Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

Frequency of PIK3CA mutations in different subsites of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in southern Thailand: Arunee Dechaphunkul, Phatcharaporn Thongwatchara, Paramee Thongsuksai, Tanadech Dechaphunkul, Sarayut Lucien Geater; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(3):126-133. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.01.04

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Background
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations have been reported in many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The frequency of these mutations varies among tumor locations and might be relevant to treatment outcomes among HNSCC. In this study, we examined the frequency of PIK3CA mutations in the different subsites of HNSCC.
Methods
Ninety-six fresh biopsy specimens were investigated for mutations in PIK3CA exons 4, 9, and 20 using allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction. Patient characteristics and survival were analyzed and compared between specimens with or without PIK3CA mutations.
Results
The study included primary tumors originating from the oral cavity (n=63), hypopharynx (n=23), and oropharynx (n=10). We identified mutations in 10.4% of patients (10 of 96 specimens). The overall mutational frequency was 17.4% (4/23) and 9.5% (6/63) in the hypopharynx and oral cavity, respectively. No patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma had mutations. Among the 10 mutant specimens, five were missense mutations (exon 9 [E545K] in two samples and exon 20 [H1047R] in three samples) and five were silent mutations in exon 20 (T1025T). Mutations were not found in exon 4. Among 84 patients with available clinical data, we found no significant differences in clinical characteristics and survival based on the presence or absence of PIK3CA mutations.
Conclusions
The results indicate that PIK3CA mutations are involved in HNSCC carcinogenesis, and the hypopharynx should be considered a primary site of interest for future studies, particularly in Southeast Asian populations.

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An empirical review on the resistance mechanisms of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and predictive molecular biomarkers in colorectal cancer
Sankha Bhattacharya
Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2023; 183: 103916. CrossRef

Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus and its genotype distribution in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: Yuil Kim, Young-Hoon Joo, Min-Sik Kim, Youn Soo Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):411-418. Published online July 21, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.06.22

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Abstract PDF

Background
High-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) is found in a subset of head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). For oropharyngeal SCCs, HR HPV positivity is known to be associated with good prognosis, and a separate staging system for HPV-associated carcinomas using p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate test has been adopted in the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. We examined the HR HPV status and the genotype distribution in five HN subsites.
Methods
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were used for p16 IHC and DNA extraction. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were done employing either a DNA chip-based or real-time polymerase chain reaction–based method.
Results
During 2011–2019, a total of 466 SCCs were tested for HPV DNA with 34.1% positivity for HR HPV. Among HN subsites, the oropharynx showed the highest HR HPV prevalence (149/205, 75.1%), followed by the sinonasal tract (3/14, 21.4%), larynx (5/43, 11.6%), hypopharynx (1/38, 2.6%), and oral cavity (1/166, 0.6%). The most common HPV genotype was HPV16 (84.3%) followed by HPV35 (6.9%) and HPV33 (4.4%). Compared with HR HPV status, the sensitivity and specificity of p16 IHC were 98.6% and 94.3% for the oropharynx, and 99.2% and 93.8% for the tonsil, respectively.
Conclusions
Using a Korean dataset, we confirmed that HR HPV is most frequently detected in oropharyngeal SCCs. p16 positivity showed a good concordance with HR HPV DNA for oropharyngeal and especially tonsillar carcinomas. The use of p16 IHC may further be extended to predict HR HPV positivity in sinonasal tract SCCs.

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Meimei Cui, Jinling Cheng, Huijuan Cheng, Ming Zhao, Dan Zhou, Min Zhang, Jingjing Jia, Limei Luo
Archives of Oral Biology.2024; 157: 105830. CrossRef
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R. P. Ekanayaka, W. M. Tilakaratne
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Longitudinal Screening for Oral High-Risk Non-HPV16 and Non-HPV18 Strains of Human Papillomavirus Reveals Increasing Prevalence among Adult and Pediatric Biorepository Samples: A Pilot Study
Jordan Jacobs, Eugene Chon, Karl Kingsley
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Kyung-Jin Min, Yung-Taek Ouh, Sangrak Bae, Yong-Bae Ji, Jae-Kwan Lee, Jae-Weon Kim, Kwang-Jae Cho, Dong-Hun Im
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Emilie Uhlrich, Jerzy Klijanienko, Joey Martin, Emmanuelle Jeannot, Anne Vincent-Salomon, Paul Freneaux, Christophe Le Tourneau, Olivier Choussy, Antoine Dubray-Vautrin
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Evsen Apaydin Arikan, Levent Aydemir, Murat Ulusan, Dilek Yilmazbayhan, Yasemin Ozluk
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Agnieszka M. Mazurek, Tomasz W. Rutkowski
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The Prevalence of HPV in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Seyed Keybud Katirachi, Mathias Peter Grønlund, Kathrine Kronberg Jakobsen, Christian Grønhøj, Christian von Buchwald
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César Esquivel-Chirino, Mario Augusto Bolaños-Carrillo, Daniela Carmona-Ruiz, Ambar Lopéz-Macay, Fernando Hernández-Sánchez, Delina Montés-Sánchez, Montserrat Escuadra-Landeros, Luis Alberto Gaitán-Cepeda, Silvia Maldonado-Frías, Beatriz Raquel Yáñez-Ocam
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Acta Oncologica.2023; 62(6): 608. CrossRef
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Yy Jean Tan, Ken Wong Siong Hou, Galvin Sim Siang Lin, Jasmine Lim Suk Wun, Wan Nor Amira Wan Ahmad Abdul Nasir, Lynn Wei Linn Ko
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Rahul Mohandas, Subhashree Mohapatra, Mary Oshin, ShubhangiSambhaji Hajare
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Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors Modulate Adaptive Immune Responses in Head and Neck Cancer
Sangeetha K. Nayanar, Deepak Roshan V.G., Shruthi Surendran, Göran Kjeller, Bengt Hasséus, Daniel Giglio
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Positive Rate of Human Papillomavirus and Its Trend in Head and Neck Cancer in South Korea
Hyun Woong Jun, Yong Bae Ji, Chang Myeon Song, Jae Kyung Myung, Hae Jin Park, Kyung Tae
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Laura Borges Kirschnick, Lauren Frenzel Schuch, Maria Eduarda Pérez‐de‐Oliveira, Ana Gabriela Costa Normando, Bruno Augusto Linhares Almeida Mariz, Eliete Neves Silva Guerra, Felipe Martins Silveira, Ana Carolina Uchoa Vasconcelos, Luciana Estevam Simonat
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Chan Woo Wee, Hyo-Jung Lee, Jae-Ryun Lee, Hyejin Lee, Min-Jeong Kwoen, Woo-Jin Jeong, Keun-Yong Eom
Cancer Research and Treatment.2022; 54(3): 709. CrossRef
Expression of p16, p53, and TLR9 in HPV-Associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathological Correlations and Potential Prognostic Significance
Shu Wang, Xibing Zhuang, Caixia Gao, Tiankui Qiao
OncoTargets and Therapy.2021; Volume 14: 867. CrossRef
The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Dictating Outcomes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Shane Brennan, Anne-Marie Baird, Esther O’Regan, Orla Sheils
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Contemporary Systematic Review on Repartition of HPV-Positivity in Oropharyngeal Cancer Worldwide
Amanda F. Carlander, Kathrine K. Jakobsen, Simone K. Bendtsen, Martin Garset-Zamani, Charlotte D. Lynggaard, Jakob Schmidt Jensen, Christian Grønhøj, Christian von Buchwald
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Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk, Krzysztof Biernacki, Jadwiga Gaździcka, Elżbieta Chełmecka, Katarzyna Miśkiewicz-Orczyk, Natalia Zięba, Janusz Strzelczyk, Maciej Misiołek
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Case Study

Atypical femoral neck fracture after prolonged bisphosphonate therapy: Kwang-kyoun Kim, Young-wook Park, Tae-hyeong Kim, Kyung-deok Seo; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(4):346-350. Published online June 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.05.14; Correction in: J Pathol Transl Med 2020;54(5):435

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Abstract PDF

Of the drugs developed to prevent and treat osteoporosis, bisphosphonate has played a very important role in preventing osteoporotic fractures. However, case reports describing atypical femoral fractures in patients using long-term bisphosphonates have emerged. The majority of atypical femur fractures occurs in the lateral aspect of the subtrochanteric or femur diaphysis, which is explained by accumulation of tensile stress in these areas. Although the superior cortex of the femur neck withstands maximum tensile stress, to our knowledge, there have been only two reports (three cases) of atypical femoral neck fracture. In addition, none of those case reports revealed detailed pathology related to suppressed bone turnover rate. We encountered an incomplete femoral neck fracture and diagnosed it as “atypical” on the basis of the patient’s lack of trauma and medication history and pathological findings. For patients with groin pain, minimal or no trauma, and a history of long-term bisphosphonate use, an atypical femoral neck fracture should be considered.

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Improvement of osteoblast adhesion, viability, and mineralization by restoring the cell cytoskeleton after bisphosphonate discontinuation in vitro
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Is there genetic susceptibility for atypical femoral fractures?
Maximilian Ellacott, Hüseyin Bilgehan Çevik, Peter V. Giannoudis
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Incomplete femoral neck fracture with characteristics of atypical femoral fracture: A case report and literature review
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Donghwan Hwang, Chul-Ho Kim, Yongkoo Lee, Ji Wan Kim
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Bilateral Bisphosphonate-related Atypical Femoral Neck Fracture in a Patient with Familial Mediterranean Fever: A Case Report
Sibel Balıkçı, Bilinç Doğruöz Karatekin
Turkish Journal of Osteoporosis.2022; 28(1): 74. CrossRef
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Hee-Uk Ye, Kyung-Jae Lee, Byung-Woo Min, Kyung-Hwan Lim, Beom-Soo Kim, Young-Hoon Kim
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Original Articles

Human Papillomavirus Serologic Profiles of Selected Filipinos with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Pia Marie Albano, Christianne Salvador, Jose Orosa, Sheryl Racelis, Modesty Leaño, Angelika Michel, John Donnie Ramos, Dana Holzinger, Michael Pawlita; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(5):273-279. Published online May 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.05.12

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Abstract PDF

Background
The low prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and mRNA in biopsy samples of Filipinos with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been reported previously. Here, the HPV serologic profiles of HNSCC cases were analyzed and associated with life-style and sexual practices.
Methods
Serum samples were collected between May 2012 and September 2013 from HNSCC patients (n = 22) in the northwest region of the Philippines, and age- and sex-matched clinically healthy controls. Antibodies to capsid and early oncoproteins of HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, 6, and 11 were analyzed using multiplex serology.
Results
Most of the cases were males with tumors of the oral cavity or larynx. Two of the cases tested positive for at least one of the early oncoproteins (E6, E7, E1, and/or E2) of HPV16, and 11 did not display reactivity to any HPV early or late oncoproteins. Of the controls, four tested positive for at least one of the HPV16 early oncoproteins, and 10 were non-reactive to all HPV types. Titers to HPV16 E6 or E7 of the seropositive cases and controls were considerably lower than those typically observed in economically developed countries.
Conclusions
The low HPV titers seen here are consistent with the results of molecular analyses for this population. Hence, the seropositivity of some of the HNSCC cases is likely an indication of prior exposure to the virus and not the presence of HPV-driven tumors.

Citations

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Social determinants of sex disparities in cancer in Southeast Asia
Ma. Veronica Pia N. Arevalo, Ethan Angelo S. Maslog, Katherine Donatela Manlongat, Eric David B. Ornos, Imjai Chitapanarux, Michelle Ann B. Eala, Edward Christopher Dee
iScience.2023; 26(7): 107110. CrossRef

The Clinicopathological Significance of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Associated Protein Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Kyu Ho Kim, Lucia Kim, Suk Jin Choi, Jee Young Han, Joon Mee Kim, Young Chae Chu, Young-Mo Kim, In Suh Park, Joo Han Lim; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(4):263-269. Published online August 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.4.263

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Abstract PDF

Background

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) has an important role in invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of EMT-associated proteins on progression and metastasis as a prognostic/predictive factor in curatively-resected (R0) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

A total of 118 patients who received curative surgery for HNSCC at Inha University Hospital between January 1996 and December 2011 were included. We used protein immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and EZH2 on tissue microarrays. Also, we reviewed all medical records and analyzed the relationship between the expression of EMT-associated proteins and prognosis.

Results

The E-cadherin-negative group showed more moderate/poor differentiation of cancer cell type than the higher E-cadherin-expressing group (p=.016) and high EZH2 expression was significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (p=.012). Our results demonstrate a significant association between high expression of EZH2 and vimentin and presence of distant progression (p=.026). However, expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and EZH2 was not significantly associated with overall survival.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that an EMT-associated protein expression profile is correlated with aggressiveness of disease and prognosis, and could be a useful marker for determination of additional treatment in curatively-resected HNSCC patients.

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Polycomb repressive complex 2 and its core component EZH2: potential targeted therapeutic strategies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Yuxi Cheng, Zhengzheng Song, Xiaodan Fang, Zhangui Tang
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Prognostic Value of TWIST1 and EZH2 Expression in Colon Cancer
Samar M. Abdel Raouf, Taiseer R. Ibrahim, Lobna A. Abdelaziz, Mohamed I. Farid, Salem Y Mohamed
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HOXB5 acts as an oncogenic driver in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via EGFR/Akt/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis
Kyungmin Lee, Jae Won Chang, Chan Oh, Lihua Liu, Seung-Nam Jung, Ho-Ryun Won, Young Il Kim, Ki-Sang Rha, Bon Seok Koo
European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2020; 46(6): 1066. CrossRef
EZH2 overexpression in head and neck cancer is related to lymph node metastasis
Julie C. Nienstedt, Cornelia Schroeder, Till Clauditz, Ronald Simon, Guido Sauter, Adrian Muenscher, Marco Blessmann, Henning Hanken, Christina Pflug
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine.2018; 47(3): 240. CrossRef
MiR-876-5p modulates head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and invasion by targeting vimentin
Yibo Dong, Yang Zheng, Chundi Wang, Xu Ding, Yifei Du, Laikui Liu, Wei Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yi Zhong, Yunong Wu, Xiaomeng Song
Cancer Cell International.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
HMGA2 is associated with the aggressiveness of tongue squamous cell carcinoma
H Zhang, Z Tang, C Deng, Y He, F Wu, O Liu, C Hu
Oral Diseases.2017; 23(2): 255. CrossRef
miR-375 Regulates Invasion-Related Proteins Vimentin and L-Plastin
Lizandra Jimenez, Jihyeon Lim, Berta Burd, Thomas M. Harris, Thomas J. Ow, Nicole Kawachi, Thomas J. Belbin, Ruth Angeletti, Michael B. Prystowsky, Geoffrey Childs, Jeffrey E. Segall
The American Journal of Pathology.2017; 187(7): 1523. CrossRef
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Xiaobing Liu, Qingjian Wu, Longkun Li
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Shanshan Sun, Feng Yu, Lun Zhang, Xuan Zhou
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Si-Hyong Jang, Jong Eun Lee, Mee-Hye Oh, Ji-Hye Lee, Hyun Deuk Cho, Kyung-Ju Kim, Sung Yong Kim, Sun Wook Han, Han Jo Kim, Sang Byung Bae, Hyun Ju Lee
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Case Report

Adenolipoma of the Skin Arising at Neck Region: Hyun Seung Lee, Yoon Sang Song; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):587-589. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.587

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Abstract PDF

We report here a case of adenolipoma of the skin, an unusual variant of lipoma, arising on the neck. A 56-year-old man visited our hospital due to an anterior neck mass. An excisional biopsy was performed. The mass revealed a tan-yellow soft cut surface. We could not find any difference from other lipoma on gross inspection. Microscopically, the mass showed proliferation of mature adipocytes admixed with several eccrine units. The eccrine units were demonstrated by periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules in the secretory portions and by positivity of smooth muscle actin in the myoepithelial cells surrounding the eccrine glands. The tumor was completely excised, and the patient has been followed up without any evidence of recurrence so far.

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Original Articles

Expression of c-Met Is Different along the Location and Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis of Head and Neck Carcinoma: Ji-Young Choe, Ji Yun Yun, Soo-Jeong Nam, Ji Eun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):515-522. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.515

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Abstract PDF

Background

Activation of the c-Met pathway is involved in cancer progression and the prognosis. We aimed to identify any association of c-Met protein expression with a number of clinicopathologic variables including infection of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in head and neck carcinomas (HNCa).

Methods

Eighty-two cases were enrolled in this study. Expression of c-Met and p16 was investigated immunohistochemically. EBV was detected by in situ hybridization and amplification of the c-Met gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Results

The c-Met protein was expressed in 41.5% (34/82), and gene amplification was found in 1.4% (1/71). High expression of c-Met was associated with the primary location of the tumor; the hypopharynx showed the highest expression, followed by the oral cavity, larynx, and nasal cavity. Squamous cell carcinoma expressed c-Met more frequently than undifferentiated carcinoma. Also, p16 immunoreactivity or EBV infection was associated with the tumor location and well-differentiated histologic type, but were not linked to c-Met expression. The patients with positive c-Met expression showed frequent lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

Activation of the c-Met pathway might be involved in a subset of HNCa. Cases showing positive c-Met expression should be carefully monitored because of the high probability of lymph node metastasis.

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Lluís Nisa, Daniel Matthias Aebersold, Roland Giger, Yitzhak Zimmer, Michaela Medová
Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2014; 143(3): 337. CrossRef
Frequent hepatocyte growth factor overexpression and low frequency of c-Met gene amplification in human papillomavirus–negative tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma and their prognostic significances
Mi Jung Kwon, Dong Hoon Kim, Hye-Rim Park, Hyung Sik Shin, Ji Hyun Kwon, Dong Jin Lee, Jin Hwan Kim, Seong Jin Cho, Eun Sook Nam
Human Pathology.2014; 45(7): 1327. CrossRef
Distinct c-Met activation mechanisms induce cell rounding or invasion through pathways involving integrins, RhoA and HIP1
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Expressions of E-cadherin, Cortactin and MMP-9 in Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Their Relationships with Clinicopathologic Factors and Prognostic Implication: Tack Kune You, Kyoung Min Kim, Sang Jae Noh, Jun Sang Bae, Kyu Yun Jang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Ho Sung Park; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(4):331-340. Published online August 23, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.4.331

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Abstract PDF

Background

E-cadherin, cortactin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 have roles in tumor development or progression, but their expression has not been fully investigated in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck.

Methods

We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin, cortactin, and MMP-9 in 29 cases of PEH and 97 cases of SCC. Additionally, we evaluated their relationship with clinicopathologic factors and prognostic implications in SCC.

Results

Thirty-five cases of SCC showed reduced expression of E-cadherin, whereas none of the PEH did. A total of 20 cases and 11 cases of SCC were immunoreactive for cortactin and MMP-9, respectively, whereas none of the PEH did. In SCC, reduced expression of E-cadherin was correlated with cortactin expression and invasion depth. Cortactin expression was correlated with differentiation, T classification, and recurrence and/or metastasis. MMP-9 expression was correlated with invasion depth. Cortactin expression was correlated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival and it was an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions

The reduced expression of E-cadherin and the expression of cortactin may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of PEH and SCC. Furthermore, cortactin expression in association with reduced E-cadherin expression is correlated with poor prognosis in SCC.

Citations

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Ricardo Tadeu Villa
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COMPARISON OF EXPRESSION OF E-CADHERIN IN ORAL PSEUDOEPITHELIOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA AND ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Ayesha Mukhtar Awan, Iram Naz, Muhammad Khurram Mahmood, Hafeez Uddin
Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences.2020; 17(3): 70. CrossRef
EXPRESSION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-9 IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ORAL PSEUDOEPITHELIOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA
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An update of knowledge on cortactin as a metastatic driver and potential therapeutic target in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Pablo Ramos‐García, Miguel Ángel González‐Moles, Lucía González‐Ruiz, Ángela Ayén, Isabel Ruiz‐Ávila, Francisco José Navarro‐Triviño, José Antonio Gil‐Montoya
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Head & Neck.2019; 41(6): 1963. CrossRef
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Review Article

Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract.: Kyung Ja Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(1):1-8.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.1.1

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Abstract PDF

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), usually occurring in the larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx and esophagus. BSCCs have been reported from various geographic areas, but esophageal BSCCs are more prevalent in Asia. The morphology of BSCC is quite characteristic, but BSCC occasionally needs to be differentiated from neuroendocrine carcinoma or adenoid cystic carcinoma. Human papillomavirus16-associated oropharyngeal SCC with poorly differentiated or basaloid features has recently been recognized as a new clinical entity with a different etiology and prognosis. Nonoropharyngeal BSCC appears to share etiologic factors, genetic alterations and an immunoprofile with conventional SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract. However, the divergent differentiation of BSCC into various non-basaloid, epithelial or mesenchymal elements suggests the participation of more mulipotential cells than in SCC. The biologic behavior of BSCC has been reported to be worse than or equal to that of SCC, yet the data including the increasing numbers of human papillomavirus-associated cases now require reanalysis. It is presently uncertain whether BSCC is a histogenetically or clinically unique disease entity.

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The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2013; 62(6): 375. CrossRef

Original Articles

Immunohistochemical Expression of p53, E-cadherin, and nm23 Proteins in Metastatic Carcinoma of Neck Lymph Node and Corresponding Primary Carcinoma.: Jong Kook Kim, O Jun Kwon, Byung Heon Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(9):615-624.

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Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to evaluate the immunohistochemical expressions of p53, E-cadherin, and nm23 proteins in 114 cases of metastatic carcinoma of the neck lymph node (MTLNCA) and corresponding primary carcinoma (PRCA). The positive expressions of p53, E-cadherin, and nm23 proteins were 62.3%, 58.8% and 64.0%, respectively in PRCA, and 40.4%, 38.6%, and 43.9%, respectively in MTLNCA with significant down-regulation from PRCA to MTLNCA (p<0.05). The down-regulation was correlated with female gender, moderate and poor differentiation, and adenocarcinoma in p53 protein, female gender, respiratory and gastrointestinal carcinoma in E-cadherin protein, and female gender, respiratory carcinoma, moderate differentiation, and squamous cell carcinoma in nm23 protein (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship among expressions of p53, E-cadherin, and nm23 proteins (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that the expressions of p53, E-cadherin, and nm23 proteins seem to be down-regulated from PRCA to MTLNCA and this down-regulation may play a role in invasion and metastasis.

Metastatic Carcinoma in Lymph Nodes of Neck: Analysis of 221 Cases Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.: Duck Hwan Kim, Youn Ju Kim, Seung Eun Yang, Sung Suk Paeng, Hee Jin Chang, Jin Hee Sohn, Jung Il Suh; Korean J Cytopathol. 1995;6(1):41-47.

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Abstract PDF: Two hundreds and twenty one consecutive patients with enlarged lymph nodes of neck areas were diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma by fine needle aspiration. The metastatic carcinomas were most frequent in the supraclavicular lymph nodes(p<0.05). As a primary site, lung, stomach, upper respiratory tract and breast were common sites in descending order of frequency. In overall cytologic types, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common in males(43%) while adenocarcinoma was the most common in females(72%) (p<0.05). While carcinomas of the esophagogastro -intestinal tract showed a tendency to metastasis to the left supraclavicular lymph nodes, the metastatic carcinomas of lung and breast usually metastasized to the same side primary cancers with predilection for the supraclavicular lymph nodes. The submandibular lymph nodes were frequently involved by the carcinoma of upper and lower respiratory tract, in which squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent cytologic type. diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology is the first step in the workup of patients with nodal enlargement suspicious for malignancy, particularly in metastatic carcinoma.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytologic Findings of Metastatic Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules to the Neck.: So Yeong Oh, Myoung Jae Kang, Myoung Ja Chung, Woo Sung Moon, Dong Geun Lee; Korean J Cytopathol. 1997;8(2):185-189.

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Abstract PDF: A sex cord tumor with annnular tubules is a relatively rare ovarian neoplasm. The cytologic findings from a fine needle aspiration biopsy of neck metastasis of a sex cord tumor with annnular tubules are described. The origin of the neck metastasis was the right ovary, and the tumor was diagnosed six years ago. The cytologic findings were characterized by tumor cells arranged in solid or follicular patterns. The tumor cells formed rosette-like or complex tubular structures with central rounded or coalesced hyaline materials. It was difficult to distinguish this tumor cytologically from granulosa cell tumor, thyroid follicular neoplasm, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, and Brenner tumor, but complex tubular structures were helpful in discriminating between these tumors.

Case Reports

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of the Branchiogenic Carcinoma: Report of A Case.: Leeso Maeng, Kyoung Mee Kim, Anhi Lee, Chang Suk Kang; Korean J Cytopathol. 2004;15(1):56-59.

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Abstract PDF: Development of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma within a branchial cleft cyst (branchiogenic carcinoma) is very rare and this case is the first description of cytologic findings in Korea. A 62-year-old man presented with a 5-month history of an enlarged right neck mass. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the mass showed low cellularity and the background containing proteinaceous debris, inflammatory cells, and histiocytes suggested a cystic nature. Abundant lymphocytes, a few anucleated squames, and rare atypical squamous cells with pyknotic nuclei and abnormal keratinization were also noted. After excision of the mass, histologic findings were consistent with a branchiogenic carcinoma. We recommend to raise the possibility of carcinoma (primary or metastatic) when we observe a few dyskeratotic cells in a cystic mass within the neck area, especially in an old male.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytologic Findings of Fibromatosis Colli: A Report of Three Cases.: In Suh Park, Lucia Kim, Suk Jin Choi, Jee Young Han, Joon Mee Kim, Young Chae Chu, Sun Geun Choi; Korean J Cytopathol. 2005;16(1):61-65.

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Abstract PDF: Fibromatosis colli is a benign fibrous tissue proliferation of sternocleidomastoid muscle, which is usually observed during the first month of life, often associated with congenital torticollis. It should be differentiated from other neck masses in infants because the usual initial treatment of fibromatosis colli is conservative management and invasive therapy should be avoided. Fine needle aspiration cytology provides an excellent minimally invasive diagnostic way for evaluation of infantile neck masses. We describe three cases of fibromatosis colli diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. All of them were younger than one month and presented as a neck mass. Clinical impressions were malignant tumors in two cases and fibromatosis colli in one case. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed benign and mature fibroblasts and atrophic striated muscle fibers. The cytologic diagnosis was fibromatosis colli or benign fibous lesion.

Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor of the Neck: A Case Report.: Hyang Mi Shin; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(3):211-213.

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Abstract PDF: Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor (PFT) is a rare, low-grade soft tissue tumor that occurrs primarily in children and young adults. The most common location of PFT is the upper extremity, and there are very few reports of PFT in the neck. We report here on a case of PFT presenting as a painless subcutaneous nodule in the neck of a 46-year-old woman. Histologically, this subcutaneous tumor was composed of a plexiform proliferation of histiocyte-like cells and fibroblast-like cells along with a few multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, CD68 and smooth muscle actin (SMA).

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