNB among 20 breast pathologists affiliated with 20 medical institutions in Korea. This analysis was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and p63. The pathologic diagnosis of PBLs was based on WHO classification, which was used to establish simple classifications (4-tier, 3-tier, and 2-tier).
Results
On WHO classification, H&E staining exhibited ‘fair agreement’ (κ = 0.21) with a 47.0% agreement rate. Simple classifications presented improvement in interobserver variability and agreement rate. IHC staining increased the kappa value and agreement rate in all the classifications. Despite IHC staining, the encapsulated/solid papillary carcinoma (EPC/SPC) subgroup (κ = 0.16) exhibited lower agreement compared to the non-EPC/SPC subgroup (κ = 0.35) with WHO classification, which was similar to the results of any other classification systems.
Conclusions
Although the use of IHC staining for CK5 and p63 increased the diagnostic agreement of PBLs in CNB specimens, WHO classification exhibited a higher discordance rate compared to any other classifications. Therefore, this result warrants further intensive consensus studies to improve the diagnostic reproducibility of PBLs with WHO classification.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Beyond the benign: A rare case report of myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma
    Arslan Ahmad, Muhammad Ammar, Muhammad Hasnain Saleem Choudary, Muhammad Nouman Sadiq, Rana Uzair Ahmad, Nouman Aziz
    Radiology Case Reports.2025; 20(5): 2500.     CrossRef
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    Shijing Wang, Qingfu Zhang, Xiaoyun Mao
    Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Recommendations for Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning in Pathology: A Concept Paper From the College of American Pathologists
    Matthew G. Hanna, Niels H. Olson, Mark Zarella, Rajesh C. Dash, Markus D. Herrmann, Larissa V. Furtado, Michelle N. Stram, Patricia M. Raciti, Lewis Hassell, Alex Mays, Liron Pantanowitz, Joseph S. Sirintrapun, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Anil Parwani, Giovann
    Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2024; 148(10): e335.     CrossRef
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    Liang Xu, Qixin Mao, Qiuming Liu, Yufeng Gao, Lihua Luo, Chungen Guo, Wei Qu, Ningning Yan, Yali Cao
    Oncology Letters.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Aparna Harbhajanka, Hannah L. Gilmore, Benjamin C. Calhoun
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Article image
Potential of AKT2 expression as a predictor of lymph-node metastasis in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type
Primariadewi Rustamadji, Elvan Wiyarta, Kristina Anna Bethania, Kusmardi Kusmardi
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(4):271-278.   Published online June 14, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.04.26
  • 5,997 View
  • 154 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) is the most common type of breast cancer and mainly causes regional lymph-node metastasis (LNM). We investigated the potential for AKT2 expression as a predictive biomarker for LNM in IBC-NST.
Methods
Forty-eight paraffin blocks containing IBC-NST primary tumors were divided into two groups based on presence or absence of LNM. Age, tumor grade, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and AKT expression were assessed. AKT2 expression was assessed based on immunohistochemical staining, while other data were collected from archives.
Results
Multiple logistic regression results showed that AKT2 expression and LVI were significantly associated with LNM (odds ratio [OR], 5.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42 to 19.93 and OR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.17 to 16.97, respectively). AKT2 expression was able to discriminate against LNM (area under the receiver operating characteristic, 0.799 ± 0.063; 95% CI, 0.676 to 0.921) at an H-score cutoff of 104.62 (83.3% sensitivity, 62.5% specificity).
Conclusions
AKT2 expression has potential as a predictor of LNM in IBC-NST. The H-score cutoff for AKT2 expression can be used as a classification guide in future studies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of Src with Nottingham Prognostic Index in Breast Cancer: Implications for Breast Cancer Prognostication
    Primariadewi Rustamadji, Elvan Wiyarta
    Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine.2024; 7(2): 90.     CrossRef
  • CD4+ Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes in Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy-treated Invasive Breast Cancer of No Special Type
    Primariadewi Rustamadji, Elvan Wiyarta, Meike Pramono, Sinta Chaira Maulanisa
    Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine.2024; 7(3): 179.     CrossRef
  • Potential of AKNA as a Predictive Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer and Its Relationship to Tumor Grading
    P Rustamadji, E Wiyarta, M Miftahuzzakiyah, D Sukmawati, DA Suryandari, R Kodariah
    Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice.2024; 27(9): 1089.     CrossRef
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    Primariadewi Rustamadji, Elvan Wiyarta, Ineke Anggreani
    Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.2022; 10(B): 1440.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Omega-3-Rich Fish Oil on TNF-  Expression in Mice's Colonic Tissue Induced with Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sodium Sulphate (DSS)
    Elvan Wiyarta, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen
    Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2022; : 3179.     CrossRef
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    Kusmardi Kusmardi, Elvan Wiyarta, Numlil Khaira Rusdi, Andi Muh. Maulana, Ari Estuningtyas, Hadi Sunaryo
    F1000Research.2021; 10: 902.     CrossRef
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    Primariadewi Rustamadji, Elvan Wiyarta, Kristina A. Bethania, Rakesh Sathish Nair
    International Journal of Breast Cancer.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
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    Primariadewi Rustamadji, Muhammad Takbir, Puspita Eka Wuyung, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Elvan Wiyarta
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Review
Article image
Standardized pathology report for breast cancer
Soo Youn Cho, So Yeon Park, Young Kyung Bae, Jee Yeon Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Woo Gyeong Kim, Youngmee Kwon, Ahwon Lee, Hee Jin Lee, Ji Shin Lee, Jee Young Park, Gyungyub Gong, Hye Kyoung Yoon
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):1-15.   Published online January 11, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.11.20
  • 15,839 View
  • 724 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Given the recent advances in management and understanding of breast cancer, a standardized pathology report reflecting these changes is critical. To meet this need, the Breast Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists has developed a standardized pathology reporting format for breast cancer, consisting of ‘standard data elements,’ ‘conditional data elements,’ and a biomarker report form. The ‘standard data elements’ consist of the basic pathologic features used for prognostication, while other factors related to prognosis or diagnosis are described in the ‘conditional data elements.’ In addition to standard data elements, all recommended issues are also presented. We expect that this standardized pathology report for breast cancer will improve diagnostic concordance and communication between pathologists and clinicians, as well as between pathologists inter-institutionally.

Citations

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  • Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Breast Associated With an Incidental Radial Scar: A Cyto‐Histopathology Correlation
    Rallapalli Rajyalakshmi, Valasapalli Rajani, Tanuku Sreedhar, Kollabathula Arpitha
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Anikó Kovács, Åsa Rundgren-Sellei, Gunilla Rask, Annette Bauer, Anna Bodén, Johannes van Brakel, Eugenia Colón-Cervantes, Anna Ehinger, Johan Hartman, Balazs Acs
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Original Article
Article image
Automated immunohistochemical assessment ability to evaluate estrogen and progesterone receptor status compared with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in breast carcinoma patients
Taesung Jeon, Aeree Kim, Chungyeul Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):33-42.   Published online December 3, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.09.29
  • 12,514 View
  • 233 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to investigate the capability of an automated immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of hormonal receptor status in breast cancer patients compared to a well-validated quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method.
Methods
This study included 93 invasive breast carcinoma cases that had both standard IHC assay and Oncotype Dx assay results. The same paraffin blocks on which Oncotype Dx assay had been performed were selected. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) receptor status were evaluated through IHC stains using SP1 monoclonal antibody for ER, and 1E2 monoclonal antibody for PR. All ER and PR immunostained slides were scanned, and invasive tumor areas were marked. Using the QuantCenter image analyzer provided by 3DHISTECH, IHC staining of hormone receptors was measured and converted to histochemical scores (H scores). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between Oncotype Dx hormone receptor scores and H scores, and between Oncotype Dx scores and Allred scores.
Results
H scores measured by an automated imaging system showed high concordance with RT-qPCR scores. ER concordance was 98.9% (92/93), and PR concordance was 91.4% (85/93). The correlation magnitude between automated H scores and RT-qPCR scores was high and comparable to those of Allred scores (for ER, 0.51 vs. 0.37 [p=.121], for PR, 0.70 vs. 0.72 [p=.39]).
Conclusions
Automated H scores showed a high concordance with quantitative mRNA expression levels measured by RT-qPCR.

Citations

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Reviews
Article image
Imaging features of breast cancer molecular subtypes: state of the art
Nariya Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):16-25.   Published online November 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.09.03
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Characterization of breast cancer molecular subtypes has been the standard of care for breast cancer management. We aimed to provide a review of imaging features of breast cancer molecular subtypes for the field of precision medicine. We also provide an update on the recent progress in precision medicine for breast cancer, implications for imaging, and recent observations in longitudinal functional imaging with radiomics.

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Article image
Clinicopathological characteristics of BRCA-associated breast cancer in Asian patients
Eun-Kyu Kim, So Yeon Park, Sung-Won Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(4):265-275.   Published online May 14, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.04.07
  • 11,899 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BRCA1/2 germline mutations account for the majority of hereditary breast cancers. Since the identification of the BRCA genes, several attempts have been made to define the clinicopathological characteristics of BRCA-associated breast cancer in comparison with sporadic breast cancer. Asians constitute 60% of the world population, and although the incidence of breast cancer in Asia remains low compared to the West, breast cancer is the most prevalent female cancer in the region. The epidemiological aspects of breast cancer are different between Asians and Caucasians. Asian patients present with breast cancer at a younger age than Western patients. The contributions of BRCA1/2 mutations to breast cancer incidence are expected to differ between Asians and Caucasians, and the different genetic backgrounds among races are likely to influence the breast cancer phenotypes. However, most large-scale studies on the clinicopathological characteristics of BRCA-associated breast cancer have been on Western patients, while studies on Asian populations were small and sporadic. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical and pathological characteristics of BRCA-associated breast cancer, incorporating findings on Asian patients.

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Original Articles
Article image
Clinicopathologic characteristics of HER2-positive pure mucinous carcinoma of the breast
Yunjeong Jang, Hera Jung, Han-Na Kim, Youjeong Seo, Emad Alsharif, Seok Jin Nam, Seok Won Kim, Jeong Eon Lee, Yeon Hee Park, Eun Yoon Cho, Soo Youn Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):95-102.   Published online November 13, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.10.24
  • 10,690 View
  • 293 Download
  • 22 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Pure mucinous carcinoma (PMC) is a rare type of breast cancer, estimated to represent 2% of invasive breast cancer. PMC is typically positive for estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The clinicopathologic characteristics of HER2-positive PMC have not been investigated.
Methods
Pathology archives were searched for PMC diagnosed from January 1999 to April 2018. Clinicopathologic data and microscopic findings were reviewed and compared between HER2-positive PMC and HER2-negative PMC. We also analyzed the differences in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival according to clinicopathologic parameters including HER2 status in overall PMC cases.
Results
There were 21 HER2-positive cases (4.8%) in 438 PMCs. The average tumor size of HER2-positive PMC was 32.21 mm (± 26.55). Lymph node metastasis was present in seven cases. Compared to HER2-negative PMC, HER2-positive PMC presented with a more advanced T category (p < .001), more frequent lymph node metastasis (p = .009), and a higher nuclear and histologic grade (p < .001). Microscopically, signet ring cells were frequently observed in HER2-positive PMC (p < .001), whereas a micropapillary pattern was more frequent in HER2-negative PMC (p = .012). HER2-positive PMC was more frequently negative for ER (33.3% vs. 1.2%) and PR (28.6% vs. 7.2%) than HER2-negative PMC and showed a high Ki-67 labeling index. During follow-up, distant metastasis and recurrence developed in three HER2-positive PMC patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that only HER2-positivity and lymph node status were significantly associated with DFS.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that HER2-positive PMC is a more aggressive subgroup of PMC. HER2 positivity should be considered for adequate management of PMC.

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Article image
Analysis of the molecular subtypes of preoperative core needle biopsy and surgical specimens in invasive breast cancer
Ye Sul Jeong, Jun Kang, Jieun Lee, Tae-Kyung Yoo, Sung Hun Kim, Ahwon Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):87-94.   Published online November 13, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.10.14
  • 10,120 View
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  • 17 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Accurate molecular classification of breast core needle biopsy (CNB) tissue is important for determining neoadjuvant systemic therapies for invasive breast cancer. The researchers aimed to evaluate the concordance rate (CR) of molecular subtypes between CNBs and surgical specimens.
Methods
This study was conducted with invasive breast cancer patients who underwent surgery after CNB at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital between December 2014 and December 2017. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki67 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. ER and PR were evaluated by Allred score (0–8). HER2 was graded from 0 to +3, and all 2+ cases were reflex tested with silver in situ hybridization. The labeling index of Ki67 was counted by either manual scoring or digital image analysis. Molecular subtypes were classified using the above surrogate markers.
Results
In total, 629 patients were evaluated. The CRs of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 were 96.5% (kappa, 0.883; p<.001), 93.0% (kappa, 0.824; p<.001), 99.7% (kappa, 0.988; p<.001), and 78.7% (kappa, 0.577; p<.001), respectively. Digital image analysis of Ki67 in CNB showed better concordance with Ki67 in surgical specimens (CR, 82.3%; kappa, 0.639 for digital image analysis vs. CR, 76.2%; kappa, 0.534 for manual counting). The CRs of luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple negative types were 89.0%, 70.0%, 82.9%, and 77.2%, respectively.
Conclusions
CNB was reasonably accurate for determining ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, and molecular subtypes. Using digital image analysis for Ki67 in CNB produced more accurate molecular classifications.

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Review
Article image
HER2 status in breast cancer: changes in guidelines and complicating factors for interpretation
Soomin Ahn, Ji Won Woo, Kyoungyul Lee, So Yeon Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):34-44.   Published online November 6, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.11.03
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein overexpression and/or HER2 gene amplification is found in about 20% of invasive breast cancers. It is a sole predictive marker for treatment benefits from HER2 targeted therapy and thus, HER2 testing is a routine practice for newly diagnosed breast cancer in pathology. Currently, HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used for a screening test, and in situ hybridization is used as a confirmation test for HER2 IHC equivocal cases. Since the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines on HER2 testing was first released in 2007, it has been updated to provide clear instructions for HER2 testing and accurate determination of HER2 status in breast cancer. During HER2 interpretation, some pitfalls such as intratumoral HER2 heterogeneity and increase in chromosome enumeration probe 17 signals may lead to inaccurate assessment of HER2 status. Moreover, HER2 status can be altered after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or during metastatic progression, due to biologic or methodologic issues. This review addresses recent updates of ASCO/CAP guidelines and factors complicating in the interpretation of HER2 status in breast cancers.

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Original Articles
Primary Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Breast: Study of Three Cases at One Institution with a Review of Primary Breast Sarcomas
Junyoung Shin, Hee Jeong Kim, Dae-Yeon Kim, Gyungyub Gong, Kyung-Ja Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(5):308-316.   Published online August 2, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.07.22
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Primary breast sarcoma (PBS) is rare, comprising approximately 1% of breast malignancies. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) accounts for an extremely small proportion of PBSs, often leading to delayed histologic confirmation.
Methods
Upon reviewing Asan Medical Center’s pathology database between 2000 and 2018, 41 PBS cases were retrieved, including three cases of primary RMS of the breast. Their clinicopathological features were analyzed, and the literature related to PBS and primary RMS of the breast was reviewed.
Results
We identified three primary breast RMS cases from our institution database, comprising 7.3% of PBS: one case each of spindle cell/sclerosing RMS (ssRMS), alveolar RMS (aRMS), and embryonal RMS (eRMS). All cases involved adolescents or young adults (14, 16, and 25 years, respectively) who underwent mastectomy or radiotherapy and were confirmed using immunohistochemical testing for myogenin, desmin, and myogenic differentiation. The ssRMS patient experienced recurrence at the operation site 4 months post-surgery despite undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The aRMS patient had multiple metastases at diagnosis and showed FAX3-FOXO1 fusion transcripts; she died 22 months after the diagnosis. The eRMS patient had enlarged axillary lymph nodes; post-radiotherapy, the lesion recurred as multiple metastases to the bone and lung. She died 18 months post-diagnosis.
Conclusions
Our experience on RMS cases suggests that spindle cell or small round cell malignancy in breasts of young female should raise suspicion for the possibility of primary or secondary RMS. To our knowledge, this is the second report of primary breast ssRMS and it may help clinicians who encounter this rare disease in the future.

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Association between p53 Expression and Amount of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Miseon Lee, In Ah Park, Sun-Hee Heo, Young-Ae Kim, Gyungyub Gong, Hee Jin Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(3):180-187.   Published online March 11, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.02.08
  • 9,628 View
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  • 19 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Most triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have a high histologic grade, are associated with high endoplasmic stress, and possess a high frequency of TP53 mutations. TP53 missense mutations lead to the production of mutant p53 protein and usually show high levels of p53 protein expression. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) accumulate as part of the anti-tumor immune response and have a strong prognostic and predictive significance in TNBC. We aimed to elucidate the association between p53 expression and the amount of TILs in TNBC.
Methods
In 678 TNBC patients, we evaluated TIL levels and expression of endoplasmic stress molecules. Immunohistochemical examination of p53 protein expression was categorized into three groups: no, low, and high expression.
Results
No, low, and high p53 expression was identified in 44.1% (n = 299), 20.1% (n = 136), and 35.8% (n = 243) of patients, respectively. Patients with high p53 expression showed high histologic grade (p < .001), high TIL levels (p = .009), and high expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated molecules (p-eIF2a, p = .013; XBP1, p = .007), compared to patients with low p53 expression. There was no significant difference in disease-free (p = .406) or overall survival rates (p = .444) among the three p53 expression groups.
Conclusions
High p53 expression is associated with increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress molecules and TIL influx.

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Uterine Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors Following Treatment with Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Report of 13 Cases and Their Clinicopathologic Characteristics
Byung-Kwan Jeong, Chang O. Sung, Kyu-Rae Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(1):31-39.   Published online December 18, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.11.16
  • 8,431 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Breast cancer treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) increasesthe incidence of uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (uMMMTs). We examine clinicopathologiccharacteristics and prognosis of SERM-associated uMMMTs (S-uMMMTs) and discusspossible pathogenetic mechanisms.
Methods
Among 28,104 patients with breast cancer, clinicopathologicfeatures and incidence of uMMMT were compared between patients who underwentSERM treatment and those who did not. Of 92 uMMMT cases that occurred during the same period,incidence, dose, and duration of SERM treatment, as well as overall survival rate, were comparedfor patients with breast cancer who underwent SERM treatment and those who did not (S-uMMMTvs NS-uMMMT) and for patients without breast cancer (de novo-uMMMT). Histopathologicalfindings and immunophenotypes for myogenin, desmin, p53, WT-1, estrogen receptor (ER) α, ERβ,progesterone receptor, and GATA-3 were compared between S-uMMMT and de novo-uMMMT.
Results
The incidence of S-uMMMT was significantly higher than that of NS-uMMMT (6.35-fold).All patients with SERM were postmenopausal and received daily 20–40 mg SERM. CumulativeSERM dose ranged from 21.9 to 73.0 g (mean, 46.0) over 39–192 months (mean, 107). Clinicopathologicfeatures, such as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage andoverall survival, were not significantly different between patients with S-uMMMT and NS-uMMMTor between patients with S-uMMMT and de novo-uMMMT. All 11 S-uMMMT cases available forimmunostaining exhibited strong overexpression/null expression of p53 protein and significantlyincreased ERβ expression in carcinomatous and sarcomatous components.
Conclusions
SERMtherapy seemingly increases risk of S-uMMMT development; however, clinicopathologic featureswere similar in all uMMMTs from different backgrounds. p53 mutation and increased ERβ expressionmight be involved in the etiology of S-uMMMT.

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Case Study
Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Breast: A Report of Two Cases
Jiwon Koh, Jihyeon Lee, So Youn Jung, Han Sung Kang, Tak Yun, Youngmee Kwon
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):119-124.   Published online November 26, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.10.18
  • 8,865 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Primary malignant melanoma of the breast (PMMB) is a rare tumor with only a few case reports available in the literature. We report two cases of PMMB, one derived from the breast parenchyma and the other from the breast skin. The first case consisted of atypical epithelioid cells without overt melanocytic differentiation like melanin pigments. The tumor cells showed diffuse positivity for S100 protein, tyrosinase, and BRAF V600E. However, the tumor cells were negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and HMB-45. The second case showed atypical melanocytic proliferation with heavy melanin pigmentation. The tumor cells were positive for S100 protein, HMB-45, tyrosinase, and BRAF V600E. These two cases represent two distinct presentations of PMMB in terms of skin involvement, melanin pigmentation, and HMB-45 positivity. Although PMMB is very rare, the possibility of this entity should be considered in malignant epithelioid neoplasms in the breast parenchyma.

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Original Articles
Loss of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer
Hong Sik Park, Uiju Cho, So Young Im, Chang Young Yoo, Ji Han Jung, Young Jin Suh, Hyun Joo Choi
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):75-85.   Published online November 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.10.11
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules play important roles in regulating immune responses. Loss or reduction of HLA-I expression has been shown to be associated with prognosis in several cancers. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) also play critical functions in immune response regulation. Evaluation of HLA-I expression status by the EMR8-5 antibody and its clinical impact in breast cancer have not been well studied, and its relationship with Tregs remains unclear.
Methods
We evaluated HLA-I expression and Treg infiltration by immunohistochemistry in 465 surgically resected breast cancer samples. We examined the correlation between HLA-I expression and Treg infiltration and clinicopathologic characteristics and survival analyses were performed.
Results
Total loss of HLA-I expression was found in 84 breast cancer samples (18.1%). Univariate survival analysis revealed that loss of HLA-I expression was significantly associated with worse disease-specific survival (DSS) (p = .029). HLA-I was not an independent prognostic factor in the entire patient group, but it was an adverse independent prognostic factor for DSS in patients with advanced disease (stage II–IV) (p = .031). Treg numbers were significantly higher in the intratumoral stroma of HLA-I–positive tumors than in HLA-I–negative tumors (median 6.3 cells/high power field vs 2.1 cells/high power field, p < .001). However, Tregs were not an independent prognostic factor in our cohort.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the loss of HLA-I expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, highlighting the role of HLA-I alterations in immune evasion mechanisms of breast cancer. HLA-I could be a promising marker that enables the application of more effective and precise immunotherapies for patients with advanced breast cancer.

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The Prognostic Impact of Synchronous Ipsilateral Multiple Breast Cancer: Survival Outcomes according to the Eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging and Molecular Subtype
Jinah Chu, Hyunsik Bae, Youjeong Seo, Soo Youn Cho, Seok-Hyung Kim, Eun Yoon Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(6):396-403.   Published online October 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.10.03
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
In the current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system of breast cancer, only tumor size determines T-category regardless of whether the tumor is single or multiple. This study evaluated if tumor multiplicity has prognostic value and can be used to subclassify breast cancer.
Methods
We included 5,758 patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent surgery at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from 1995 to 2012.
Results
Patients were divided into two groups according to multiplicity (single, n = 4,744; multiple, n = 1,014). Statistically significant differences in lymph node involvement and lymphatic invasion were found between the two groups (p < .001). Patients with multiple masses tended to have luminal A molecular subtype (p < .001). On Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, patients with multiple masses had significantly poorer disease-free survival (DFS) (p = .016). The prognostic significance of multiplicity was seen in patients with anatomic staging group I and prognostic staging group IA (p = .019 and p = .032, respectively). When targeting patients with T1-2 N0 M0, hormone receptor–positive, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative cancer, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis also revealed significantly reduced DFS with multiple cancer (p = .031). The multivariate analysis indicated that multiplicity was independently correlated with worse DFS (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.47; p = .025). The results of this study indicate that tumor multiplicity is frequently found in luminal A subtype, is associated with frequent lymph node metastasis, and is correlated with worse DFS.
Conclusions
Tumor multiplicity has prognostic value and could be used to subclassify invasive breast cancer at early stages. Adjuvant chemotherapy would be necessary for multiple masses of T1–2 N0 M0, hormone-receptor-positive, and HER2-negative cancer.

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Case Study
WITHDRAWN:Primary Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Breast: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Junyoung Shin, Hee Jeong Kim, Dae-Yeon Kim, Gyungyub Gong, Kyung-Ja Cho
Received August 6, 2018  Accepted September 13, 2018  Published online October 4, 2018  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.09.14
  • 4,097 View
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  • 1 Crossref

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  • Primary Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Breast in an Adult: An Extremely Rare Case
    Helen J. Trihia, Natasa Novkovic, Ioannis Provatas, Anastasios Mavrogiorgis, Evangelos Lianos
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Original Article
High Cytoplasmic CXCR4 Expression Predicts Prolonged Survival in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Bobae Shim, Min‐Sun Jin, Ji Hye Moon, In Ae Park, Han Suk Ryu
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(6):369-377.   Published online October 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.09.19
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Chemokine receptor CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand CXC motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12; stromal cell-derived factor-1) are implicated in tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor cell-microenvironment interaction. A number of studies have reported that increased CXCR4 expression is associated with worse prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but its prognostic significance has not been studied in TNBC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Methods
Two hundred eighty-three TNBC patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Tissue microarray was constructed from formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue and immunohistochemistry for CXCR4 and CXCL12 was performed. Expression of each marker was compared with clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome.
Results
High cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression was associated with younger age (p = .008), higher histologic grade (p = .007) and lower pathologic stage (p = .045), while high CXCL12 expression was related to larger tumor size (p = .045), positive lymph node metastasis (p = .005), and higher pathologic stage (p = .017). The patients with high cytoplasmic CXCR4 experienced lower distant recurrence (p = .006) and better recurrence-free survival (RFS) (log-rank p = .020) after adjuvant chemotherapy. Cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression remained an independent factor of distant recurrence (p = .019) and RFS (p = .038) after multivariate analysis.
Conclusions
High cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression was associated with lower distant recurrence and better RFS in TNBC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. This is the first study to correlate high CXCR4 expression to better TNBC prognosis, and the underlying mechanism needs to be elucidated in further studies.

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Case Study
TFE3-Expressing Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor of the Breast
Hyunjin Kim, Jimin Kim, Se Kyung Lee, Eun Yoon Cho, Soo Youn Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(1):62-65.   Published online October 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.08.30
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a very rare mesenchymal tumor with a distinctive morphology and immunophenotype. PEComas usually harbor TSC2 alterations, although TFE3 translocations, which occur in MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma, are also possible. We recently experienced a case of PEComa with TFE3 expression arising in the breast. An 18-year-old female patient presented with a right breast mass. Histologically, the tumor consisted of epithelioid cells with alveolar structure and showed a diffuse strong expression of HMB45 and TFE3. TSC2 was preserved. Melan A and smooth muscle actin were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first Korean case of PEComa of the breast that intriguingly presented with TFE3 expression.

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Original Article
Prognostic Significance of a Micropapillary Pattern in Pure Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast: Comparative Analysis with Micropapillary Carcinoma
Hyun-Jung Kim, Kyeongmee Park, Jung Yeon Kim, Guhyun Kang, Geumhee Gwak, Inseok Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):403-409.   Published online June 9, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.03.18
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  • 17 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Mucinous carcinoma of the breast is an indolent tumors with a favorable prognosis; however, micropapillary features tend to lead to aggressive behavior. Thus, mucinous carcinoma and micropapillary carcinoma exhibit contrasting biologic behaviors. Here, we review invasive mucinous carcinoma with a focus on micropapillary features and correlations with clinicopathological factors.
Methods
A total of 64 patients with invasive breast cancer with mucinous or micropapillary features were enrolled in the study. Of 36 pure mucinous carcinomas, 17 (47.2%) had micropapillary features and were termed mucinous carcinoma with micropapillary features (MUMPC), and 19 (52.8%) had no micropapillary features and were termed mucinous carcinoma without micropapillary features. MUMPC were compared with 15 invasive micropapillary carcinomas (IMPC) and 13 invasive ductal and micropapillary carcinomas (IDMPC).
Results
The clinicopathological factors of pure mucinous carcinoma and MUMPC were not significantly different. In contrast to IMPC and IDMPC, MUMPC had a low nuclear grade, lower mitotic rate, higher expression of hormone receptors, negative human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, lower Ki-67 proliferating index, and less frequent lymph node metastasis (p < .05). According to univariate analyses, progesterone receptor, HER2, T-stage, and lymph node metastasis were significant risk factors for overall survival; however, only T-stage remained significant in a multivariate analysis (p < .05).
Conclusions
In contrast to IMPC and IDMPC, the micropapillary pattern in mucinous carcinoma does not contribute to aggressive behavior. However, further analysis of a larger series of patients is required to clarify the prognostic significance of micropapillary patterns in mucinous carcinoma of the breast.

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Case Studies
Mammary Carcinoma Arising in Microglandular Adenosis: A Report of Five Cases
Mimi Kim, Milim Kim, Yul Ri Chung, So Yeon Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):422-427.   Published online April 4, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.11.11
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mammary carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis (MGA) is extremely rare, and MGA is regarded as a non-obligate precursor of triple-negative breast cancer. We report five cases of carcinoma arising in MGA of the breast. All cases showed a spectrum of proliferative lesions ranging from MGA to atypical MGA, ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, all cases were triple-negative and expression of S-100 protein gradually decreased as the lesions progressed from MGA to atypical MGA and carcinoma. Three cases showed acinic cell differentiation with reactivity to α1-antitrypsin, and one case was metaplastic carcinoma. During clinical follow-up, one patient developed local recurrence. Carcinoma arising in MGA is a rare but distinct subset of triple-negative breast cancer with characteristic histologic and immunohistochemical findings.

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    Ayushi Sahay, Asawari Patil, Trupti Pai, Poonam Panjwani, Shalaka Joshi, Palak Popat Thakkar, Sangeeta B. Desai, Tanuja M. Shet
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Metaplastic Carcinoma with Chondroid Differentiation Arising in Microglandular Adenosis
Ga-Eon Kim, Nah Ihm Kim, Ji Shin Lee, Min Ho Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):418-421.   Published online April 4, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.10.06
  • 8,819 View
  • 113 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Microglandular adenosis (MGA) of the breast is a rare, benign proliferative lesion but with a significant rate of associated carcinoma. Herein, we report an unusual case of metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid differentiation associated with typical MGA. Histologically, MGA showed a direct transition to metaplastic carcinoma without an intervening atypical MGA or ductal carcinoma in situ component. The immunohistochemical profile of the metaplastic carcinoma was mostly similar to that of MGA. In both areas, all the epithelial cells were positive for S-100 protein, but negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2/neu, and epidermal growth factor receptor. An increase in the Ki-67 and p53 labelling index was observed from MGA to invasive carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid differentiation arising in MGA in Korea. This case supports the hypothesis that a subset of MGA may be a non-obligate morphologic precursor of breast carcinoma, especially the triple-negative subtype.

Citations

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Original Article
Evaluation of Pathologic Complete Response in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Experience in a Single Institution over a 10-Year Period
Misun Choi, Yeon Hee Park, Jin Seok Ahn, Young-Hyuck Im, Seok Jin Nam, Soo Youn Cho, Eun Yoon Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(1):69-78.   Published online December 25, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.10.05
  • 12,874 View
  • 268 Download
  • 23 Web of Science
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been associated with favorable clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. However, the possibility that the prognostic significance of pCR differs among various definitions has not been established. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the pathologic response after NAC in 353 breast cancer patients and compared the prognoses after applying the following different definitions of pCR: ypT0/is, ypT0, ypT0/is ypN0, and ypT0 ypN0. Results: pCR was significantly associated with improved distant disease-free survival (DDFS) regardless of the definition (ypT0/is, p = .002; ypT0, p = .008; ypT0/is ypN0, p < .001; ypT0 ypN0, p = .003). Presence of tumor deposits of any size in the lymph nodes (LNs; ypN ≥ 0(i+)) was associated with worse DDFS (ypT0 ypN0 vs ypT0 ypN ≥ 0(i+), p = .036 and ypT0/is ypN0 vs ypT0/is ypN ≥ 0(i+), p = .015), and presence of isolated tumor cells was associated with decreased overall survival (OS; ypT0/is ypN0 vs ypT0/is ypN0(i+), p = .013). Residual ductal carcinoma in situ regardless of LN status showed no significant difference in DDFS or OS (DDFS: ypT0 vs ypTis, p = .373 and ypT0 ypN0 vs ypTis ypN0, p = .462; OS: ypT0 vs ypTis, p = .441 and ypT0 ypN0 vs ypTis ypN0, p = .758). In subsequent analysis using ypT0/is ypN0, pCR was associated with improved DDFS and OS in triple-negative tumors (p < .001 and p = .003, respectively). Conclusions: Based on our study results, the prognosis and rate of pCR differ according to the definition of pCR and ypT0/is ypN0 might be considered a more preferable definition of pCR.

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Case Study
Mucinous Carcinoma with Extensive Signet Ring Cell Differentiation: A Case Report
Hye Min Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Ja Seung Koo
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(2):176-179.   Published online December 5, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.08.17
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Breast cancers that present with mucin include mucinous carcinoma and carcinoma with signet ring cell differentiation. The former shows extracellular mucin and the latter shows abundant intracellular mucin. Here, we report a case of breast cancer showing both extracellular mucin and extensive signet ring cell differentiation due to abundant intracellular mucin. Unlike mucinous carcinoma, this case had the features of high-grade nuclear pleomorphism, high mitotic index, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positivity, and ductal type with positivity for E-cadherin. In a case with signet ring cell differentiation, differential diagnosis with metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach and colon is essential. In this case, the presence of accompanied ductal carcinoma in situ component and mammaglobin and gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 positivity were findings that suggested the breast as the origin.

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Original Article
Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Korean Breast Cancer Patients by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Meta-Analysis of Human Papillomavirus and Breast Cancer
Jinhyuk Choi, Chungyeul Kim, Hye Seung Lee, Yoo Jin Choi, Ha Yeon Kim, Jinhwan Lee, Hyeyoon Chang, Aeree Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(6):442-450.   Published online October 10, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.07.08
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-established oncogenic virus of cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancer. Various subtypes of HPV have been detected in 0% to 60% of breast cancers. The roles of HPV in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer remain controversial. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of HPV-positive breast cancer in Korean patients and to evaluate the possibility of carcinogenic effect of HPV on breast.
Methods
Meta-analysis was performed in 22 case-control studies for HPV infection in breast cancer. A total of 123 breast cancers, nine intraductal papillomas and 13 nipple tissues of patients with proven cervical HPV infection were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect 28 subtypes of HPV. Breast cancers were composed of 106 formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples and 17 touch imprint cytology samples of breast cancers.
Results
The overall odds ratio between breast cancer and HPV infection was 5.43 (95% confidence interval, 3.24 to 9.12) with I2 = 34.5% in meta-analysis of published studies with case-control setting and it was statistically significant. HPV was detected in 22 cases of breast cancers (17.9%) and two cases of intaductal papillomas (22.2%). However, these cases had weak positivity.
Conclusions
These results failed to serve as significant evidence to support the relationship between HPV and breast cancer. Further study with larger epidemiologic population is merited to determine the relationship between HPV and breast cancer.

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Review
Pathologic Evaluation of Breast Cancer after Neoadjuvant Therapy
Cheol Keun Park, Woo-Hee Jung, Ja Seung Koo
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(3):173-180.   Published online April 11, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.02.02
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Breast cancer, one of the most common cancers in women, has various treatment modalities. Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has been used in many clinical trials because it is easy to evaluate the treatment response to therapeutic agents in a short time period; consequently, NAT is currently a standard treatment modality for large-sized and locally advanced breast cancers, and its use in early-stage breast cancer is becoming more common. Thus, chances to encounter breast tissue from patients treated with NAT is increasing. However, systems for handling and evaluating such specimens have not been established. Several evaluation systems emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to increase the accuracy of breast cancer assessment. Thus, detailed and systematic evaluation of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings is important. In this review, we compare the major problems of each evaluation system and discuss important points for handling and evaluating NAT-treated breast specimens.

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Original Article
Interobserver Variability of Ki-67 Measurement in Breast Cancer
Yul Ri Chung, Min Hye Jang, So Yeon Park, Gyungyub Gong, Woo-Hee Jung, The Korean Breast Pathology Ki- Study Group
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(2):129-137.   Published online February 15, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.12.24
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
As measurement of Ki-67 proliferation index is an important part of breast cancer diagnostics, we conducted a multicenter study to examine the degree of concordance in Ki-67 counting and to find factors that lead to its variability. Methods: Thirty observers from thirty different institutions reviewed Ki-67–stained slides of 20 different breast cancers on whole sections and tissue microarray (TMA) by online system. Ten of the 20 breast cancers had hot spots of Ki-67 expression. Each observer scored Ki-67 in two different ways: direct counting (average vs. hot spot method) and categorical estimation. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of Ki-67 index was calculated for comparative analysis. Results: For direct counting, ICC of TMA was slightly higher than that of whole sections using average method (0.895 vs 0.858). The ICC of tumors with hot spots was lower than that of tumors without (0.736 vs 0.874). In tumors with hot spots, observers took an additional counting from the hot spot; the ICC of whole sections using hot spot method was still lower than that of TMA (0.737 vs 0.895). In categorical estimation, Ki-67 index showed a wide distribution in some cases. Nevertheless, in tumors with hot spots, the range of distribution in Ki-67 categories was decreased with hot spot method and in TMA platform. Conclusions: Interobserver variability of Ki-67 index for direct counting and categorical estimation was relatively high. Tumors with hot spots showed greater interobserver variability as opposed to those without, and restricting the measurement area yielded lower interobserver variability.

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Reviews
Current Issues and Clinical Evidence in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer
Sung Gwe Ahn, Joon Jeong, SoonWon Hong, Woo Hee Jung
J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(5):355-363.   Published online August 17, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.07.29
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  • 45 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
With the advance in personalized therapeutic strategies in patients with breast cancer, there is an increasing need for biomarker-guided therapy. Although the immunogenicity of breast cancer has not been strongly considered in research or practice, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are emerging as biomarkers mediating tumor response to treatments. Earlier studies have provided evidence that the level of TILs has prognostic value and the potential for predictive value, particularly in triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer. Moreover, the level of TILs has been associated with treatment outcome in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To date, no standardized methodology for measuring TILs has been established. In this article, we review current issues and clinical evidence for the use of TILs in breast cancer.

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A Review of Inflammatory Processes of the Breast with a Focus on Diagnosis in Core Biopsy Samples
Timothy M. D’Alfonso, Paula S. Ginter, Sandra J. Shin
J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(4):279-287.   Published online June 22, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.06.11
  • 28,963 View
  • 491 Download
  • 34 Web of Science
  • 48 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Inflammatory and reactive lesions of the breast are relatively uncommon among benign breast lesions and can be the source of an abnormality on imaging. Such lesions can simulate a malignant process, based on both clinical and radiographic findings, and core biopsy is often performed to rule out malignancy. Furthermore, some inflammatory processes can mimic carcinoma or other malignancy microscopically, and vice versa. Diagnostic difficulty may arise due to the small and fragmented sample of a core biopsy. This review will focus on the pertinent clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of the more commonly encountered inflammatory lesions of the breast that can be characterized in a core biopsy sample. These include fat necrosis, mammary duct ectasia, granulomatous lobular mastitis, diabetic mastopathy, and abscess. The microscopic differential diagnoses for these lesions when seen in a core biopsy sample will be discussed.

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Brief Case Report
Cystic Brunner’s Gland Hamartoma in the Gastric Body: A Case Report
Dong Hae Chung, Na Rae Kim, Hyun Yee Cho, Yoon Jae Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(5):371-374.   Published online October 27, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.5.371
  • 10,903 View
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PDF

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  • An Unusual Gastric Polyp: Brunneroma
    Jad Mhanna, Fadi F. Francis, Bassel Zein Sabatto, Ayman Tawil, Jana G. Hashash
    ACG Case Reports Journal.2021; 8(11): e00681.     CrossRef
Case Studies
Low-Grade Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Breast with Diverse Expression Patterns of Myoepithelial Cell Markers on Immunohistochemistry: A Case Study
Yoon Jin Cha, Gi Jeong Kim, Byeong-Woo Park, Ja Seung Koo
Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(3):229-233.   Published online June 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.3.229
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AbstractAbstract PDF

This paper reports a case of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma (LGASC) arising in a 69-year-old woman, who presented with a 1-cm palpable mass on her right breast. Core needle biopsy diagnosed the mass as a fibroadenoma. After six months, the mass increased in size, and the patient received subsequent mammotome excision. On microscopic examination, bland-looking small glands were infiltrating into the fibrotic stroma with lymphocytic infiltrates at the periphery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed relatively easily detectable myoepithelial cells along the outside in each of the glandular structures with variable degrees of squamous metaplasia. Based on histologic features, the patient was diagnosed with LGASC. LGASC is a rare variant of metaplastic carcinoma, which is characterized by a favorable prognosis. Due to the bland cytology and presence of myoepithelial cells, LGASC can be misdiagnosed as benign lesion. Additionally, inconsistent expression of myoepithelial markers could aid the diagnosis of LGASC.

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Primary Sigmoid Adenocarcinoma Metastasis to the Breast in a 28-Year-Old Female: A Case Study and a Review of Literature
Amna Ahmad, Kweku Baiden-Amissah, Adegoke Oyegade, Mohammed Absar, Kate Swainson, Sami Titi
Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(1):58-61.   Published online February 25, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.58
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Metastasis to the breast from colorectal carcinoma is rare, only a few cases have been reported in the literature, and no cases have been reported in a young, 28-year-old patient. This report confirms the occurrence of the disease in a younger age group. The patient was referred to the Breast Clinic with a history of a gradually increasing lump in her right breast for two weeks' duration. On clinical examination, a 2-cm firm lump was noted in the upper inner quadrant of the right breast, which was clinically benign; however, histological examination of the breast core biopsy together with immunohistochemistry confirmed metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. The primary colorectal carcinoma was later confirmed to be a stage pT4N2M1 tumor, and the Duke stage was C1. Histology with immunohistochemistry is very important in the diagnosis of cases of this nature, but the clinical correlation should be taken into consideration at multidisciplinary team meetings to decide the final management of the patient.

Citations

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  • Breast mass as the first sign of metastasis from rectal carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature
    Jiawei Xu, Chao Liu, Chengdong Yu, Tenghua Yu, Fan Fan, Xiaofang Zhang, Chuansheng Huang, Wen Chen, Zhengkui Sun, Meng Zhou
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    Ghazaleh Shaker, Hayedeh Haeri, Behnaz Jahanbin
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Cystic Benign Phyllodes Tumor in the Inguinal Region
Jai Hyang Go
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):583-586.   Published online December 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.583
  • 9,291 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF

The present lesion was the first reported case of a benign intracystic phyllodes tumor in the inguinal region. We report the case of a 51-year-old female patient who presented with an inguinal mass. A clinical diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was considered in this case. The resected tumor was well-circumscribed and showed numerous papillary nodular protrusions into a central cystic cavity (3.5×2.5 cm). The microscopic findings showed hyperplastic epithelium-lined cysts with leaf-like intraluminal epithelium-lined bland stromal projections. The epithelial cell linings were strongly positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors.

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    MONICA DASH, PRAGNYA PARAMITA MISHRA, PREMANAND PANDA
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    Sonam Sharma
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Original Articles
Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau, α-Tubulin and βIII-Tubulin Expression in Breast Cancer
Soyoung Im, Changyoung Yoo, Ji-Han Jung, Ye-Won Jeon, Young Jin Suh, Youn Soo Lee, Hyun Joo Choi
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):534-540.   Published online December 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.534
  • 9,062 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The microtubule-associated protein Tau binds to both inner and outer surfaces of microtubules, leading to tubulin assembly and microtubule stabilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of Tau, α-tubulin, and βIII-tubulin expression in breast carcinoma and to assess their relationships with disease progression in the context of taxane treatment.

Methods

Immunohistochemical expressions of Tau, α-tubulin, and βIII-tubulin were assessed in 183 breast cancer cases. Expression was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters, disease progression and overall survival.

Results

Tau expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis and estrogen receptor (ER) positivity (p=.003 and p<.001, respectively). Loss of α-tubulin was significantly correlated with distant metastasis (p=.034). Loss of βIII-tubulin was correlated with lymph node metastasis and ER positivity (p=.004 and p<.001, respectively). In taxane-treated cases, Tau expression and loss of α-tubulin and βIII-tubulin expression were related to disease progression (p=.001, p=.028, and p=.030, respectively). Tau expression was associated with a worse survival rate in taxane-treated patients (p=.049).

Conclusions

Tau expression and loss of α-tubulin and βIII-tubulin expression were correlated with aggressive behavior in taxane-treated breast cancer. Further evaluation of Tau, α-tubulin and βIII-tubulin may be useful in predicting clinical behavior and seeking therapeutic measures in taxane-based chemotherapy for breast cancer.

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Hedgehog Related Protein Expression in Breast Cancer: Gli-2 Is Associated with Poor Overall Survival
Soyoung Im, Hyun Joo Choi, Changyoung Yoo, Ji-Han Jung, Ye-Won Jeon, Young Jin Suh, Chang Suk Kang
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(2):116-123.   Published online April 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.2.116
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is known to play a critical role in various malignancies, but its clinicopathologic role in breast cancer is yet to be established.

Methods

Tissue microarray blocks from 334 cases of breast cancer were prepared. The expression of six Hh signaling proteins including sonic hedgehog (Shh), patched (Ptch), smoothened (Smo), and the glioma-associated oncogene (Gli)-1, Gli-2, and Gli-3 were analyzed immunohistochemically.

Results

The expression of Hh signaling proteins was significantly correlated with some prognostic factors including the correlation of lymph node metastasis with the expression of Shh (p=0.001) and Ptch (p=0.064), the correlation of the stages with Shh and Gli-3 expression (p=0.007 and p=0.024, respectively), the correlation of the nuclear grade with the Smo (p=0.004) and Gli-3 (p=0.000), and the correlation of the histologic grade with the Ptch (p=0.016), Smo (p=0.007), and Gli-3 (p=0.000). The Shh, Ptch, Smo, Gli-1, and Gli-2 expression was significantly different between the phenotypes (p=0.000, p=0.001, p=0.004, p=0.039, and p=0.031, respectively). Gli-2 expression was correlated with a worse overall survival outcome (p=0.012).

Conclusions

Hh pathway activation is correlated with a more aggressive clinical behavior in breast carcinomas. The comparison of phenotypes suggested that the Hh pathway may be a useful therapeutic target for breast carcinoma. Patients with Gli-2 expression had a significantly lower overall survival rate and, therefore, it showed promise as a prognostic marker.

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EGFR Gene Amplification and Protein Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Won Hwangbo, Jeong Hyeon Lee, Sangjeong Ahn, Seojin Kim, Kyong Hwa Park, Chul Hwan Kim, Insun Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(2):107-115.   Published online April 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.2.107
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a surrogate marker for basal-like breast cancer. A recent study suggested that EGFR may be used as a target for breast cancer treatment.

Methods

A total of 706 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast were immunophenotyped, and 82 cases with EGFR protein expression were studied for EGFR gene amplification.

Results

EGFR protein was expressed in 121 of 706 IDCs (17.1%); 5.9% were of luminal type, 25.3% of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) type, and 79.3% of basal-like tumors. EGFR gene amplification and high polysomy (fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH]-positive) were found in 18 of 82 cases (22.0%); 41.2% of the HER-2+, EGFR+, cytokeratin 5/6- (CK5/6-) group, 11.2% of the HER-2-, EGFR+, CK5/6- group, and 19.1% of the HER-2-, EGFR+, CK5/6+ group. FISH-positive cases were detected in 8.3% of the EGFR protein 1+ expression cases, 15.9% of 2+ expression cases, and 38.5% of 3+ expression cases. In group 2, the tumors had a high Ki-67 labeling (>60%), but the patients showed better disease-free survival than those with tumors that co-expressed HER-2 or CK5/6.

Conclusions

EGFR-directed therapy can be considered in breast cancer patients with EGFR protein overexpression and gene amplification, and its therapeutic implication should be determined in HER-2 type breast cancer patients.

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Case Report
Primary Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Breast: Cytologic Finding and Expression of MUC5 Are Different from Mucinous Carcinoma
Sung Eun Kim, Ji Hye Park, SoonWon Hong, Ja Seung Koo, Joon Jeong, Woo-Hee Jung
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):611-616.   Published online December 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.611
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCA) in the breast is a rare neoplasm. There have been 13 cases of primary breast MCA reported. The MCA presents as a large, partially cystic mass in postmenopausal woman with a good prognosis. The microscopic findings resemble those of ovarian, pancreatic, or appendiceal MCA. The aspiration findings showed mucin-containing cell clusters in the background of mucin and necrotic material. The cell clusters had intracytoplasmic mucin displacing atypical nuclei to the periphery. Histologically, the tumor revealed an abundant mucin pool with small floating clusters of mucin-containing tumor cells. There were also small cysts lined by a single layer of tall columnar mucinous cells, resembling those of the uterine endocervix. The cancer cells were positive for mucin (MUC) 5 and negative for MUC2 and MUC6. This mucin profile is different from ordinary mucinous carcinoma and may be a unique characteristic of breast MCA.

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Original Article
Methylation and Immunoexpression of p16INK4a Tumor Suppressor Gene in Primary Breast Cancer Tissue and Their Quantitative p16INK4a Hypermethylation in Plasma by Real-Time PCR
Jae Jun Lee, Eunkyung Ko, Junhun Cho, Ha Young Park, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Jin Nam, Duk-Hwan Kim, Eun Yoon Cho
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):554-561.   Published online December 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.554
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The p16INK4a gene methylation has been reported to be a major tumorigenic mechanism.

Methods

We evaluated the methylation status of the p16INK4a genes in 231 invasive breast cancer and 90 intraductal carcinoma specimens using a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and p16 protein expression using immunohistochemistry. The quantity of cell-free methylated p16INK4a DNA in the plasma samples of 200 patients with invasive breast cancer was also examined using a fluorescence-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay.

Results

The frequencies of p16INK4a methylation in invasive and intraductal tumors were 52.8% (122/231) and 57.8% (52/90), respectively. The p16 protein was overexpressed in 145 of the 231 invasive carcinomas (62.8%) and 63 of the 90 intraductal carcinomas (70%). High p16 expression in invasive carcinomas correlated significantly with a high histologic grade, a negative estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status, p53 immunoreactivity and high Ki-67 expression with immunohistochemistry. In addition, the methylation index of p16INK4a was significantly higher in the cancer patients than the normal controls (p<0.001).

Conclusions

High p16 immunoreactivity correlated with a loss of differentiation in breast carcinomas and high frequency of p16INK4a promoter methylation in both invasive and intraductal carcinomas, suggesting it may be involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

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Case Report
Rosai-Dorfman Disease in the Breast with Increased IgG4 Expressing Plasma Cells: A Case Report
Yoon Jin Cha, Woo Ick Yang, Se Ho Park, Ja Seung Koo
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):489-493.   Published online October 25, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.489
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) can present in any anatomic site, but breast involvement is rarely reported. Recently, a relationship between RDD and IgG4-related sclerosing disease has been suggested. Here we report another case of RDD with overlapping features of IgG4-related sclerosing disease occurring in a right breast of a 62-year-old female. On microscopic examination, the mass demonstrated a characteristic zonal pattern of proliferation of large polygonal histiocytes and lymphoplasma cells with stromal fibrosis. Emperipolesis was observed in histiocytes with abundant cytoplasm, which showed immunoreactivity for S-100 protein and CD68; the diagnosis of RDD was made. Sheets of plasma cells in the fibrotic stroma demonstrated positive reactions for IgG and IgG4. The mean count of IgG4-positive plasma cells was 100.2/high power field, and the ratio of IgG4/IgG was 56.7%. Additional findings of stromal fibrosis and obliteration of preexisting breast lobules suggested overlapping features with IgG4-related sclerosing disease.

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Original Articles
Expressional Difference of RHEB, HDAC1, and WEE1 Proteins in the Stromal Tumors of the Breast and Their Significance in Tumorigenesis
Minseob Eom, Airi Han, Mi Jeong Lee, Kwang Hwa Park
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(4):324-330.   Published online August 23, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.4.324
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Fibroadenoma (FA) and phyllodes tumor (PT) are stromal tumors of breast and are histologically similar. There are no established differences in tumorigenesis and oncogene expression among them. Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) plays an important role in cell growth and cell-cycle control, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an important factor in breast tumor progression and prognosis, and WEE1 homolog (WEE1) functions as a tumor suppressor. No studies on the expressional differences of these proteins in FA and PT have been reported to date.

Methods

The expression of these proteins in FA, PT, and normal breast was compared. We used 102 cases of FA and 25 cases of benign PT.

Results

In epithelial cells, the expression of RHEB, HDAC1, and WEE1 was lowest in PT, higher in FA, and most enhanced in normal breast. In addition, the expression of RHEB and HDAC1 was higher in the stromal cells of PT than in FA and normal breast.

Conclusions

Both epithelial and stromal cells of FA and PT express these proteins, which indicates that epithelial cells play an important role in the development of stromal tumors. In addition, the expressional differences of these proteins may be associated with the tumorigenesis of breast stromal tumors.

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    Microbiome.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Genome-scale meta-analysis of breast cancer datasets identifies promising targets for drug development
    Reem Altaf, Humaira Nadeem, Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar, Umair Ilyas, Syed Aun Muhammad
    Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Wee1 Kinase: A Potential Target to Overcome Tumor Resistance to Therapy
    Francesca Esposito, Raffaella Giuffrida, Gabriele Raciti, Caterina Puglisi, Stefano Forte
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(19): 10689.     CrossRef
  • MiR-503 enhances the radiosensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma cells via the inhibition of WEE1
    Huimin Ma, Rong Lian, Zhiyan Wu, Xiao Li, Wenfa Yu, Yun Shang, Xixia Guo
    Tumor Biology.2017; 39(10): 101042831770622.     CrossRef
  • Rheb phosphorylation is involved in p38-regulated/activated protein kinase-mediated tumor suppression in liver cancer
    MIN ZHENG, SHENGBING ZANG, LINNA XIE, XUETING FANG, YU ZHANG, XIAOJIE MA, JINGFENG LIU, DEXIN LIN, AIMIN HUANG
    Oncology Letters.2015; 10(3): 1655.     CrossRef
  • Expression of CDK1Tyr15, pCDK1Thr161, Cyclin B1 (Total) and pCyclin B1Ser126 in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Relations with Clinicopatological Features and Prognosis
    Zhihui Wang, Ana Slipicevic, Mette Førsund, Claes G. Trope, Jahn M. Nesland, Ruth Holm, Xin-Yuan Guan
    PLOS ONE.2015; 10(4): e0121398.     CrossRef
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    Gry Irene Magnussen, Ellen Hellesylt, Jahn M Nesland, Claes G Trope, Vivi Ann Flørenes, Ruth Holm
    BMC Cancer.2013;[Epub]     CrossRef
HDAC1 Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast and Its Value as a Good Prognostic Factor
Minseob Eom, Sung Soo Oh, Sayamaa Lkhagvadorj, Airi Han, Kwang Hwa Park
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(4):311-317.   Published online August 23, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.4.311
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is associated with the expression and function of estrogen receptors and the proliferation of tumor cells, and has been considered a very important factor in breast tumor progression and prognosis. Several studies have reported an association between HDAC1 expression and poorer prognosis in cancers including breast cancer, with a few exceptions. However, because of the dearth of studies on HDAC1 expression in breast cancer, its significance for breast cancer prognosis has not been well defined. Therefore, we examined HDAC1 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), the most common breast cancer, and investigated its potential prognostic significance.

Methods

We used 203 IDC tissue samples. Immunohistochemical stains for HDAC1 and real-time polymerase chain reaction for HDAC1 mRNA were performed and the results were compared to generally well-established prognostic factors in breast cancer and patient survival rates.

Results

HDAC1 expression was significantly reduced in proportion to higher histologic grade, higher nuclear pleomorphism score, and higher mitotic counts, and with lower estrogen receptor expression. Furthermore, it was significantly associated with the survival rate.

Conclusions

HDAC1 expression is a good prognostic indicator in IDC.

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  • Are HDAC and Glutamine Synthetase Expression Levels Associated with Ga68-DOTATATE PET/CT Data and Prognosis in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours?
    Ozge Ulas, Ramazan Oguz Yuceer, Zekiye Hasbek, Hatice Ozer, Kerim Seker, Mukaddes Yılmaz, Mahmut Uçar
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Proposal for Creating a Guideline for Cancer Registration of Microinvasive Tumors of the Breast and Ovary (II)
Jin Hee Sohn, Gyungyub Gong, Kyu Rae Kim, Chang Suk Kang, Youn Soo Lee, Jin Man Kim, Woo Hee Jung, Kwang Sun Suh
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):226-232.   Published online June 22, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.226
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Cancer registration in Korea has a longer than 30-years of history, during which time cancer registration has improved and become well-organized. Cancer registries are fundamental for cancer control and multi-center collaborative research. However, there have been discrepancies in assigning behavior codes. Thus, we intend to propose appropriate behavior codes for the International Classification of Disease Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) for microinvasive tumors of the ovary and breast not only to improve the quality of the cancer registry but also to prevent conflicts.

Methods

As in series I, two pathology study groups and the Cancer Registration Committee of the Korean Society of Pathologists (KSP) participated. To prepare a questionnaire on provisional behavior code, the relevant subjects were discussed in the workshop, and consensus was obtained by convergence of opinion from members of KSP.

Results

Microinvasive tumor of the breast should be designated as a microinvasive carcinoma which was proposed as malignant tumor (/3). Serous borderline tumor with microinvasion of the ovary was proposed as borderline tumor (/1), and mucinous borderline tumor with microinvasion of the ovary as either borderline (/1) or carcinoma (/3) according to the tumor cell nature.

Conclusions

Some issues should be elucidated with the accumulation of more experience and knowledge. Here, however, we present our second proposal.

Citations

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  • Update on the Proposal for Creating a Guideline for Cancer Registration of the Gastrointestinal Tumors (I-2)
    Eun Sun Jung, Yun Kyung Kang, Mee-Yon Cho, Joon Mee Kim, Won Ae Lee, Hee Eun Lee, Sunhoo Park, Jin Hee Sohn, So-Young Jin
    Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(5): 443.     CrossRef
  • A Proposal for Creating a Guideline for Cancer Registration of the Fibromatosis, PEComa Group, Malignant LymphomaIn Situand Dendritic Cell Tumors (III)
    Changyoung Yoo, Chang Suk Kang, Yoon La Choi, Hye Yoon Kang, Jin Man Kim, Young Hye Koh, Joo Hee Lee, Seung Sook Lee, In Sun Kim, Dong Hoon Kim, Yong Ku Park, Jin Hee Sohn
    Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(5): 436.     CrossRef
Case Report
Invasive Cribriform Carcinoma Arising in Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of Breast: A Case Report
Yoomi Choi, Kyoung Yul Lee, Min Hye Jang, Hyesil Seol, Sung-Won Kim, So Yeon Park
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):205-209.   Published online April 25, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.205
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Phyllodes tumor is an uncommon fibroepithelial neoplasm of the breast. And it is characterized by expanded stroma with increased cellularity and elongated epithelium-lined clefts. Mammary carcinomas within phyllodes tumors have been rarely reported. To date, however, no reports have described the invasive cribriform carcinoma arising in malignant phyllodes tumor. Here, we report a 62-year-old woman who presented with a large breast mass. Microscopically, the mass was a typical malignant phyllodes tumor showing well developed leaf-like architecture and stromal overgrowth with high cellularity and nuclear pleomorphism. In a portion of the tumor, however, the epithelial component showed a cribriform pattern of proliferation in the absence of myoepithelial cells, suggestive of the invasive cribriform carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is rare and it is difficult to make a differential diagnosis of it. Here, we report our case with a review of literatures.

Citations

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  • Management of Concurrent Malignant Phyllodes Tumor and Invasive Breast Carcinoma
    Jie Jane Chen, Iowis Zhu, Akshat Patel, Gregor Krings, Yunn-Yi Chen, Florence Yuen, Rita A. Mukhtar, Michelle Melisko, Lisa Singer, Catherine C. Park, Nicolas D. Prionas
    Advances in Radiation Oncology.2024; 9(5): 101448.     CrossRef
  • High-grade ductal carcinoma in-situ detected by microcalcification within borderline phyllodes tumor: Report of a case and literature review
    Wing Nam Yuen, Joshua J.X. Li, Man Yi Chan, Gary M. Tse
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    Elia Shazniza Shaaya, Nurwahyuna Rosli, Nurismah M D Isa
    Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Unexpectedly High Coexistence Rate of In Situ/Invasive Carcinoma In Phyllodes Tumors. 10-Year Retrospective and Review Study
    Öykü Dila Gemci, Serdar Altınay, Rümeysa İlbar Tartar, Sina Ferahman
    European Journal of Breast Health.2022; 18(4): 343.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Phyllodes Tumor Combined with Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast with Microinvasion
    Daiki IMANISHI, Satoru NODA, Tsutomu TAKASHIMA, Yukie TAUCHI, Shinya NOMURA, Hiroshi OHTANI, Noriko SAKAIDA
    Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of Japan Surgical Association).2022; 83(12): 2049.     CrossRef
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Original Article
The Clinicopathologic Features of Molecular Apocrine Breast Cancer
Yoon Jin Cha, Woo-Hee Jung, Ja Seung Koo
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):169-176.   Published online April 25, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.169
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

To elucidate the clinicopathologic features and their implications on the immunohistochemistry in cases of molecular apocrine breast cancer (MABC).

Methods

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for estrogen receptor (ER), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), androgen receptor (AR), gamma-glutamyltrasferase 1 (GGT1) and Ki-67 was performed on tissue microarray breast cancer samples from 204 patients. Phenotypes of breast cancer were divided based on the IHC status of ER, AR and GGT1 into the following: luminal type, ER positive and AR and/or GGT1 positive; basal type, ER, AR, and GGT1 negative; non-basal type, ER positive and AR and GGT1 negative; and MABC type, ER negative and AR and/or GGT1 positive.

Results

In our series of patients (n=204), there were 26 cases of MABC. Besides, there were 18, 60, and 100 cases of luminal type, basal type and non-basal type, respectively. The MABC demonstrated apocrine histology and a higher prevalence of HER-2 positivity than other phenotypes. With the basal type, the MABC manifested a more frequent expression of CK5/6 and EGFR and a higher Ki-67 index than other phenotypes (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in patient prognosis between the phenotypes of breast cancer.

Conclusions

MABC are distinguishable from other phenotypes based on the apocrine histology and a higher expression rate of HER-2.

Citations

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Case Report
Mimicry of Minute Pulmonary Meningothelial-like Nodules to Metastatic Deposits in a Patient with Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Hala Kfoury, Maria A. Arafah, Maha M. Arafah, Sami Alnassar, Waseem Hajjar
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(1):87-91.   Published online February 23, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.87
  • 10,172 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules (MPMNs) are incidentally found lesions in lung resection specimens and autopsies. MPMNs have been associated with neoplastic and non-neoplastic pulmonary conditions and occasionally with extrapulmonary diseases. We report a case of a female patient presenting with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast and MPMNs, masquerading as metastatic deposits. We describe the morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of MPMNs and emphasize the importance of their recognition for proper staging and treatment of patients. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the English literature describing this coexistence.

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