MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients and tissue microarray

We examined 829 RCCs from patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy between 1995 and 2005 at the Seoul National University Hospital. RCCs included 689 (83.1%) clear cell RCC, 73 (8.8%) chromophobe RCC, 53 (6.4%) papillary RCC, and 14 (1.7%) other rare subtypes. Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks consisted of a representative tumor core section (2 mm in diameter) from each formalin-fixed paraffin block (SuperBioChips Laboratories, Seoul, Korea). Clinical and pathological information were collected from electronic medical records and pathologic reports. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemical staining for ALK expression was performed on 4 µm-thick sections taken from the TMA blocks. Monoclonal mouse anti-human ALK antibody (Novocastra, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) was diluted 1:100 and immunohistochemistry was performed using the Ventana Benchmark XT automated staining system (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA).15-17 Additional immunohistochemistry for CD10 (ready-to-use, Novocastra,), cytokeratin 7 (1:300, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), cytokeratin 20 (1:50, Dako), pan-cytokeratin (1:300, Dako), PAX-2 (1:100, Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA; 1:300, Dako), vimentin (1:500, Dako), alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; 1:300, Dako), c-kit (1:300, Dako), TFE3 (1:1,500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), and human melanoma black 45 (HMB45; 1:200, Dako) were also performed for ALK immunohistochemistry-positive cases.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis

For analysis of the ALK gene alteration, we performed FISH analysis for ALK immunohistochemistry-positive cases. Two-micrometer-thick sections were deparaffinized, dehydrated, immersed in 0.2 N HCl, boiled in a microwave in citrate buffer (pH 6.0), and incubated in 1 M NaSCN for 35 minutes at 80℃. Sections were then immersed in pepsin solution and the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. Dual-probe hybridization was performed as described previously22 using Vysis ALK dual-color break-apart rearrangement probe (Abbott Molecular, Abbott Park, IL, USA). FISH signals for each locus-specific FISH probe were assessed under an Olympus BX51TRF microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a triple-pass filter (DAPI/Green/Orange).

RESULTS

Identification of ALK immunohistochemical positivity and ALK gene alteration

ALK immunohistochemical staining showed only one positive case among 829 RCCs (Fig. 1A), and there were no cases showing borderline positivity. The initial diagnosis of this case was papillary RCC type 2. This case also revealed the break-apart signals in ALK FISH analysis (Fig. 1B). This comprises of 0.12% of all RCCs (1/829) and 1.9% of papillary RCCs (1/53).

Patient information

The patient was a 44-year-old male. The RCC was incidentally found by ultrasonography during a routine health check-up and radical nephrectomy was done. The patient had no history of sickle cell trait. He was alive, without evidence of disease, 12 years after surgery.

Pathologic findings

The size of tumor was 3×3×2.5 cm. The tumor was confined to the renal parenchyme and there was no regional lymph node metastases in three regional lymph nodes (pT1aN0 by American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] 7th edition23). Grossly, the tumor was a well-circumscribed, partially cystic mass (Fig. 2A). Microscopically, the tumor showed a papillary, tubular or solid pattern with occasional foam cell collections. Tumor cells were columnar or cuboidal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm (Fig. 2B-D). No psammoma bodies were found. Initial diagnosis of this case was papillary RCC type 2 and the Fuhrman nuclear grade was 3. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for CD10 (focal), EMA, cytokeratin 7, pan-cytokeratin, PAX-2, and vimentin and negativity for cytokeratin 20, AMACR, c-kit, TFE3, and HMB45 (Fig. 3).

DISCUSSION

Recently, six RCC cases showing ALK gene rearrangement were reported by 4 independent groups.18-21 Two of the reported cases were pediatric cases (6- and 16-year-old) with a history of sickle cell trait and the RCC subtypes of these cases were renal medullary carcinoma and RCC undetermined.18,19 Renal medullary carcinoma was almost exclusively associated with sickle cell trait.2 However, the following 4 cases were adult cases without history of sickle cell trait and subtypes were papillary RCC in 3 cases and one unclassified RCC.20,21 In this study, we screened 829 RCCs and found one case with ALK immunohistochemical positivity and ALK gene rearrangement. Our case is also an adult male case without history of sickle cell trait and the initial diagnosis was papillary RCC type 2. The fusion partners of ALK in RCC were variable, with VCL in two pediatric cases and TPM3 and EML4 in two adult cases.18,19,21 In this study, we did not check the ALK fusion partner (Table 1).

Two previous adult cases showed poor prognosis,20 and the other two adult cases had a relatively short follow-up period.21 Our patient is alive without evidence of RCC for 12 years and the follow-up period for this patient was the longest of all reported cases. This case and the previous cases suggest that RCC with ALK gene rearrangement may show variable prognosis.

Histologic features of reported RCC cases with ALK rearrangement are variable. Two previous pediatric cases showed typical histologic features of renal medullary carcinoma19 or mixed features of renal medullary carcinoma, chromophobe RCC and transitional cell carcinoma.18 Three previous adult cases had the histologic features of papillary RCC and another case showed papillary, tubular or cribriform growth pattern. Psammoma bodies were found in all previous adult cases and foam cell collection was described in 3 out of 4 cases.20,21 Our case also showed the features of papillary RCC having foam cell collections but psammoma bodies were not found. Excluding the two pediatric cases with sickle cell trait, all four previous adult cases and our case showed the papillary growth pattern.20,21

Two previous studies included large-scale screenings to detect RCC with ALK gene alteration. ALK rearrangement was mainly found in papillary RCC in these two studies, and they could not find ALK rearrangement in 505 clear cell RCC and 34 chromophobe RCC.20,21 We also could not find ALK expression in 689 clear cell RCCs, 73 chromophobe RCCs, and 14 rare RCC subtypes by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, the results of previous reports and this study indicate that RCC with ALK rearrangement may be a particular subset of papillary RCC.

It is difficult to define the frequency of RCC with ALK rearrangement. A previous large-scale study showed the very low incidence of RCC with ALK rearrangement (0.56% of all RCCs), but they occupied 3.7% of non-clear cell and non-chromophobe RCC (2/32).21

Previous adult RCC cases with ALK rearrangement showed similar immunohistochemical staining results, with positivity for cytokeratin, cytokeratin 7, and focal positive or negative for CD10.20,21 These immunohistochemical results are compatible with those of typical papillary RCCs and our case also showed similar results of positivity for cytokeratin and cytokeratin 7, and focal positivity for CD10.

Many targeted therapies have been used for advanced RCC. ALK rearrangement in RCC may add another option for treatment of advanced RCC. ALK inhibition has been tried for treatment of other tumors with ALK rearrangement and some successful results has been reported.10,11 Therefore, we can try ALK inhibition in the treatment of advanced RCC with ALK rearrangement. FISH has been accepted as a standard method for detecting ALK gene rearrangement, but also has disadvantages in terms of cost and time. Instead of FISH, ALK immunohistochemistry can be a reliable screening tool.24 We would have found our case from screening based on ALK immunohistochemistry, which suggests that ALK immunohistochemistry is useful for the detection of RCC with ALK rearrangement.

In conclusion, as far as we know, we have found the first RCC case with ALK gene rearrangement in Korean patients among 829 RCCs. This case showed similar histological and immunohistochemical features to previous adult cases with ALK rearrangement, and showed a relatively good prognosis.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

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Fig. 1

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. (A) Tumor cells show diffuse strong positivity for ALK in immunohistochemistry. (B) FISH analysis using dual color ALK break-apart probe shows one red, one green, and one fused signal indicating one rearranged ALK gene and one intact ALK gene.

Fig. 2

Pathologic features of renal cell carcinoma showing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement. (A) Grossly, the tumor is a well-circumscribed, partially cystic mass. Microscopically, the tumor shows a papillary (B), tubular or solid pattern (C) with occasional foam cell collections (D).

Fig. 3

Immunohistochemical findings of renal cell carcinoma showing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement. The tumor cells are positive for cytokeratin 7 (A), PAX-2 (B), and focal positive for CD10 (C) and negative for alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (D).

Table 1.

Seven ALK-positive renal cell carcinomas

Case No.	Age (yr)	Sickle cell trait	Subtype	Size (cm)	Fuhrman grade	TNM stage23	Follow-up	Fusion partner	Reference
1	16/M	Yes	Indeterminate	6.2	Not mentioned	T1bN1M0	0.75 yr, alive, no evidence of disease	VCL	Debelenko et al. [18]
2	6/M	Yes	Medullary	4.5	Not mentioned	T1bN0M0	1.75 yr, alive, no evidence of disease	VCL	Marino-Enriquez et al. [19]
3	36/F	No	Unclassified	4	Not mentioned	T1aN0M0	2 yr, alive, no evidence of disease	TPM3	Sugawara et al. [21]
4	53/F	No	A: papillary,	A: 2.5,	Not mentioned	T1aN0M0	7 yr, alive, no evidence of disease	EML4	Sugawara et al. [21]
			B: clear cell (double cancer)	B: 0.6
5	61/M	No	Papillary	5	2	T1bNXM0	4 yr, death from disease	Unchecked	Sukov et al. [20]
6	59/M	No	Papillary	5.5	3	T1bNXM0	1.4 yr, death from disease	Unchecked	Sukov et al. [20]
7	44/M	No	Papillary	3	3	T1aN0M0	12 yr, alive, no evidence of disease	Unchecked	Present case

ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; M, male; VCL, vinculin; F, female; TPM3, tropomyosin 3; EML4, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4.

Figure & Data

References

Citations

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