Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Volume 56(4); July 2022

Review

Lymphoproliferative disorder involving body fluid: diagnostic approaches and roles of ancillary studies: Jiwon Koh, Sun Ah Shin, Ji Ae Lee, Yoon Kyung Jeon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):173-186. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.05.16

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Lymphocyte-rich effusions represent benign reactive process or neoplastic condition. Involvement of lymphoproliferative disease in body cavity is not uncommon, and it often causes diagnostic challenge. In this review, we suggest a practical diagnostic approach toward lymphocyte-rich effusions, share representative cases, and discuss the utility of ancillary tests. Cytomorphologic features favoring neoplastic condition include high cellularity, cellular atypia/pleomorphism, monomorphic cell population, and frequent apoptosis, whereas lack of atypia, polymorphic cell population, and predominance of small T cells usually represent benign reactive process. Involvement of non-hematolymphoid malignant cells in body fluid should be ruled out first, followed by categorization of the samples into either small/medium-sized cell dominant or large-sized cell dominant fluid. Small/medium-sized cell dominant effusions require ancillary tests when either cellular atypia or history/clinical suspicion of lymphoproliferative disease is present. Large-sized cell dominant effusions usually suggest neoplastic condition, however, in the settings of initial presentation or low overall cellularity, ancillary studies are helpful for more clarification. Ancillary tests including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, clonality test, and next-generation sequencing can be performed using cytologic preparations. Throughout the diagnostic process, proper review of clinical history, cytomorphologic examination, and application of adequate ancillary tests are key elements for successful diagnosis.

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The urgency of Burkitt lymphoma diagnosis in fluid cytology—A tertiary care experience
Soundarya Ravi, Anu K. Devi, Prabhu Manivannan, Debasis Gochhait, Rakhee Kar, Neelaiah Siddaraju
Cytopathology.2024; 35(2): 275. CrossRef
Immunocytochemistry on frozen-embedded cell block for the diagnosis of hematolymphoid cytology specimen: a straightforward alternative to the conventional cell block
Youjeong Seo, Sanzida Alam Prome, Lucia Kim, Jee Young Han, Joon Mee Kim, Suk Jin Choi
Journal of Hematopathology.2024; 17(1): 1. CrossRef
Lymphoma presenting as the first finding in pleural fluid cytology: A rare cytologic presentation
Kafil Akhtar, Gowthami Nagendhran, Anjum Ara, Masheera Akhtar
IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research.2024; 8(4): 250. CrossRef

Original Articles

Clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes of ocular melanoma: a series of 31 cases from a tertiary university hospital: Selin Kestel, Feriha Pınar Uyar Göçün, Betül Öğüt, Özlem Erdem; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):187-198. Published online May 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.03.10

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
We aimed to determine the effect of clinicopathologic features on overall survival among Caucasian ocular melanoma patients in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey.
Methods
This single-center study included conjunctival (n = 12) and uveal (n = 19) melanoma patients diagnosed between January 2008 and March 2020. Clinicopathologic features and outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Five cases were tested for BRAF V600 mutations with real-time polymerase chain reaction, and one case was tested with nextgeneration sequencing. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results
Thirty-one patients had a mean initial age of 58.32 years (median, 61 years; range 25 to 78 years). There were 13 male and 18 female patients. The median follow-up time was 43.5 months (range, 6 to 155 months) for conjunctival melanoma and 35 months (range, 8 to 151 months) for uveal melanoma. When this study ended, eight of the 12 conjunctival melanoma patients (66.7%) and nine of the 19 uveal melanoma patients (47.4%) had died. The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was related to improved overall survival in conjunctival melanoma (p = .014), whereas the presence of ulceration (p = .030), lymphovascular invasion (p = .051), tumor in the left eye (p = .012), tumor thickness of > 2 mm (p = .012), and mitotic count of >1/mm² (p = .012) reduced the overall survival in conjunctival melanoma. Uveal melanoma tumors with the largest diameter of 9.1–15 mm led to the lowest overall survival among subgroups (p = .035). Involvement of the conjunctiva (p=.005) and lens (p = .003) diminished overall survival in uveal melanoma. BRAF V600 mutation was present in one case of conjunctival melanoma, GNAQ R183Q mutation was present in one case of uveal melanoma. Patients with uveal melanoma presented with an advanced pathological tumor stage compared to those with conjunctival melanoma (p = .019).
Conclusions
This study confirmed the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a favorable factor in conjunctival melanoma and conjunctival and lens involvement as unfavorable prognostic factors in uveal melanoma for overall survival, respectively.

Citations

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Uveal melanoma in the Iranian population: two decades of patient management in a tertiary eye center
Hamid Riazi-Esfahani, Abdulrahim Amini, Babak Masoomian, Mehdi Yaseri, Siamak Sabour, Ali Rashidinia, Mojtaba Arjmand, Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh, Mohammadkarim Johari, Elias Khalili Pour, Fariba Ghassemi
International Journal of Retina and Vitreous.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical features and prognosis of patients with metastatic ocular and orbital melanoma: A bi‐institutional study
Xin Liu, Han Yue, Shiyu Jiang, Lin Kong, Yu Xu, Yong Chen, Chunmeng Wang, Yan Wang, Xiaoli Zhu, Yunyi Kong, Xiaowei Zhang, Jiang Qian, Zhiguo Luo
Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(15): 16163. CrossRef
Metastatic melanoma: clinicopathologic features and overall survival comparison
Selin Kestel, Feriha Pınar Uyar Göçün, Betül Öğüt, Özlem Erdem
Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina Pannonica et Adriatica.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Correlation between myoferlin expression and lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Ji Min Na, Dong Chul Kim, Dae Hyun Song, Hyo Jung An, Hyun Min Koh, Jeong-Hee Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Jung Wook Yang, Min Hye Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):199-204. Published online May 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.03.19

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Abstract PDF: Background
Myoferlin is a multifunctional protein expressed in various normal and cancer cells, with novel oncogenic roles being newly discovered. Recently, correlations have been found between myoferlin expression and unfavorable prognosis in various carcinomas. This study investigated the prognostic role of myoferlin expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), specifically that associated with nodal metastasis.
Methods
We collected clinicopathological data and PTC tissues from 116 patients who had been admitted to Gyeongsang National University Hospital in 2010. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on surgical specimen-derived tissue microarray blocks. Myoferlin expression was graded, and the relationship between expression level and pathological features of tumors based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system was evaluated.
Results
Of the 116 patient samples, 100 cases exhibited positive myoferlin expression. Higher grade of myoferlin expression was correlated with lower T category group (p = .010). Presence of lymph node metastasis was determined to be significantly correlated with low-grade myoferlin expression (p = .019), with no significant difference between pN1a and pN1b tumors.
Conclusions
Our study revealed an adverse correlation between myoferlin expression and pathological features of PTC, evidence of the potential prognostic role of myoferlin in PTC lymph node metastasis.

EGFL7 expression profile in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas is associated with poor patient outcome: Bruno Henrique Bressan da Costa, Aline Paixão Becker, Luciano Neder, Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves, Cristiane de Oliveira, Allan Dias Polverini, Carlos Afonso Clara, Gustavo Ramos Teixeira, Rui Manuel Reis, Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):205-211. Published online June 15, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.04.22

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Despite the advances in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, the average life span of patients is 14 months. Therefore, it is urgent to identity biomarkers of prognosis, treatment response, or development of novel treatment strategies. We previously described the association of high epidermal growth factor-like domain multiple 7 (EGFL7) expression and unfavorable outcome of pilocytic astrocytoma patients. The present study aims to analyze the prognostic potential of EGFL7 in GBM isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype, using immunohistochemistry and in silico approaches.
Methods
Spearman’s correlation analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas RNA sequencing data was performed. The genes strongly correlated to EGFL7 expression were submitted to enrichment gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Additionally, EGFL7 expression was associated with patient overall survival. The expression of EGFL7 was analyzed through immunohistochemistry in 74 GBM IDH-wildtype patients’ samples, and was associated with clinicopathological data and overall survival.
Results
In silico analysis found 78 genes strongly correlated to EGFL7 expression. These genes were enriched in 40 biological processes and eight KEGG pathways, including angiogenesis/vasculogenesis, cell adhesion, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase–Akt, Notch, and Rap1 signaling pathways. The immunostaining showed high EGFL7 expression in 39 cases (52.7%). High immunolabelling was significantly associated with low Karnofsky Performance Status and poor overall survival. Cox analysis showed that GBMs IDH-wildtype with high EGFL7 expression presented a higher risk of death compared to low expression (hazard ratio, 1.645; 95% confidence interval, 1.021 to 2.650; p = .041).
Conclusions
This study gives insights regarding the genes that are correlated with EGFL7, as well as biological processes and signaling pathways, which should be further investigated in order to elucidate their role in glioblastoma biology.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Emerging roles of EGFL family members in neoplastic diseases: Molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies
Xiaoge Gao, Guopeng zhang, Feitong Wang, Wenhui Ruan, Shishuo Sun, Qing Zhang, Xiangye Liu
Biochemical Pharmacology.2025; 236: 116847. CrossRef
Comprehensive Analysis Reveals Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Amna Makawi, Somia A Khalafallah, Israa M Faris, Mohamed Alfaki
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of EGFL7 in human cancers: A review
Cristiane de Oliveira, Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves, Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
Journal of Cellular Physiology.2023; 238(8): 1756. CrossRef
Low EGFL7 expression is associated with high lymph node spread and invasion of lymphatic vessels in colorectal cancer
Cristiane de Oliveira, Sandra Fátima Fernandes Martins, Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves, Gabriel Augusto Limone, Adhemar Longatto-Filho, Rui Manuel Reis, Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Founder BRCA1 mutations in Nepalese population: Anurag Mehta, Himanshi Diwan, Garima Gupta, Shrinidhi Nathany, Shalini Agnihotri, Surender Dhanda; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):212-216. Published online June 15, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.05.02

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Abstract PDF

Background
Founder mutation is a heritable genetic alteration observed with high frequency in a geographically and culturally isolated population where one or more ancestors becomes the forebearer of the altered gene. The current study reports two founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in the Nepalese people.
Methods
Germline BRCA testing in all surface epithelial ovarian cancers and the selected case of breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers has been the standard practice from 2016 to 2021. One thousand one hundred thirtythree probands were screened for germline BRCA variants by next generation sequencing. The variants were classified as per the American Society of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommendations. Pathogenic (class V) and likely pathogenic (class IV) were considered clinically relevant and utilized for cascade screening.
Results
Nepalese population made up a subcohort of 5.12% (58/1,133) of probands tested for germline BRCA1/2 variants. Twenty-seven of these 58 tested harbored pathogenic genetic alterations in BRCA1/2 genes, with 23 being BRCA1 mutant. Sixteen of 23 BRCA1 mutant cases shared one common pathogenic mutation c.2214_2215insT (p.Lys739Ter) (NM_007294.4). Additionally, a second highly recurrent mutation in BRCA1 gene c.5068A>T (p.Lys1690Ter) (NM_007294.4) was noted in six patients from this population.
Conclusions
The overwhelming abundance of the above two variants in a geographically confined population confers these two genetic alterations a status of founder mutations amongst the people of Nepal. A more extensive population-based study to reaffirm these findings will help establish a dual site-specific germline testing similar to the “Multisite-3-assay” in Ashkenazi Jews as the primary screening tool, especially in a resource-constrained environment.

Citations

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Hiding in plain sight: a partial deletion ofBRCA1exon 7 undetectable by MLPA is a Nepali founder variant
Virginia Clowes, Jenny C Taylor, Alistair T Pagnamenta
Journal of Medical Genetics.2025; 62(2): 54. CrossRef
Finding significance: New perspectives in variant classification of the RAD51 regulators, BRCA2 and beyond
Hayley L. Rein, Kara A. Bernstein
DNA Repair.2023; 130: 103563. CrossRef
Digital PCR as a Highly Sensitive Diagnostic Tool: A Review
K. V. Kopylova, Ed. W. Kasparov, I. V. Marchenko, M. V. Smolnikova
Molecular Biology.2023; 57(5): 793. CrossRef
Digital PCR as a Highly Sensitive Diagnostic Tool: a Review
K. V. Kopylova, Ed. W. Kasparov, I. V. Marchenko, M. V. Smolnikova
Молекулярная биология.2023; 57(5): 771. CrossRef

Case Studies

Clinically undetected plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder with non-mass-forming metastases in multiple organs: an autopsy case: Yuya Asano, Kosuke Miyai, Shinya Yoshimatsu, Makoto Sasaki, Katsunori Ikewaki, Susumu Matsukuma; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):217-224. Published online May 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.03.15

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Abstract PDF

This case report outlines a clinically undetected urinary bladder plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) with multiple metastases detected at autopsy. An 89-year-old man presented with edema in the lower limbs. Pleural fluid cytology revealed discohesive carcinomatous cells, although imaging studies failed to identify the primary site of tumor. The patient died of respiratory failure. Autopsy disclosed a prostate tumor and diffusely thickened urinary bladder and rectum without distinct tumorous lesions. Histologically, the tumor consisted of acinar-type prostate adenocarcinoma with no signs of metastasis. Additionally, small, plasmacytoid tumor cells were observed in the urinary bladder/rectum as isolated or small clustering fashions. These metastasized to the lungs, intestine, generalized lymph nodes in a non-mass-forming manner. Combined with immunohistochemical studies, these tumor cells were diagnosed PUC derived from the urinary bladder. Both clinicians and pathologists should recognize PUC as an aggressive histological variant, which can represent a rapid systemic progression without mass-forming lesions.

Citations

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Carcinomatous Meningitis and Hydrocephalus in Plasmacytoid Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder With Extremely Elevated CA19-9 Levels
Fumiaki Henmi, Kayako Ukai, Atsuhito Nakayama, Yutaka Takazawa, Yoshikazu Uesaka
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Advances in the Management of Nonurothelial Subtypes of Bladder Cancer
Evangelia Vlachou, Burles Avner Johnson, Ezra Baraban, Rosa Nadal, Jean Hoffman-Censits
American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma: a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management
Marcus Zorovich, Jude Khatib, Aysha Mubeen, Katie Gardner, Nayana Patel
Abdominal Radiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Divergent Histology in Bladder Cancer: What We Need to Know?
Shashank Agrawal, Arun Ramdas Menon, Ginil Kumar Pooleri
UroCancer Clinics of India.2024; 2(2): 100. CrossRef

Hepatic carcinoma expressing inhibin: case report of a proposed novel entity and review of the literature: Antonia Syrnioti, Evangelia Athanasiou, Prodromos Hytiroglou; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):225-230. Published online June 15, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.04.07

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Abstract PDF

Hepatic carcinoma expressing inhibin is a recently described neoplasm with varied architecture, including trabecular, pseudoglandular, follicular/microcystic, organoid, solid and tubular patterns of growth. We report a case of hepatic carcinoma expressing inhibin that occurred in a 47-year-old woman presenting with epigastric and back pain. The tumor was located in the left hepatic lobe and measured 12 cm in diameter. On immunohistochemical stains, the neoplastic cells were positive for inhibin, as well as cytokeratins 7, 8/18 and 19. There was mild focal expression of synaptophysin, and lack of expression of hepatocytic markers. The histogenesis of hepatic carcinoma expressing inhibin is presently uncertain. From a practical point of view, this neoplasm can potentially cause diagnostic pitfalls by simulating other primary or metastatic tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and follicular carcinoma of thyroid gland. Performing inhibin immunostain could assist in the differential diagnosis of liver tumors with unusual histologic features.

Citations

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Cholangioblastic Cholangiocarcinoma (NIPBL::NACC1 Cholangiocarcinoma)
Pedram Argani, Kiyoko Oshima, Robert A. Anders, Raul S. Gonzalez, Osman Yilmaz, Munita Bal, Lisa Rooper, Jessica Hicks, Angelo De Marzo, Jeffrey Gagan, Chengsong Zhu, Doreen N. Palsgrove
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2025; 49(4): 303. CrossRef

Primary pulmonary epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma: a rare entity and a literature review: Priyanka Singh, Aruna Nambirajan, Manish Kumar Gaur, Rahul Raj, Sunil Kumar, Prabhat Singh Malik, Deepali Jain; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):231-237. Published online July 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.05.08

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Abstract PDF

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is an aggressive subtype of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions and is associated with high risk of local recurrence and poor prognosis. Herein, we present a young, non-smoking male who presented with complaints of cough and dyspnoea and was found to harbor a large right lower lobe lung mass. Biopsy showed a high-grade epithelioid to rhabdoid tumor with ALK and desmin protein expression. The patient initially received 5 cycles of crizotinib and remained stable for 1 year; however, he then developed multiple bony metastases, for which complete surgical resection was performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of EIMS, with ALK gene rearrangement demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Postoperatively, the patient is asymptomatic with stable metastatic disease on crizotinib and has been started on palliative radiotherapy. EIMS is a very rare subtype of IMT that needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of ALKexpressing lung malignancies in young adults.

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Mediastinal epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma with the EML4‐ALK fusion: A case report and literature review
Tingyu Pan, Xinyu Sun, Xiao Wu, Futing Tang, Xianmei Zhou, Qian Wang, Shi Chen
Respirology Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma of the brain with EML4::ALK fusion mimicking intra-axial glioma: a case report and brief literature review
Eric Eunshik Kim, Chul-Kee Park, Koung Mi Kang, Yoonjin Kwak, Sung-Hye Park, Jae-Kyung Won
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(3): 141. CrossRef
Epithelioid Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Sarcoma: A Report of a Rare Case
Varun Ronanki, Vaddatti Tejeswini, Inuganti Venkata Renuka, Shaik Raheema, Bakkamanthala S K Kanth
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Thoracic epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma: a rare and aggressive disease with case report and literature review
Linke Yang, Pei Li, Runze Liu, Baomin Feng, Huiqing Mao, Xiaoyong Tang, Guangjian Yang
Discover Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma with exceptionally long response to lorlatinib—a case report
Rafał Becht, Kajetan Kiełbowski, Justyna Żychowska, Wojciech Poncyljusz, Aleksandra Łanocha, Katarzyna Kozak, Ewa Gabrysz-Trybek, Paweł Domagała
Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Rare giant epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma of the abdominal cavity in a child: a case report and review of the literature
Jinzhou Li, Haixing Su, Sheng Zhang, Xianyun Chen, Chongzhi Hou, Tao Cheng
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Case report: Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma treated with an ALK TKI ensartinib
Mengmeng Li, Ruyue Xing, Jiuyan Huang, Chao Shi, Chunhua Wei, Huijuan Wang
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Epithelioid Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Sarcoma With Poor Response to Crizotinib: A Case Report
Soheila Aminimoghaddam, Roghayeh Pourali
Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma: a case report and brief literature review
Weidong Dou, Yu Guan, Tao Liu, Hang Zheng, Shuo Feng, Yingchao Wu, Xin Wang, Zhanbing Liu
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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