Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Case Study

Recurrent malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the scalp: a case report and literature review: Ahmed Rabie, Abdulkarim Hasan, Yasein Mohammed, Ayman Abdelmaksoud, Ali A. Rabaan; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(2):103-108. Published online January 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.10.29

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Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare type of mesenchymal neoplasm that first was discovered in the pleura but can also affect the peritoneum, lungs, mediastinum, and skin. Cutaneous malignant SFT is an extremely rare tumor that resembles dermatofibrosacoma protuberance (DFSP) histologically and immunohistochemically. Herein, we describe a case of malignant SFT that presented as a recurrent mass on the scalp. The first lesion was totally excised one year before recurrence and was diagnosed as a DFSP based on the histopathology and cluster of differentiation 34 immunostaining positivity. Re-examination of the previously examined specimen was considered. Activator of transcription 6 positivity was also detected in the tissue, confirming the diagnosis of a recurrent malignant SFT rather than DFSP. There was no evidence of recurrence, locoregional, or distant metastases at six months after lesion removal with a safety margin.

Citations

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Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the temporal bone with NAB2 ex6::STAT6 ex16 fusion: a case report with literature review
Nasser Almadan, Doaa Ali AlGhamdi, Mohammed Tashkandi, Saad Alghamdi, Abdulaziz Alzeer
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prolonged generalized osteomalacia associated with a sinonasal cavity phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor: A case report
Mehdi Montazer, Naser Tayyebi Meibodi, Elmira Teymouri, Zohreh Mousavi, Sedigheh Reisian, Motahare Ebrahimnejad
Clinical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Tissue on the Forearm Skin: Case Report and Literature Review
Abdulkarim Hasan, Khalid Nafie, Mohamed Adwi, Ayman Abdelmaksoud, Mohammed S. Abdelwahed, Abdulhadi Samman, Mohammad A. Alghamdi, Hasan S. Al-Ghamdi, Hind Ali Hendi, S. K. A. Horsu
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.2023; 11(C): 71. CrossRef
Primary sclerosing liposarcoma of the ovary: Case report and a review of the literature
Thyagaraja Dhanurjaya, Turnbull Hilary, Jasenka Mazibrada
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2023; 109: 108513. CrossRef
Favorable outcome of a histiocytic sarcoma patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor: a case report
Long Thanh Nguyen, Giang Hoang Pham, Phuong Thi Vu, Hyeon Gyu Yi
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2023; 85(12): 6274. CrossRef
Adrenal Solitary Fibrous Tumor: A Case Report
Elena Casademunt-Gras, Isabel Salinas, Pau Moreno Santabarbara, Gustavo Tapia Melendo, Jordi L Reverter
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A Rare Case of Malignant Solitary Fibrous Tumor on the Scalp
Kwang-Ryeol Kim, Ki Hong Kim
Keimyung Medical Journal.2023; 42(2): 107. CrossRef

Original Article

Clinicopathologic features of cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies: Hyeong Mok Kwon, Gyu Yeong Kim, Dong Hoon Shin, Young Kyung Bae; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(4):289-297. Published online July 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.05.24

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Cutaneous metastasis (CM) is the spread of cancer cells from a primary site to the skin and is rarely the first sign of silent cancer. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of CM from internal malignancies in Korean patients treated at our institution over 20 years.
Methods
The clinicopathological findings of 112 patients (62 females, 50 males) with CM diagnosed at Yeungnam University Hospital between 2000 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.
Results
Mean patient age was 58.6 years (range, 26 to 87 years), and the most common primary cancer site was breast (74.2%) in women and lung (36.0%) in men. Ninety-six patients (85.7%) presented with CM after primary tumor diagnosis. CM from the lung or biliary tract usually occurred within 2 years of primary tumor diagnosis, whereas metastases from the breast and kidney occurred several years later. The chest, abdomen, and scalp were common sites of CM. Breast cancer usually metastasized to chest skin, while gastrointestinal tract cancers commonly metastasized to the abdomen. The scalp was a common location for CM from various tumors. The most common dermatologic presentations were nodules and masses. Immunohistochemical studies helped identify underlying malignancies when primary tumors were unknown.
Conclusions
The relative frequency of CM parallels the overall incidence of primary malignant tumors, and CMs usually occur at anatomic sites close to the primary tumor. CM can be diagnosed based on clinical, radiological, and histological features; however, immunohistochemical study is required in some cases.

Citations

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Cutaneous Metastases—Histological Particularities of Multifaceted Entities
Andreea Cătălina Tinca, Bianca Andreea Lazar, Andreea Raluca Cozac-Szőke, Georgian Nicolae Radu, Simina Petra Simion, Diana Maria Chiorean, Irina Bianca Kosovski, Adrian Horațiu Sabău, Raluca Niculescu, Iuliu Gabriel Cocuz, Raluca-Diana Hagău, Emoke Andre
Dermatopathology.2025; 12(2): 14. CrossRef
Cutaneous metastases of carcinomas originating from visceral organs - a contribution to the issue and description of particular cases
Vladimír Bartoš, Michal Urda
Onkologie.2025; 19(3): 160. CrossRef
A Mirror of Metastatic Destiny – A Case Series of Cutaneous Metastases
Rochelle Monteiro, Monisha Madhumita, Hemanth Kumar, Jacintha Martis
Clinical Dermatology Review.2024; 8(1): 58. CrossRef
Nonbrain metastases seen on magnetic resonance imaging during metastatic brain tumor screening
Mio Sakai, Nobuo Kashiwagi, Katsuyuki Nakanishi, Noboru Maeda, Yasuhiro Nakaya, Junichiro Tanaka, Shinichiro Watanabe, Hidenari Hongyo, Yu Tanaka, Sawaka Yamada, Atsushi Kawata, Sou Toda, Koji Takano, Hideyuki Arita, Noriyuki Tomiyama
Japanese Journal of Radiology.2023; 41(4): 367. CrossRef
Cutaneous Metastasis as a Diagnostic Prelude in a 48-year-old Female
Nagatoshi M. Ebisawa, Isabel G. Palabyab-Imperial, Leilani R. Senador, Luella Joy A. Escueta-Alcos
Journal of the Philippine Dermatological Society.2023; 32(2): 107. CrossRef
Pigmented epidermotropic breast cancer metastases: A rare variant with a particularly unusual feature
Juan Torre‐Castro, Cristina Moya‐Martínez, Lara Haya‐Martínez, María Dolores Mendoza‐Cembranos, Itziar Eraña‐Tomás, Luis Requena
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology.2022; 49(1): 99. CrossRef
Skin metastases in the clinical and dermoscopic aspects
Grazyna Kamińska-Winciorek, Aleksandra Pilśniak, Wojciech Piskorski, Jerzy Wydmański
Seminars in Oncology.2022; 49(2): 160. CrossRef
Dermoscopy and novel non invasive imaging of Cutaneous Metastases
Dimitrios Alexandris, Nektarios Alevizopoulos, Leonidas Marinos, Charikleia Gakiopoulou
Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis.2022; 6: 100078. CrossRef

Case Studies

A case of cribriform carcinoma of the skin: a newly described rare condition: Hyun Lee, Chong-Hyun Won, Chan-Sik Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):68-74. Published online December 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.10.05

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Abstract PDF

Primary cribriform carcinoma of the skin is an indolent, rare, adnexal tumor. Although its malignant potential remains uncertain, no recurrence or metastasis has been reported. A 33-year-old man presented with a solitary, erythematous, subcutaneous nodule on the right knee. The clinical impression was epidermal cyst, and the resected tumor demonstrated a well-circumscribed mass in the dermis and subcutis. The tumor was composed of two regions: a solid component and a cribriform component. The solid component (90%) showed multiple solid nests of epithelial cells. Individual cells had large, oval-to-round, hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei with a nuclear groove. The cribriform component (10%) showed similar neoplastic cells with many prominent lumina. Some lumina had an eosinophilic substance that exhibited a positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction. No recurrence or metastasis was observed within a followup period of eight months after excision. In conclusion, we report the first case of primary cribriform carcinoma of the skin in Korea.

Citations

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Primary cutaneous cribriform tumor: A case report and literature review
Doukou Jiang, Yongzhen Tian, Jiabin Tian, Hui Liu, Yang Guan
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology.2025; 52(1): 9. CrossRef
Primary cutaneous cribriform tumor in uncommon locations
Ting-Ting Cheng, Yu Yu
Dermatologica Sinica.2025; 43(4): 346. CrossRef
Primary Cutaneous Cribriform Apocrine Carcinoma: A Case Report and Narrative Review
Robyn Okereke, Anthony Linfante
BioMed.2025; 5(4): 26. CrossRef
Mohs micrographic surgery for the management of primary cutaneous cribriform carcinoma of the back
Min Jae Kim, Je‐Ho Mun
JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft.2024; 22(4): 584. CrossRef
Mikrographische Chirurgie nach Mohs bei einem primär kutanen kribriformen Karzinom am Rücken
Min Jae Kim, Je‐Ho Mun
JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft.2024; 22(4): 584. CrossRef
Rare skin appendage tumour on the right leg: a case of primary cutaneous cribriform carcinoma
Kashini Andrew, James M Carr, Claudia Roberts
BMJ Case Reports.2023; 16(5): e254781. CrossRef

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Common Hepatic Duct: Myunghee Kang, Na Rae Kim, Dong Hae Chung, Hyun Yee Cho, Yeon Ho Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):112-118. Published online October 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.09.03

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Abstract PDF

We report a rare case of hilar squamous cell carcinoma. A 62-year-old Korean woman complaining of nausea was referred to our hospital. Her biliary computed tomography revealed a 28 mm-sized protruding solid mass in the proximal common bile duct. The patient underwent left hemihepatectomy with S1 segmentectomy and segmental excision of the common bile duct. Microscopically, the tumor was a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct, without any component of adenocarcinoma or metaplastic portion in the biliary epithelium. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was positive for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CK19, p40, and p63. Squamous cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct is rare. To date, only 24 cases of biliary squamous cell carcinomas have been reported. Here, we provide a clinicopathologic review of previously reported extrahepatic bile duct squamous cell carcinomas.

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Deciphering cholangiocarcinoma heterogeneity and specific progenitor cell niche of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma at single-cell resolution
Chunliang Liu, Xiang Wang, Erdong Liu, Yali Zong, Wenlong Yu, Youhai Jiang, Jianan Chen, Mingye Gu, Zhengyuan Meng, Jingfeng Li, Yang Liu, Yongjie Zhang, Jing Tang, Hongyang Wang, Jing Fu
Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Current concepts in histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular diagnostics
Jared Beyersdorf, M. Lisa Zhang
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology.2025; 42(6): 150949. CrossRef
Cholangiocarcinoma With Liver Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma Type: A Case Report
Jane Chiang
Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography.2024; 40(6): 609. CrossRef
A Rare Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
Julianna Tantum, Rachael Schneider, Stefanie Gallagher, Kyley Leroy, Jared Lander, Patricia Wong
ACG Case Reports Journal.2023; 10(8): e01119. CrossRef
Metastatic Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as an Indeterminate Biliary Stricture Diagnosed By Cholangioscopy
Ritu Nahar, Ian Holmes, Jeffrey Baliff, Austin Chiang, Thomas Kowalski
ACG Case Reports Journal.2022; 9(6): e00785. CrossRef
Temporal Changes in Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence and Mortality in the United States from 2001 to 2017
Milind Javle, Sunyoung Lee, Nilofer S Azad, Mitesh J Borad, Robin Kate Kelley, Smitha Sivaraman, Anna Teschemaker, Ishveen Chopra, Nora Janjan, Shreekant Parasuraman, Tanios S Bekaii-Saab
The Oncologist.2022; 27(10): 874. CrossRef
PRIMARY SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT WITH LIVER METASTASES
Dhouha BACHA, Mohamed HAJRI, Wael FERJAOUI, Ghofrane TALBI, Lasaad GHARBI, Mohamed Taher KHALFALLAH, Sana ben SLAMA, Ahlem LAHMAR
ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo).2021;[Epub] CrossRef
S1510 A Rare Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
Stefanie Gallagher, Kyley Leroy, Julianna Tantum, Babak Etemad
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 116(1): S688. CrossRef
Heparin

Reactions Weekly.2019; 1752(1): 184. CrossRef
Carcinoma primario de células escamosas del conducto hepático común: a propósito de un caso
Ana Delgado Maroto, Andrés Barrientos Delgado, Marta Lázaro Sáez, Samia Hallouch Toutouh, Enrique Práxedes González
Gastroenterología y Hepatología.2019; 42(7): 436. CrossRef
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct: A case report
Ana Delgado Maroto, Andrés Barrientos Delgado, Marta Lázaro Sáez, Samia Hallouch Toutouh, Enrique Práxedes González
Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition).2019; 42(7): 436. CrossRef

Recurrent Indeterminate Dendritic Cell Tumor of the Skin: Jin Woo Joo, Taek Chung, Yoon Ah Cho, Sang Kyum Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(4):243-247. Published online April 5, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.03.27

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Abstract PDF

Indeterminate dendritic cell tumor (IDCT) is a dendritic cell tumor that displays histologic features similar to those of Langerhans cells. The origin of the indeterminate cells may represent precursors of Langerhans cells or skin dendritic cells. IDCT is extremely rare, and tumor progression and predictive factors are not well known. Here, we report a case of a 61-year-old man who presented with a papule on his back and was finally diagnosed with IDCT based on histology and immunohistochemistry. The tumor recurred three months after surgical excision.

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Pathologic characteristics of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms
Sun Och Yoon
Blood Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
An unusual cause of erythroderma
Chng Wei Qiang, Benjamin Ho Wen Yang, Wang Shi, Lim Kok Hing, Laura Hui Li Yao
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology.2024; 50(1): 227. CrossRef
Indeterminate cell histiocytosis: A systematic review of the literature with a comprehensive revision of clinical, histopathological, and molecular features
Simone Zanella, Emilio Berti, Arturo Bonometti
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.2023; 37(8): 1559. CrossRef

Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma with Extramammary Paget’s Disease: Eccrine or Apocrine?: Sun-Ju Oh, Young-Ok Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(4):238-242. Published online January 25, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.11.21

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Abstract PDF

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is an uncommon tumor of the sweat gland origin. The occurrence of PCMC is mostly in middle-aged and older patients, with a slight male predominance. Most cases of PCMC arise on the head, with a preference for eyelids. The histogenesis of PCMC, whether eccrine or apocrine, remains controversial. We report a rare case of PCMC with secondary extramammary Paget’s disease in the groin of a 75-year-old man, which favored an apocrine origin. Furthermore, based on a review of the literature, we provide several histologic clues that can be used to differentiate PCMC from metastatic mucinous carcinoma.

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Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma of the scalp masquerading as a benign dermatological mass – A case report
Fadi Alnehlaoui, Nafad Mohamed Lotfy Elhadidi, Shafik Fwakhrji, Shekhar V. Shikare, Majid Hassan Alhammadi, Salman Yousuf Guraya
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2024; 114: 109175. CrossRef
Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma in a periorbital lesion: two case reports and literature review
Jun Woo Kim, Sung Eun Kim
Archives of Craniofacial Surgery.2024; 25(2): 90. CrossRef
Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma: A Review of the Literature
Timothy Freeman, Aaron J. Russell, M. Laurin Council
Dermatologic Surgery.2023; 49(12): 1091. CrossRef
A Case of Eccrine Mucinous Carcinoma Involving Scalp
Ramsha Saleem, Sachin Vaidya
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

CD99 Is Strongly Expressed in Basal Cells of the Normal Adult Epidermis and Some Subpopulations of Appendages: Comparison with Developing Fetal Skin: Gawon Choi, Jin Roh, Chan-Sik Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(5):361-368. Published online August 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.06.19

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Abstract PDF

Background
CD99 is a cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in various tissues. CD99 is differentially expressed between subpopulations of each tissue and is highly expressed in certain hematopoietic and precursor cells. However, there has been no comprehensive study of CD99 expression in normal skin. We evaluated CD99 expression in normal human skin and developing fetal skin.
Methods
Seventy-five adult skin samples containing normal skin and eight fetal skin samples of different gestational ages were collected. CD99 immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate expression pattern in adult and fetal skin samples. CD99 and CD34 expression were compared by double immunofluorescence.
Results
In normal adult skin, CD99 was strongly expressed in the membrane of epidermal basal keratinocytes, hair follicle bulges and outer root sheaths, and inner secretory cells of eccrine sweat glands. In fetal skin, CD99 was not expressed on the periderm at 16 weeks of gestation but was expressed in basal cells of fetal skin at around 19 weeks of gestation. CD99 expression became comparable to that of the adult skin after 20 weeks of gestation. CD99 and CD34 were co-expressed in hair follicle outer root sheaths, as seen by double immunofluorescence study.
Conclusions
This is the first study examining CD99 expression pattern in normal adult and fetal skin. CD99 tends to be expressed in the basal/precursor cells of epidermis and in hair follicles. These results provide a basis for future investigation on functions of CD99 in the skin and provide a novel potential target for the treatment of dermatologic lesions.

Citations

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Childhood pilomatrixoma mimicking malignant small round blue cell tumor with positivity for CD99: Potential pitfall in cytology
Brijdeep Singh, Radhika Srinivasan, Deepak Bansal, Manish Rohilla, Pranab Dey, Uma Nahar Saikia, Ritambhra Nada
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of CD99 in regulating homeostasis and differentiation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes
Yi Li Wong, Toru Okubo, Eiko Uno, Kazuma Suda, Tsuyoshi Ishii
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2022; 606: 108. CrossRef
Anti-human CD99 antibody exerts potent antitumor effects in mantle cell lymphoma
Nuchjira Takheaw, Gunya Sittithumcharee, Ryusho Kariya, Watchara Kasinrerk, Seiji Okada
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.2021; 70(6): 1557. CrossRef
“Neuroectodermal influence of CD 99 immunoexpression correlates with the clinical behavior of odontogenic cysts and tumors”
Harshi Mishra, Nikita Gulati, Anshi Jain, Saurabh Juneja, Devi Charan Shetty
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.2021; 25(3): 423. CrossRef
CD99 at the crossroads of physiology and pathology
Michela Pasello, Maria Cristina Manara, Katia Scotlandi
Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling.2018; 12(1): 55. CrossRef
CD99: A Cell Surface Protein with an Oncojanus Role in Tumors
Maria Manara, Michela Pasello, Katia Scotlandi
Genes.2018; 9(3): 159. CrossRef

Case Reports

Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma of the Scalp: Yong-Han Jung, Hye-Jung Jo, Mi-Seon Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):278-281. Published online June 22, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.278

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Abstract PDF

Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma (SEDC) is an exceedingly rare tumor that shows both squamous and adnexal ductal differentiation. We report a case of this unusual tumor occurring on the occiput of a 53-year-old man. A histopathological examination revealed a nodular lesion infiltrating the dermis and subcutaneous tissue with numerous duct-like structure and squamoid differentiation foci. Five months later, the patient presented with a palpable mass at the site of the previous excision and the right side of the neck. Sono-guided fine needle aspiration of the right neck mass was performed and was diagnosed as a metastastasis of a lymph node. A right neck node dissection and re-excision of the occiput was performed. The histopathological findings were similar, but squamoid differentiation was more prominent than that in the previous lesion. Because of the rarity of SEDC, little is known about its biological behavior and optimal treatment.

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Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma: A Systematic Review
Baraa Saifi, Maria Maalouf, Areeba Hasan, Doha Fadel, Marita Kassab, Nancy Emmanuel
Current Dermatology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Aggressive Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma of the Face: A Rare and Challenging Diagnosis—Case Report and Literature Review
Bruno Špiljak, Damir Sauerborn, Matej Tomas, Brankica Gregorić Butina, Ivana Mahovne, Suzana Erić, Bruno Vidaković, Stjepanka Lešić
Medicina.2025; 61(4): 612. CrossRef
Surgical Treatment of Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma: A Systematic Review
Nehaa Sohail, Hannah R. Riva, Mojahed Mohammad K Shalabi, Benjamin Kelley, Stanislav N. Tolkachjov
Dermatologic Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma: Treatment and Outcomes
Megan M. Lim, Jillian A. Macdonald
The American Journal of Dermatopathology.2022; 44(4): 249. CrossRef
Recurrent Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma After Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Cardwell Gavin, Brinker Alyson
Dermatologic Surgery.2021; 47(8): 1108. CrossRef
Carcinoma ecrino: dos casos de una neoplasia inusual y revisión de la literatura
Clara Matas-Nadal, Josep Manel Fernández-Armenteros, Felip Vilardell, Josep Manel Casanova, Rafael S. Aguayo Ortiz
Piel.2020; 35(3): 159. CrossRef
Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma: a case report
Zeynep BAYRAMOĞLU, Betül ÜNAL
The European Research Journal.2020; 6(2): 173. CrossRef
Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma of the ear helix
Sunmin Yim, Yun Ho Lee, Seoung Wan Chae, Won‐Serk Kim
Clinical Case Reports.2019; 7(7): 1409. CrossRef
Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma of the scalp
Hsien Chan, Vicki Howard, Denis Moir, Delwyn Dyall‐Smith
Australasian Journal of Dermatology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma
Michiel P.J. van der Horst, Adriana Garcia-Herrera, Dorota Markiewicz, Blanca Martin, Eduardo Calonje, Thomas Brenn
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2016; 40(6): 755. CrossRef
Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma
Maria Isabel Ramos Saraiva, Marcella Amaral Horta Barbosa Vieira, Larissa Karine Leite Portocarrero, Rafael Cavanellas Fraga, Priscila Kakizaki, Neusa Yuriko Sakai Valente
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.2016; 91(6): 799. CrossRef
Anatomoclinical study of 30 cases of sclerosing sweat duct carcinomas (microcystic adnexal carcinoma, syringomatous carcinoma and squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma)
E. Frouin, M.D. Vignon‐Pennamen, B. Balme, B. Cavelier‐Balloy, U. Zimmermann, N. Ortonne, A. Carlotti, L. Pinquier, J. André, B. Cribier
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.2015; 29(10): 1978. CrossRef

A Cutaneous Myoepithelial Carcinoma Arising in a Papillary Eccrine Adenoma.: Ji Han Jung, Soyoung Im, Seok Jin Kang, Gyong Moon Kim, Ki Taik Han, Jin Young Yoo, Chang Suk Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):644-649.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.644

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Abstract PDF

Cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms and papillary eccrine adenomas (PEA) are rare conditions. Malignant tumors within a PEA are even rarer, with only one case reported to date. Herein, we present an extremely rare case of a cutaneous myoepithelial carcinoma arising in a PEA in a 70-year-old man presenting a solid mass in the left buttock. Histopathologically, most of the resected tumor revealed features consistent with the diagnosis of PEA. Some small nests and nodules were intermixed with the PEA and were present adjacent to the PEA. The tumor cells of nests and nodules showed ovoid to spindle shaped nuclei and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, they were positive for both epithelial and myogenic markers, consistent with myoepithelioma. An inguinal lymph node with a metastatic lesion showed the same findings of myoepithelioma despite inconspicuous atypia. Our case showed malignant transformation of the myoepithelial cells at the outermost layers of the PEA.

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TRPS1::PLAG1 Fusion in a Primary Cutaneous Myoepithelial Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Timber Gillis, Jenika Howell, Fatemeh Jafarian
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology.2026; 53(2): 169. CrossRef
Papillary eccrine adenoma associated with syringocystadenoma papilliferum
Neha Meena, PrafullaKumar Sharma, Sawan Kumar, Minakshi Bhardwaj
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology.2018; 84(3): 322. CrossRef
Pleural fluid metastases of myoepithelial carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature
Alicia Calderon Bhambra, Yanhong Zhang, Eric C. Huang, John Bishop, Mahan Matin, Alaa Afify
CytoJournal.2016; 13: 13. CrossRef
Myoepithelial carcinoma of buccal mucosa: A rare tumor
Jeevan Lata, Fahad Ahmad, Vimal Chand
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Sporadic Cutaneous Keratocyst without Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Report of 1 Case.: Hye Won Lee, Ji Young Park, Sun Hee Kang, Misun Choe; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):322-325.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.322

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Abstract PDF

A cutaneous keratocyst is very rare and is ordinarily associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin syndrome. NBCCS is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder that results from the mutation in the patched homologue 1 (PTCH1) gene located on chromosome 9q22.3, with high penetrance and variable expressivity. NBCCS demonstrates multisystem manifestations such as multiple basal cell carcinomas in early age, jaw cysts and pits of the hands and feet. Cutaneous keratocysts are characteristically lined by festooned keratinized squamous epithelium with parakeratosis. The cystic wall contains neither granular cell layer nor skin appendages. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases of cutaneous keratocysts not associated with NBCCS have been reported to date. We report one another case of a histologically confirmed cutaneous keratocyst in a 50-year-old female without a family history and clinical features of NBCCS.

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Adnexal Clear Cell Carcinoma with Comedonecrosis: A Case Report.: Seo Hee Kim, Sun Hee Han, Jung Suk An, Ju Han Lee, Eung Seok Lee, Heum Rye Park, Young Sik Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(1):92-96.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.1.92

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Abstract PDF

Adnexal clear cell carcinoma with comedonecrosis (ACCCC) is a very rare malignancy of the skin with an aggressive clinical course and a predilection for the scalp. This is the first reported case of ACCCC in Korea. A 79-year-old male presented with left abdominal masses that proved to be two subcutaneous nodules. The tumors histologically consisted of epithelial nests that showed a distinctive zonal arrangement. The centrally located clear cell areas with comedonecroses were merged with the peripheral squamoid cells, often exhibiting retraction artifacts and an infiltrating border. Nuclear pleomorphism and frequent mitoses were prominent. The clear cells were immunopositive for carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen. We report here on a case of ACCCC involving the abdominal skin, and this tumor should be distinguished from the more indolent squamous cell and tricholemmal carcinomas.

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Adnexal Clear Cell Carcinoma Exhibiting Comedonecrosis of the Ear: A Rare Case Treated With Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Helen Z Chen, Mohamad Jabin, Michelle Tarbox, Russell Akin, Ashley Sturgeon
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Alteration of G1/S Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins in Carcinogenesis of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas.: Soyoung Im, Changyoung Yoo, Ji Han Jung, Hyun Joo Choi, Jinyoung Yoo, Seok Jin Kang, Kyo Young Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(6):542-549.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.6.542

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Aberration of the cell cycle regulatory proteins has been reported to contribute to the development and progression of human malignancy. We studied the expression of G1/S cell cycle regulatory proteins to investigate the carcinogenesis in cutaneous squamous cell lesions. METHODS: We evaluated the expressions of p16, pRb, cyclin D1 and Ki-67 protein by immunonohistochemistry in cases of normal skin (n=15), seborrheic keratosis (SK; n=26), actinic keratosis (AK; n=30), Bowen's disease (BD; n=37), keratoacanthoma (KA; n=23), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n=22). RESULTS: The Ki-67 expression gradually increased from SK, through AK, to BD. The expression of p16 was more increased in BD than that in AK. The decreased expressions of p16 and Rb, and the increased expression of cyclin D1 were observed to a greater degree in SCC than those in BD. The expressions of cyclin D1 and Ki-67 were higher in SCC than those in KA. CONCLUSIONS: The altered expressions of p16, Rb, and cyclin D1 were considered to be related to the carcinogenesis in the cutaneous squamous cell lesions. Therefore, immunohistochemical studies of the cell cycle regulatory proteins and a combined analysis may be helpful as an adjunct to the histomorphology in the diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell lesions.

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Expression of pRb, p53, p16 and Cyclin D1 and Their Clinical Implications in Urothelial Carcinoma
Kyungji Lee, Eun Sun Jung, Young-Jin Choi, Kyo Young Lee, Ahwon Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(10): 1449. CrossRef

Case Report

Subcutaneous Neuromuscular Hamartoma: A case report.: Dong Hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Jung Dal Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(1):62-64.

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Abstract PDF: Subcutaneous form of neuromuscular hamartoma is extremely rare and histologically different from the conventional neuromuscular hamartoma of the peripheral nerve or benign Triton tumor by an indistinct nodular growth with ill-defined margin and marked collagen interposition. It is usually not associated with a major nerve. We report a case of subcutaneous neuromuscular hamartoma developed in the forehead of 24-year-old man. The tumor showed proliferation of dense, hyalinized fibrous tissue, in which single or group of mature skeletal muscle fibers and nerve fibers were haphazardly intermixed. Recognition of abnormally arranged muscle and nerve fibers is important not to miss this lesion.

Original Article

Ultrastructural Feature of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus.: Chul Jong Yoon, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(3):321-326.

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Abstract PDF: Molluscum contagiosum virus(MCV) infection occurs in both sporadic and epidemic forms, and affects children more frequently. The skin lesions are small, pinkish and wartlike tumor. MCV has not been transmitted to animals and nQt propagated in cell culture. Therefore the viruses in human lesions can only be demonstrated by electron microscopy. Histologically, characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (called molluscum bodies) are formed in infected epithelial cells. They gradually enlarge and eventually fill the cell. Ultrastructure of molluscum bodies in infected cells showed a large number of MCV particles that are variable-sized, spherical, ellipsoidal and brick-shaped. Early viral replication stage shows small dense bodies in the nucleus and then reveal immature MCV that consist of homogeneous rounded core and separated capsidal membrane from the cytoplasm matrix In advanced stage, shrinked nucleus with irregular membrane moves into marginal area of the cell. The spherical fon-ns represented immature viruses in cytoplasm matrix, whereas the brick-sphaped forms represented mature viruses in the inclusion of cytoplasm.

Case Reports

Cutaneous Ciliated Cyst: Report of a case.: Eundeok Chang, Sangin Shim; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(3):391-392.

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Abstract PDF: Farmer and Helwig coined the term cutaneous ciliated cyst in 1978 to describe specific skin cysts lined with ciliated epithelium a resembling the mucosa of the fallopian tube. Twenty case, of cutaneous ciliated cysts have been published to date. All have been found to affect the lower limb and all patients have been women. The etiology of the cyst is as yet unknown. A 37-year-old woman had a cyst excised from the left buttock. Microscopically, the lining epithelium of the cyst wall was composed of columnar cilited cells similar to those seen in the fallopian tubes. Immunoperoxidase stainings for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen were positive.

Trichoblastic Carcinoma arising in Trichoblastoma: A Case Report.: Kyung Jin Seo, Jinyoung Yoo, Seok Jin Kang, Ji Han Jung, Hye Kyung Lee, Kyo Young Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(4):274-277.

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Abstract PDF: Trichoblastic carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of follicular germ cell origin; to the best of our knowledge, only six trichoblastic carcinomas arising in trichoblastomas have appeared on the literature. We recently experienced a trichoblastic carcinoma arising in a long standing trichoblastoma. A 68-year old woman came to the hospital with a chief complaint of an ulcerated nodule on her face. The nodule, 1.1x0.9 cm with an asymmetrical configuration, had been present and unchanged for more than 20 years, however, it grew suddenly with painful burning sensation. An excisional biopsy was performed and disclosed a deeply invasive, highgrade carcinoma, which consisted of cohesive epithelial cells arranged in irregular plump or germinative cell nests of various sizes. However, at the periphery of the tumor was a benign trichoblastoma surrounded by perifollicular sheath. We believe that the present case is a trichoblastic carcinoma developed via malignant transformation of pre-existing trichoblastoma.

Original Articles

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia(Immotile Cilia Syndrome): Clinical and electron microscopic analysis of 17 cases.: Je G Chi, Chul Jong Yoon; Korean J Pathol. 1993;27(2):99-107.

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Abstract PDF: Immotile cilia syndrome is a genetically determined disorder characterized by immotility or poor motility of the cilia in the airways and elsewhere. Since its first description in 1976 determination of a ciliary abnormality has now clarified its variable expression and pleiotropism. Certain specific defects in the ciliary axoneme can be found and are pathognmoic of the syndrome. These defects include missing dynein arms, abnormally short dynein, arms, spokes with no central sheath, missing central microtubules, and displacement of one of the nine peripheral doublets. We have studied 80 cases of bronchial or nasal mucosal biopsies that were performed with the suspicion of immotile cilia syndrome. Of 80 cases only 17 cases were sampled optimally to be able to observe under transmission and scanning electron microscopes. All 17 cases had certain abnormality of the cilia. They consisted of Ia(3 cases), Ib(3 cases), Id only(3 cases) and Id+other types(6 cases) a according to Sturgess classification. Seven cases consisted of 1 solitary and 6 combined form; II+Id(1 case) and II+Id+III(5 case). All 5 cases of type III were combined with Id and II. Clinically most pronounced manifestations were cough(82%), sputum(59%), rhinorrhea(41%) and nasal stuffiness(35%), All the patients were below the age of 15 years, and there were 6 boys and 11 girls.

Expression of Cytokeratin 1, 10 and 14 in Fetal Skin.: Kye Yong Song, Sun Lee, Dong Hye Suh, Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Jung Min, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(3):226-231.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
During the fetal stage, the epidermis and adnexal epithelium might express different types of cytokeratin (CK) by developmental stages. The objective of this study is to observe the expressions of CK1, CK10 and CK14 in the skin of human fetuses.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical stains were applied to the skin of 42 fetuses ranging from 10 to 36 gestation weeks. Three different portions of the body (i.e., scalp, chest and sole) were sampled. Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against CK1, 10, 14 were done.
RESULTS
We found that CK14 was expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis and adnexae of fetuses beween 10 to 36 gestation weeks. However, stronger expression in the middle than the basal layer was noted in the soles of 15-week fetuses followed by exclusive basal expression. The sebaceous gland, the outer root sheath of the hair follicle and the eccrine duct epithelium also showed CK14 expressions, while CK14 was negative in hair germ and acini. Both CK1 and CK10 were expressed in the epidermis of fetuses ranging between 10 to 36 gestation weeks at the suprabasal layer of the scalp, chest and sole; while they were negative in the basal layer and skin adnexae including sebaceous, hair and eccrine gland.
CONCLUSIONS
Expression of cytokeratins in the fetal skin were noted at 10 weeks throughout the entire gestation period and were similar in the three different sites, except in the early stage of the sole. The main expression sites of K14 were the basal layer of the epidermis, the eccrine ducts and the outer root sheath cells of hair, suggesting the same origin, while those of K1 and K10 were in the suprabasal layer of epidermis.

Morphological Observations on the Epidermal Development of Human Fetal Skin.: Joong Seok Seo, Kye Yong Song, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1990;24(1):27-38.

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Abstract PDF: To observe developing process of human fetal skin during intrauterine life, morphological studies in light microscopic level were made based on 27 human embryos and 76 fetuses ranging from 4 to 40 gestation weeks. The fetuses were the products of induced abortion and were found to have no associated diseases of congenital anomalies at the autopsy. Ten different portions of the body were sampled and examined. They were scalp, forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, palm, sole, finger and toe. In embryos two different portions; cephalic and caudal portions were examined: The following results were obtained: 1) A single layer of undifferentiated cell was the primitive epidermis at the 4th week and it was followed by two layered epidermis consisting of periderm and primitive basal cell layer. Epidermal ridges started to develop along with primitive eccrine and hair germs as clustering of basal cells at the llth week. Stratum inter-medium was formed at the 12th week, and primitive granular cell layers and keratin formation in association with hair follicles at the 19th week forming earliest adult type epidermis, followed by progressive maturation. 2) The thickness of the fetal epidermis and keratin layer increased as the fetal age approached to the term with its slightly different developmental pattern by the site of body. Cephalic protions developed slightly earlier than the other parts. 3) The developmental pattern of various portions of epidermis could be categorized into three groups; (1) scalp, forehead and face; (2) chest, abdomen and back; (3) palm, sole, finger and toe.

Case Reports

Mucoid Cyst of Penile Skin: A case report.: Joong Seok Seo, Yong Wook Park, Kye Yong Song, Sae Chul Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1990;24(1):82-84.

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Abstract PDF: A rare case of mucoid cyst of the penile skin in a 23 year-old man is reported, which has been presented as a movable, superficial and no tender nodule, measuring 0.8 cm in maximum diameter at the periurethral meatus of the glans for 6 months. This nodule was removed by simple excision and proved to be a mucoid cyst of penile skin, which was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with occasional mucous epithelium and glands, suggesting its origin is most likely from sequestrated periurethral glands.

Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma: Report of a case.: Eun Deok Chang, Young Hee Jee, Sun Moo Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1993;27(3):290-292.

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Abstract PDF: Microcystic adenxal carcinoma is an unusual, locally aggressive neoplasm that has recently been recongized as a clincopathologic entity. Its histologic appearance includes both pilar and eccrine differentiation. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of small cysts and gland-like structures in superficial portion. In other area, basaloid cell nests and abortive hair follicles in the sclerotic stroma were seen. The cysts were filled with secretory eosinophilic material, which was positively stained with Periodic acid-Schiff and carcinoembryonic antigen. Immuno-peroxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen supported the dual differnetiation of this neoplasm. Despite the benign histologic appearance, there was deep and extensive infiltration of the subcutaneous tissue.

Malignant Small Cell Tumor of the Thoracopulmonary Region (Askin Tumor): Report of a case.: Young Im Han, Hye Jin Lee, Kang Suek Suh, Sun Kyung Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(5):687-690.

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Abstract: Malignant small cell tumor(MSCT) of the thoracopulmonary region(Askin tumor) is extremely rare and is seen predominantly in children and adolescents. This tumor represents a distinct clinicopathologic entity of neuroectodertnal origin, arising from the soft tissues of the chest wall or peripheral lung. This tumor tends to recur locally, but does not seem to disseminate widely. The overall survival is poor. Recently, we experienced a case of the MSCT of the thoracopulmonary region of a 12-year-old female. She was admitted because of a chest wall mass on radiographic examination, and a complaint of intermittent chest pain. Grossly, the mass was lobulated, round and had a solid appearance with focal necrosis and hemorrhage on the cut surface. Histologically, small round to oval cells were arranged in compact sheets, nests and lobular patterns with intervening fibrovascular stroma. Ultrastructurally, the presence of loose-fitting membrane-bound neurosecretory granules was noted.

Original Articles

A Morphologic Study of the Structural Changes of Normal Aging Facial Skin.: Joong Won Song, Dae Young Kang; Korean J Pathol. 1993;27(4):349-361.

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Abstract PDF: In an attempt to elucidate the morphologic changes of normal aging skin, the present study was undertaken in human facial and chest well skin of individuals aged from 4 months to 76 years old. Biopsied skin was studied with light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope, using both conventional and tannic acid staining. The morphologic changes in the skin were noted as follow: 1. Structurally, the aged epidermis gradually became somewhat thinner, with flattening of the dermoepidermal interface. The number of melanocytes also decreased. 2. Abnormalities of elastic fibers such as loss of oxytalan fibers were observed from age 30. It was the initial sign of the aging process of elastic fibers, followed by abnormal changes in elaunin and mature elastic fibers. The degree of facial skin abnormality was rather more severe than that of the chest wall skin. 3. In individuals more than 50 years old, the age related changes in mature elastic fibers were more severe. Transmission electron microscopically, the electron density in elastin was irregular. The elastic fibers also showed pores and irregular splitting with fragmentation. Fine granular materials were scattered near the elastin. 4. Scanning electron microscopically, the elastic fibers in young adult skin showd ribbon-like fibers aligned in the same direction. They were either cylindrical or elliptical, having smooth surface. In old skin, the elastic fibers ran in various directions, forming complicated networks. These were larger, more elliptical and more branched than those in young adult skin. In summary, histologic changes of aging are much more prominent in sun-exposed skin(facial skin) than in sun protected skin(chest wall skin). A completely different spectrum of elastic fiber abnormalities was found in individuals more than 30 years old. The result indicates that elastic fiber abnormalities are related to aging skin.

Histologic and Clinical Characteristics of Skin Warts According to the Human Papillomavirus Antigen Expression.: Kun Chang Song, Kwang Gil Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1993;27(4):379-386.

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Abstract PDF: Skin wart is an infectious disease of human papillomavirus(HPV). Its clinical and histopathologic characteristics are largely determined by lesion sties, viral type and host immunity. The infected basal cells and keratinocytes of the epidermis are induced to proliferate by the viral genome. It is, however, not well known how htose factors give rise to histopathologic alterations in the infected basal cells and keratinocytes. So, evaluation of correlation between HPV antigen expression in the wart tissues and clinical and histopathologic charateristics was done on 83 cases of skin warts. The age of patients ranged from 2 to 83 years. Thirty six(43.3%) cases were diagnosed before the age of third decade. The sex ratio was nearly same. Verruca vulgaris was most common(46 cases), followed by verruca plana(26 cases) and verruca palmoplantaris(11 cases). HPV antigen expression was observed in 43 out of total 83(51.8%). It was noted in 47.8%(22/46) of verruca vulgaris, in 46.2%(12/26) of verruca plana and in 81.8%(9/11) of verruca palmoplantaris. HPV antigen-positive groups included more younger patient's age and more higher PCNA than those of HPV negative groups. HPV positive groups also tend to have shorter duration of disease and more numerous mitoses than HPV negative groups. HPV antigen-positive groups showed lower inflammation grade than that of HPV negative groups(p<0.05). The higher the inflammaton grade is, the lower the HPV antigen expression rate. In summary, HPV antigen expression in cutaneous wart tissue is significantly correlated with the proliferative activity of the lesion. It is also significantly correlated with the inflammation that is considered to be the result of cell-mediated immune reaction.

Case Reports

Primary Carcinosarcoma of the Skin.: Mee Sook Roh, Gi Yeong Huh, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(5):444-446.

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Abstract PDF: Carcinosarcoma is a biphasic tumor composed of intimately admixed malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components. Primary cutaneous cases are extremely rare; there are with only 18 cases documented in English literature to date. We present a case of a 55-year-old woman with a primary carcinosarcoma of the scalp. Histologically, the lesion consisted of an undifferentiated spindle cell sarcomatous component admixed with a resembling malignant tumor with eccrine differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed the epithelial component to express cytokeratin and EMA and lack of vimentin expression. In the sarcomatous component, the staining pattern demonstrated the reverse. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy; but one month later a recurring nodule developed at this site, and two months later, metastasis to the neck lymph node developed. There is no evidence of recurrence or metastasis after 25 months of follow-up.

Sebaceous Trichofolliculoma: A case report.: Jeana Kim, Seong Beom Lee, Seok Jin Kang, Soo Il Chung, Sun Moo Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(6):794-796.

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Abstract PDF: Sebaceous trichofolliculoma is a variant of trichofolliculoma which occurs in the sebaceous areas rich in follicles and is a relatively rare skin tumor. This tumor is a clinically and histologically easy tumor to recognize that is well differentiated. We examined a case of a consists of a 21-year-old female who had a pedunculated nodule on her scalp. Microscopically, the tumor was large, had a centrally located cavity lined by squamous epithelium and radially arranged sebaceous follicles connected to the cavity. No cytological atypia or recurrence after excision was found.

Chromomycosis of the Skin: A case report.: Tae Sook Kim, Kye Yong Song, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1993;27(5):531-534.

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Abstract PDF: Cutaneous chromomycosis is a slow growing verrucous skin infection caused by five species, identified as Philadophara verruscosa, Fonsecaea dermatitidis, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compactum, Cladosporium, carionii. We report a case of chromomycosis of the skin causing by Cladosporium genus, in view of its rarity and unique light microscopic and ultrastructural features. This 65-year-old female had suffered from eczematous and lichenified skin lesion for the last two years since she burned her dorsum of the left hand by boiling oil. The lesion was slowly progressed, and ended up to the brownish hardening of the skin covered with crusts. Skin punch biopsy was done. Histologically, the sections revealed typical features of chronic granulomatous inflammation along with the heavy infiltration of the lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes. Pseudocarcinomatous downgrowth of the epidermis and microabscesses in the upper dermis were also found. Numerous thick walled fungal organisms were noted within the giant cells and freely in the dermis, which were positive ant PAS stain, and diastase resistant. Thick mucous capsule is not observed. The organisms showed very faint yellowish walls with a few buddings and a few short elongated hyphae were also noted. Ultrastructurally, the fungus wall was multilayered and inner organelles were sparse. There is no evidence of systemic involvement, especially brain.

A Case Report of Cutaneous Coccidioidomycosis.: Sunhee Chang, Sang Hwa Shim, Ji Eun Kwak, Mee Joo, Hanseong Kim, Hai Jin Park, Yee Gyung Kwak, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(4):223-225.

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Abstract PDF: Coccidioidomycosis, which results from inhaling the spores of Coccidioides species, is endemic in the southwestern United States. The primary infection site is the lung, and dissemination of the disease can occur. We report a case of cutaneous coccidioidomycosis in a 79-year-old Korean woman who presented with purpura on both lower extremities, but no pulmonary symptoms and no history of visiting an endemic area. Microscopically, skin biopsy showed multiple aggregates of granulomas in the dermis. Numerous multinucleated giant cells were associated with the granulomas. Mature and immature fungal spherules, which were 20 to 30 micrometer in diameter, were present inside and outside the multinucleated giant cells.

Original Article

Role of Angiogenesis and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis .: Aeree Kim, Byoung Kook Kim, Hosu Chun, Ju Han Lee, Jong Sang Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(2):106-111.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Angiogenesis is crucial for many biological processes such as embryogenesis, cyclic changes in the endometrium and wound healing. It is also critical for the growth, invasion and metastasis of solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts as a mitogen for endothelial cells and is expressed by the presence of various tumor cells. The objective of this study is to evaluate if angiogenesis is involved in the mouse skin carcinogenesis and if VEGF is related to angiogenesis.
METHODS
We induced premalignant and malignant lesions on mouse (BALB/c) skin using the two stage chemical carcinogenesis moedl, DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene) initiation and TPA (tetra decanoyl-phorbol-acetate) promotion. And we analysed the microvessel densities (MVD) and expression of VEGF in various stages of premalignant and malignant lesions by immunohistochemical studies.
RESULTS
Squamous papillomas, keratoacanthoma, dermatofibroma, and squamous cell carcinomas were developed in 20 weeks. There were no differences in the incidence of benign and malignant tumors between 10-week and 20-week promotion groups. There were significant increases in MVD from normal and hyperplastic skin through premalignant lesion to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (p<0.0005). But the degree of VEGF expression neither correlated with neither MVD nor the tumor groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased angiogenesis begins from the hyperplastic stage. VEGF produced by tumor cells may not play major roles in the angiogenesis in the two stage chemical carcinogenesis model of the mouse skin.

Case Report

Sebaceous Adenoma in Medial Caruncle of the Eye: A case report.: Geon Kook Lee, Joong Seok Seo, Kye Yong Song, Je G Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1991;25(2):174-177.

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Abstract PDF: Sebaceous adenoma is a rare solitary or multiple yellow, circumscribed neoplasm consisting of sharply demarcated, proliferating lobules or irregular size and shape that are composed of three cell bypes: basal cells, mature and transitional sebaceous cells. We reported a case of extremely rare sebaceous adenoma arising in caruncle of the left eye in a 78-year-old female. A polypoid tumor nodule, measuring 0.6x0.5 cm, was noticed 6 months before resection. It was grayish white with granular surface. There is no evidence of associated visceral neoplasm. Histopathologically, it revealed a lobulated tumor, composed of equal amount of highly differentiated sebaceous and intermediate transitional epithelium with minor participation of basaloid cells. This tumor is thought to be the neoplasm of the sebaceous gland normaly present in the caruncle of the eye rather than ectopic origin.

Original Article

Cytologic Features of Soft Tissue Lesions.: Soon Ae Oak, Gyung Yub Gong, Ghee Young Choe, Jur Yung Hch, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 1995;6(1):27-35.

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Abstract PDF: We reviewed 93 cases of fine needle aspiration of skin\subcutaneous and soft tissue lesions with histologic confirmation. On the basis of the most prominent cytologic features, morphologic classification of the aspirates was done. Neoplastic lesions of soft tissue were categorized as ; round cell, spindle cell, polygonal cell, well-differentiated and myxoid tumor. This classification is convenient to recognize and categorize most soft tissue tumors.

Case Report

Pigmented Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising from Pigmented Actinic Keratosis.: Hyun Joo Choi, Gyeong Sin Park, Seok Jin Kang, Yeong Jin Choi, Byung Kee Kim, Sun Moo Kim, Sang In Shim; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(1):76-79.

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Abstract PDF: Pigmented squamous cell carcinoma is a very rare malignant, pigmented, epidermal tumor. The rarity of pigmented squamous cell carcinomas may reflect in part their misdiagnosis as other pigmented neoplasms, particularly malignant melanoma. To our knowledge, only five cases have been reported in literature. We recently experienced a case of pigmented squamous cell carcinoma arising from pigmented actinic keratosis in a 77 years old female. Physical examination showed a 0.8 0.6 cm, smooth, dark brown pigmented patch with irregular but sharply defined borders located on the upper left chest. The biopsy specimen showed histologic findings of pigmented actinic keratosis with abundant melanin pigments, which became pigmented squamous cell carcinoma. Most of pigments in the squamous cell carcinoma were contained within the melanocytes along with the neoplastic squamous cells.

Original Article

Pathological Analysis of the Basal Cell Carcinoma.: Kye Yong Song, Young Hwa Choi, Mi Kyung Kim, Kenn Kook Lee, Eui Kenn Ham; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(2):160-167.

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Abstract PDF: Though basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent and increasing malignant tumor of the skin in Korea, its pathological analysis has been done only on the small numbers. So, we did a comprehensive pathologic study on the 283 patients with basal cell carcinoma diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Seoul National(233cases) and Chung-Ang(50cases) University Hospital during 1975-1992. The age distribution was ranged from 15 to 84 years with highest incidence rate in the age group of 5th-8th decades and 83.7% of all patients were over 40 years of age. Sex difference was not noted. The most common site was face occuring in 235 out of 283cases(83.0%) especially in the eyelid(25.5%), nose(17.9%) and cheek(16.6%). The most frequent histopathologic type was solid type(54.0%) followed by mixed(23.9%), adenoid(7.5%), and metatypical(4.7%). Among 51 mixed type, all showed solid components with adenoid(51.0%) followed by morphea(25.5%) and metatypical type(13.7%). And among 14 recurrent cases, solid type is found in 50% of cases. The characteristic clinicopathological findings are solid arrangement of tumor cells with various histological pattern and predominant occurence on the face.

Case Report

Fatal Strongyloidiasis with Residual Cutaneous Larvae: An Autopsy Case Report.: Na Rae Kim, Dae Su Kim, Joungho Han, Dong Cheol Choe; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(4):266-270.

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Abstract PDF: Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in immunocompromised patients is difficult to control due to delayed diagnosis, especially in nonendemic areas. A 70-year-old diabetic woman came in with an intermittent diarrhea. She received massive steroid therapy for a week under the impression of idiopathic gastrointestinal eosinophilic syndrome. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis was made by demonstration of filariform larvae in two repeated sputum specimens two months later. Despite massive administration of albendazole, she died of diabetic ketoacidosis and septic shock. Autopsy revealed a diffusely thickened bowel wall, superimposed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and the near total destruction of the lungs. Filariform larvae were detected only in the cutaneous lesions. It was presumed that Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection was caused by autoinfection in the patient's immunosuppressed status. The present case has two clinical importances; first, intensive treatment with albendazole could erradicate parasites except for the skin but sepsis presumably occurred due to a hypersensitivity reaction against liberated endotoxins during the death of the parasites by the drug. Second, cutaneous parasitic lesion resists the intensive antihelminthic treatment in an immunocompromised host.

Original Articles

Histopathologic Analysis of Malignant Lymphoma Involving the Skin and Its Relationship with the Epstein-Barr Virus.: Yun Hee Jin, Seong Ho Kim, Chan Kum Park; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(1):20-28.

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Abstract PDF: The author classified 38 cases of malignant lymphoma involving the skin primarily or secondarily by the new WHO classification with minor modifications and carried out RNA in situ hybridization and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A case was follicular lymphoma of B cell origin and 37 cases were malignant lymphomas of T cell origin, including 15 cases of Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome, five cases of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphomas, a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and four cases of primary cutaneous CD30 T cell lymphoproliferative disorders. There were eight cases of unspecified peripheral T cell lymphomas, in which four cases were composed of medium-sized cells, three cases of large cells, and a case of lymphoepithelioid cells. Four cases of nasal and nasal type NK/T cell lymphomas and three cases of unspecified peripheral T cell lymphomas showed EBV genome. The nasal and nasal type NK/T cell lymphomas, especially those involving the nasal cavity, showed close association with the EBV infection.

Cutaneous Infection of Larval strongyloides stercoralis Manifesting Pseudolymphomatous Reactions.: Jin Hee Sohn, Hye Rim Park, Kye Yong Song, Seung Yull Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(5):466-469.

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Abstract PDF: Larval nematodes belonging to genera Ancylostoma, Strongyloides, Rhabditis, Gnathostoma or microfilariae (Onchocerca volvulus)/adult filaria (Loa loa) can invade human skin, each making different lesion. In a 71-year old immunocompetent Koreanman with 23% eosinophilia and elevated serum IgG (2530 mg/dl), a skin biopsy was undertaken for a nodular lesion at abdominal wall. A longitudinal section of a larval nematode was recognized in mid-dermal tunnel surrounded by pseudolymphomatous diffuse lymphoreticular cell infiltration. The larval nematode, 15 um in maximum diameter, had outermost cuticular layer and pale intestinal cells. The nematode section was identified as a filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis mainly based on its maximum diameter. In Korea, this is the first description of a cutaneous larval nematode infection. This case did not show quick migration of lesion which is a typical manifestation of classical cutaneous larva migrans.

Case Report

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Eccrine Spiradenoma: Report of a Case.: Dong Ja KIM; J Pathol Transl Med. 2005;16(2):98-101.

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Abstract PDF: Eccrine spiradenoma is a rare adnexal tumor of the skin and its cytomorphology has seldom been described in literature. To evaluate the cytologic features and diagnostic pitfalls of eccrine spiradenoma, we report a case of 33-year-old male whose clinical presentation was a painful subcutaneous mass at the right preauricular area. Fine needle aspirates revealed tight clusters of multilayered, uniform, cuboidal cells arranged around hyalinized perivascular spaces. Some epithelial cells showed tubules or rosette formations. The background showed scattered, naked nuclei. The histologic findings confirmed the eccrine spiradenoma. The recognition of peculiar cytologic features and clinical correlation could be helpful in the diagnosis of skin adnexal tumors.

Original Article

Leiomyoma of the Skin: clinicopathological study of 19 cases.: Seok Jin Kang, Sun Moo Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(6):515-522.

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Abstract PDF: Nineteen cases of leiomyoma of the skin were examined clinicopathologically. This group included 12 cases of angioleiomyoma, 5 cases of solitary piloleiomyoma, and 2 cases of multiple piloleiomyomas. 1) All twelve angioleiomyomas occured as solitary lesion in the extremities. There was a preponderance in females with a ratio of 2:1. The ages of patients ranged from 24 to 80 years and only one was below the age of 30 years. Six tumors were either painful or tender. Nine tumors in subcutaneous fat were shelled out at surgery. All tumors did not exceed 4cm in diameter. Histologically they could be separated into ten cases of the solid type and two cases of venous type according to Morimoto's classification. Although actin or desmin was easily detected in all tumors, the diagnosis was better made using a combination of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome stains. 2) Five cases of solitary piloleiomyoma were slow-growing intradermal nodules. The ages of patients ranged from 10 to 77 years. All five cases were female. The lesions were located on the extremities, back and sholuder. Pain or tenderness was present in 3 cases among these tumors. Histologically, all tumors were characterized by subtle poorly circumscribed proliferation of benign smooth muscle in the dermis. 3) Two multiple piloleiomyomas from two female patients, aged 50 and 40 years, were situated on the shoulder and thigh, respectively. Pain was induced by change of temperature in the shoulder lesion. Histologically they were identical to the solitary piloleiomyoma.

Case Report

Cutaneous Lymphadenoma: A case report and Review of Literature.: Im Joong Yoon, Mee Kyung Kim, Kye Yong Song; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(4):309-311.

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Abstract PDF: The cutaneous lymphadenoma is a recently described tumor with a distinctive histologic picture representing a basaloid epithelial proliferation and intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltration; it seems to be a benign adnexal neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis. We documented one example of cutaneous lymphadenoma showing typical histologic features. The tumor typically presented as a well circumscribed nodule with scant or no epidermal connections. The proliferating one consisted of multiple rounded lobules of basaloid cells with some degree of peripheral palisading. There was an intense infiltrate of small lymphocytes within the lobules but few in the stroma. No clear adnexal differentiation is noted. Immunohistochemically, the basaloid cells show weak immunoreactivity for high molecular weight keratin and carcinoembryonic antigen, small lymphocytes for T-cell marker and some dendritic cells for S-100 protein. After surgical resection, we found no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis for four years, so we considered this tumor as a benign one and diagnosed as cutaneous lymphadenoma by typical histologic features.

Original Article

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Generalisata.: Kye Yong Song, Joong Seok Seo, Sung Hye Park, Je G Chi, Kwang Hyun Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1992;26(1):62-65.

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Abstract PDF: We report a case of epidermolysis bullosa simplex occurred in a 12-year-old girl, who presented with intractable bullous lesions of the hands and feet after minor traumas ever since her early neonatal period. The bullous lesions were noted on the 2nd and 4th webs of the fingers and dorsum of the hands as well as on the skin of the ankle. The lesions were healed without scar formation. Family history was not contributary and seasonal pattern was not noted. Histologic sections revealed intraepidermal bullae just above the well preserved basement membrane. Electron microscopic findings revealed cytolysis of basal cells with preservation of the basement membrane, indicating the epidermal type of epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

Case Reports

Superficial Angiomyxoma: A case report.: Ji Hwa Kim, Joo Ryung Huh, Je Geun Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(5):544-546.

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Abstract PDF: Superficial angiomyxoma is a comparatively rare dermal and subcutaneous tumor. We report a case of superficial angiomyxoma of the thumb in view of its rarity and typical light and electronmicroscopic features. The patient was a 46-year-old male. who presented with an asymptomatic, slowly enlarging mass that developed in the left thumb over the 5 years. He had a history of trauma and electric burn in the same area 20~30 years ago. Simple X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging revealed 35x30mm, mass with destruction of distal phalangeal bone. On operation, the lesion was moderately well circumscribed and soft with lobulated nodules that elevated the overlying skin and destroyed the underlying bone. The cut surface of the mass was glistening and slimy. The mass was whitish gray and lobulated. Bony involvement was not present. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of stellated and spindle shaped stromal cells which were scattered throughout myxoid ground substance. Neither nuclear hyperchromasia nor plemorphisam was present. Small to medium sized thin walled blood vessels were scattered. There was a scanty infiltrate of inflammatory cells. The S-100 protein immunostaining was negative in tumor cells. On electron microscopy, the cytoplasm of the stromal cells contained well developed rough ednoplasmic reticulums and other features that indicated differentiation toward fibroblasts.

Congenital Acute Myelocytic Leukemia: An autopsy case.: Kyu Rae Kim, Eun Kyoung Han, In Joon Choi, Chang Hyun Yang, Kir Young Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1988;22(3):308-316.

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Abstract PDF: Leukemia is a rare disease in the newborn infant. We have presented an autopsy case of congenital acute myelocytic leukemia in a female neonate and discussecd with review of literature. At birth, she was relatively in good health with 4.2 kg in body weight except a large cephalhematoma on left parietal scalp and multiple subcutaneous nodules with ecchymosis on entire body surface. Hemoglobin concentration was 12.0 gm/, Hct 34.6% and erythrocyte count was 2.24 millions. Of 212,400 leukocytes/mm2, 47% were myeloblast. Biopsy of skin nodules reveal leukemia cutis, which disappear dramatically with anticancer drug. The infant was expired 12 days after admission due to intracerebral hemorrhage and acute renal failure.

Epithelioid Leiomyosarcoma of Skin: A case report.: Han Seong Kim, Nam Bok Cho, Hyun Soon Lee, Kye Yong Song; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(9):700-703.

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Abstract: This report concerns a rare malignant smooth muscle neoplasm of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, which was examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. It occured in a 48-year-old female patient who had suffered from painful nodules on the left shoulder. The nodules were removed and diagnosed as a benign fibrohistiocytic tumor. One year after local excision, multiple nodules were detected by physical examination at the previous operation site. Grossly, thirteen well-defined small nodules had spread in the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue, of which nine were located from lower dermis to the subcutaneous tissue and four were in the subcutaneous tissue. Histologically, each nodule consisted mainly of epithelioid tumor cells having eosinophilic or clear plump cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei with small nucleoli, and some peripheral spindle tumor cells. The tumor cells were negative for PAS reaction with and without diastase digestion or alcian blue. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for smooth muscle actin and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells showed actin filaments and dense bodies in cytoplasm. This case was diagnosed as an epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue with local metastasis one year after local excision.

Restrictive Dermopathy In Two Siblings.: Tae Jung Kim, Youn Soo Lee, Hyun Young Ahn, Ahwon Lee, Kyo Young Lee, Jong Sup Park; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(1):47-50.

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Abstract PDF: Restrictive dermopathy (RD) is a rare and lethal autosomal recessive skin disorder that presents with rigid and tense skin, multiple joint contractures and fixed facial expression. We report herein two siblings from consecutive pregnancies affected with RD. Both siblings died of respiratory insufficiency at a day after birth. An autopsy for the first baby and a skin necropsy for the second baby were performed. The gross findings of both were characterized by thin, translucent skin with prominent vessels, multiple joint contractures resulting in hyperflexed position, and a typical facial appearance with a fixed open mouth in the O-position. Such manifestations are typical features of RD. At the autopsy of the first baby, no internal organ abnormality was found. The histologic findings of the skin of the second baby revealed a thin dermis consisting of a flat dermal-epidermal junction, hypoplastic skin appendages and compactly arranged collagen bundles. Elastic tissue stain showed markedly decreased elastic fibers.

Serratia marcescens Skin Abscess.: Chan Kwon Jung, Young Shin Kim, Kyo Young Lee, Kyungja Han, Chang Suk Kang, Sang In Shim, Jun Young Lee, Baik Kee Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(11):1032-1034.

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Abstract: Serratia marcescens is the most important member of the genus Serratia and causes opportunistic infections, particularly pneumonia and septicemia in patients with malignancy, renal failure (acute and chronic), and diabetes mellitus. The most common portals of entry are known to be, in descending order, lung, genitourinary tract, intravenous line, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. S. marcescens rarely causes skin infection because it does not normally colonize human skin. Only six cases of S. marcescens cellulitis were reported. Five of them were immunocompromised patients. We have experienced a case of skin abscess caused by S. marcescens, which was found in a 59-year-old woman. She was undergoing prior antibiotic treatment after insulinoma surgery. S. marcescens was isolated from the skin abscess as a sole organism. She was treated with appropriate antibiotics that exhibited sensitivities for the organism and cured without any complication. The authors report a case of S. marcescens infection on the skin of a 59-year-old woman and review the literature concerning this organism as a causative agent.

Trichofolliculoma in Korean Patients: A report of six cases.: Kyoung Mee Kim, Jai Kyung Ko, Anhi Lee, Chang Suck Kang, Byung Kee Kim, Seok Jin Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(11):957-960.

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Abstract PDF: Trichogenic tumors are a very rare group of primary cutaneous neoplasms and a few tumors have been recognized. Trichofolliculoma is a benign, papular, organoid adnexal tumor of the skin and presents as a solitary skin-colored nodule. We report six cases of trichofolliculoma occurred in Korean patients consisting of three male and three female patients. The duration of disease was variable from 3 months to 5 years. The site of tumor was limited to the face and included eyelid in two cases, nose in two cases, cheek and posterior aspect of ear in each one case. The size of the mass varied from 4 to 8 mm in diameter. Microscopically, all the cases showed large central cystic hair follicle with numerous secondary follicular buds, producing a radiating pattern. The stroma was fibrotic and well demarcated from the adjacent dermis.

Original Articles

Clinico-pathological Study on the Skin Appendage Tumors.: Kye Yong Song, Dong Hun Yoon, Eui Keun Ham, Yoo Shin Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1989;23(1):111-121.

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Abstract PDF: A clinico-pathological study on the true skin appendage tumors was carried on the accumulated cases during pat 11 years from 1976 to 1986 years in the Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital. The results was as follows; 1) Among various benign skin appendage tumors pilomatricoma was the most common benign tumor consisting of 72 out of 244 cases (30.1%), followed by dermoid cyst 48 cases (20.0%), steatocystoma multiplex 37 cases (15.5%), syringoma 33 cases (13.8%) and trichilemmal cyst 19 cases (0.8%). Other benign skin appendage tumors were rarely noted under 3%. Sebaceous carcinoma was most common among malignant skin appendage tumors and no malignant tumor of sweat gland origin was noted. 2) The sex ratio of male to female of the pilomatricoma was 1 : 2.6 and on the face, neck, and extremeties in 1st and 2nd decades. The sex ratio of dermoid cyst was 1 : 1.2 on the face in 1st decade. The sex ratio of steatocystoma multiplex was 1 : 1.9 and on the trunk in 3rd decade. The sex ratio of syringoma was 1 : 7 and on the face in 5th decade. The sex ratio of trichilemmoma was 1 : 1.6 and on the trunk in 5th decade. Other tumors were not avaiable for analysis because of small number. The sex ratio of sebaceous carcinoma was 1 : 2 and on the eyelid in 6th decade

Prenatal Development of Eccrine Sweat Gland: Morphologic and Morphometric Analysis.: Nam Bok Cho, Tae Jin Lee, Je G Chi, Kye Yong Song; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):121-134.

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Abstract PDF: To elucidate the developmental sequence of the eccrine sweat gland, a morphologic and a morphometric observation were done using developing human embryos and fetuses. Five embryos and sixty four fetuses from the 9th to the 38th week of the gestational age were studied. The skin was sampled in eight different areas, i.e., scalp, forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, palm and sole. Routine histological sections were made for histological evaluation and morphometric analysis. The results obtained were as follows : The primordia of the eccrine sweat glands appeared first as regular undulation of the basal cells in the palm and the sole in the 13th week of getation. Subsequently, elongation and coiling of the cell cords were noted from the 16th to the 18th weeks. Intraductal lumen formation was first noted in the 20th week. Secretory segment of the eccrine sweat glands were noted from the distal part of the coiling intradermal sweat duct in the 22nd week of the gestational age. The eccrine sweat glands became fully developed by the 28th week of gestation and this included the clear cell, the dark cell and the myoepithelial cell. In the morphometric analysis, the number of eccrine epithelial buddings were decreased with aging and the highest were in the palm and the sole. The diameter of the eccrine sweat duct showed no significant change by gestational age or in the different sites observed. Straight and coiled eccrine sweat ducts or glands were lengthened into the deep reticular dermis and upper portion of the subcutaneous adipose tissue with an increase of the gestational age. The above results suggest that developmental stage and the number of eccrine glands of the skin in the fetal stage is different from other areas of the body, especially in the palm and the sole.

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