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Liquid biopsy using extracellular vesicle–derived DNA in lung adenocarcinoma
In Ae Kim, Jae Young Hur, Hee Joung Kim, Seung Eun Lee, Wan Seop Kim, Kye Young Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(6):453-461.   Published online October 8, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.08.13
  • 8,619 View
  • 175 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Blood liquid biopsy has emerged as a way of overcoming the clinical limitations of repeat biopsy by testing for the presence of acquired resistance mutations to therapeutic agents. Despite its merits of repeatability and non-invasiveness, this method is currently only used as a supplemental test due to a relatively low sensitivity rate of 50%–60%, and cannot replace tissue biopsy. The circulating tumor DNAs used in blood liquid biopsies are passive products of fragmented DNA with a short half-life released following tumor cell death; the low sensitivity seen with liquid blood biopsy results from this instability, which makes increasing the sensitivity of this test fundamentally difficult. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ideal carriers of cancer biomarkers, as cancer cells secret an abundance of EVs, and the contents of tumor cell-originated EVs reflect the molecular and genetic composition of parental cells. In addition, EV-derived DNAs (EV DNAs) consist of large-sized genomic DNAs and tumor-specific oncogenic mutant DNAs. For these reasons, liquid biopsy using EV DNA has the potential to overcome issues arising from tissue shortages associated with small biopsies, which are often seen in lung cancer patients, and the biopsy product can be used in other diagnostic methods, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing and next-generation sequencing (NGS). A higher sensitivity can be achieved when EV DNAs obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are used rather than those from blood. BALF, when obtained close to the tumor site, is a promising liquid biopsy tool, as it enables the gathering of both cellular and non-cellular fractions of the tumor microenvironment, and provides increased diagnostic sensitivity when compared to blood.

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Article image
Current status and future perspectives of liquid biopsy in non-small cell lung cancer
Sunhee Chang, Jae Young Hur, Yoon-La Choi, Chang Hun Lee, Wan Seop Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(3):204-212.   Published online April 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.02.27
  • 11,248 View
  • 296 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
With advances in target therapy, molecular analysis of tumors is routinely required for treatment decisions in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Liquid biopsy refers to the sampling and analysis of circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) in various body fluids, primarily blood. Because the technique is minimally invasive, liquid biopsies are the future in cancer management. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ctDNA tests have been performed in routine clinical practice in advanced NSCLC patients to guide tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. In the near future, liquid biopsy will be a crucial prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic method in NSCLC. Here we present the current status and future perspectives of liquid biopsy in NSCLC.

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Original Article
Article image
Comparison of papanicolaou smear and human papillomavirus (HPV) test as cervical screening tools: can we rely on HPV test alone as a screening method? An 11-year retrospective experience at a single institution
Myunghee Kang, Seung Yeon Ha, Hyun Yee Cho, Dong Hae Chung, Na Rae Kim, Jungsuk An, Sangho Lee, Jae Yeon Seok, Juhyeon Jeong
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):112-118.   Published online January 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.11.29
  • 13,944 View
  • 266 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
The decrease in incidence of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma has not been as dramatic as expected with the development of improved research tools and test methods. The human papillomavirus (HPV) test alone has been suggested for screening in some countries. The National Cancer Screening Project in Korea has applied Papanicolaou smears (Pap smears) as the screening method for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. We evaluated the value of Pap smear and HPV testing as diagnostic screening tools in a single institution.
Methods
Patients co-tested with HPV test and Pap smear simultaneously or within one month of each other were included in this study. Patients with only punch biopsy results were excluded because of sampling errors. A total of 999 cases were included, and the collected reports encompassed results of smear cytology, HPV subtypes, and histologic examinations.
Results
Sensitivity and specificity of detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were higher for Pap smears than for HPV tests (sensitivity, 97.14%; specificity, 85.58% for Pap smears; sensitivity, 88.32%; specificity, 54.92% for HPV tests). HPV tests and Pap smears did not differ greatly in detection of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (85.35% for HPV test, 80.31% for Pap smears). When atypical glandular cells were noted on Pap smears, the likelihood for histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma following Pap smear was higher than that of high-risk HPV test results (18.8 and 1.53, respectively).
Conclusions
Pap smears were more useful than HPV tests in the diagnosis of HSIL, SCC, and glandular lesions.

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Review
Current Status of and Perspectives on Cervical Cancer Screening in Korea
Sung-Chul Lim, Chong Woo Yoo
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):210-216.   Published online May 16, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.04.11
  • 13,898 View
  • 278 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Since the introduction of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear system in 1943, cervicovaginal cytology has been used as a standard screening test for cervical cancer. The dissemination of this test contributed to reductions of the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer worldwide. In Korea, regular health check-ups for industrial workers and their family members were introduced in 1988 and were performed as part of the National Cancer Screening Program in 1999. As a result, the incidence of cervical cancer in Korea has been steadily decreasing. However, about 800 cases of cervical cancer-related deaths are reported each year due to false-negative test results. Hence, new screening methods have been proposed. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in 1996 to overcome the limitations of conventional Pap smears. Since then, other LBC methods have been developed and utilized, including the human papilloma virus test—a method with higher sensitivity that requires fewer screenings. In this study, we review current issues and future perspectives related to cervical cancer screening in Korea.

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Original Article
CpG Island Methylation in Sessile Serrated Adenoma/Polyp of the Colorectum: Implications for Differential Diagnosis of Molecularly High-Risk Lesions among Non-dysplastic Sessile Serrated Adenomas/Polyps
Ji Ae Lee, Hye Eun Park, Seung-Yeon Yoo, Seorin Jeong, Nam-Yun Cho, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Jung Ho Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):225-235.   Published online March 19, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.03.12
  • 9,525 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Although colorectal sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) with morphologic dysplasia are regarded as definite high-risk premalignant lesions, no reliable grading or risk-stratifying system exists for non-dysplastic SSA/Ps. The accumulation of CpG island methylation is a molecular hallmark of progression of SSA/Ps. Thus, we decided to classify non-dysplastic SSA/Ps into risk subgroups based on the extent of CpG island methylation.
Methods
The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status of 132 non-dysplastic SSA/Ps was determined using eight CIMP-specific promoter markers. SSA/Ps with CIMP-high and/or MLH1 promoter methylation were regarded as a high-risk subgroup.
Results
Based on the CIMP analysis results, methylation frequency of each CIMP marker suggested a sequential pattern of CpG island methylation during progression of SSA/P, indicating MLH1 as a late-methylated marker. Among the 132 non-dysplastic SSA/Ps, 34 (26%) were determined to be high-risk lesions (33 CIMP-high and 8 MLH1-methylated cases; seven cases overlapped). All 34 high-risk SSA/Ps were located exclusively in the proximal colon (100%, p = .001) and were significantly associated with older age (≥ 50 years, 100%; p = .003) and a larger histologically measured lesion size (> 5 mm, 100%; p = .004). In addition, the high-risk SSA/Ps were characterized by a relatively higher number of typical base-dilated serrated crypts.
Conclusions
Both CIMP-high and MLH1 methylation are late-step molecular events during progression of SSA/Ps and rarely occur in SSA/Ps of young patients. Comprehensive consideration of age (≥ 50), location (proximal colon), and histologic size (> 5 mm) may be important for the prediction of high-risk lesions among non-dysplastic SSA/Ps.

Citations

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  • MLH1 Methylation Status and Microsatellite Instability in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
    Manuel Alejandro Rico-Méndez, Miguel Angel Trujillo-Rojas, María de la Luz Ayala-Madrigal, Jesús Arturo Hernández-Sandoval, Anahí González-Mercado, Melva Gutiérrez-Angulo, José Geovanni Romero-Quintana, Jesús Alonso Valenzuela-Pérez, Ruth Ramírez-Ramírez,
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  • Histologic Reappraisal and Evaluation of MLH1 Protein Expression in Sessile Serrated Lesions of the Proximal Colon
    Priscilla de Sene Portel Oliveira, Miriam Aparecida da Silva Trevisan, Rita Barbosa de Carvalho, Rita de Cássia Perina Martins, João José Fagundes, Claudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy, Ashwini Esnakula
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    Jung Ho Kim, Jiyun Hong, Ji Ae Lee, Minsun Jung, Eunwoo Choi, Nam-Yun Cho, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Sangwoo Kim
    Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Review
Provisional Guideline Recommendation for EGFR Gene Mutation Testing in Liquid Samples of Lung Cancer Patients: A Proposal by the Korean Cardiopulmonary Pathology Study Group
Dong Hoon Shin, Hyo Sup Shim, Tae Jung Kim, Heae Surng Park, Yun La Choi, Wan Seop Kim, Lucia Kim, Sun Hee Chang, Joon Seon Song, Hyo jin Kim, Jung Ho Han, Chang Hun Lee, Geon Kook Lee, Se Jin Jang
J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(3):153-158.   Published online February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.02.22
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Liquid biopsy for detection of mutation from circulating tumor DNA is a new technology which is attractive in that it is non-invasive. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is an effective first line drug for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients who harbor activating EGFR mutation. During the course of treatment, resistance against TKI arises which can be contributed to EGFR T790M mutation in about 50–60% of patients. Third generation TKI may overcome the resistance. In patients who cannot undergo tissue biopsy due to variable reasons, liquid biopsy is an excellent alternative for the detection of EGFR T790M mutation. However, this relatively novel method requires standardization and vigorous quality insurance. Thus, a standard set of guideline recommendations for liquid biopsy for EGFR mutation testing suitable for the Korean medical community is necessary. In this article, we propose a set of provisional guideline recommendations that was discussed and approved by the Cardiopulmonary Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists.

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Original Articles
Utility of BRAF VE1 Immunohistochemistry as a Screening Tool for Colorectal Cancer Harboring BRAF V600E Mutation
Jeong-Hwa Kwon, Byung-Kwan Jeong, Yong Sik Yoon, Chang Sik Yu, Jihun Kim
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(3):157-163.   Published online March 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.03.28
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
BRAF mutation has been recognized as an important biomarker of colorectal cancer (CRC) for targeted therapy and prognosis prediction. However, sequencing for every CRC case is not cost-effective. An antibody specific for BRAF V600E mutant protein has been introduced, and we thus examined the utility of BRAF VE1 immunohistochemistry for evaluating BRAF mutations in CRC.
Methods
Fifty-one BRAF-mutated CRCs and 100 age and sexmatched BRAF wild-type CRCs between 2005 and 2015 were selected from the archives of Asan Medical Center. Tissue microarrays were constructed and stained with BRAF VE1 antibody.
Results
Forty-nine of the 51 BRAF-mutant CRCs (96.1%) showed more than moderate cytoplasmic staining, except for two weakly stained cases. Six of 100 BRAF wild-type cases also stained positive with BRAF VE1 antibody; four stained weakly and two stained moderately. Normal colonic crypts showed nonspecific weak staining, and a few CRC cases exhibited moderate nuclear reactivity (3 BRAF-mutant and 10 BRAF wild-type cases). BRAF-mutated CRC patients had higher pathologic stages and worse survival than BRAF wild-type patients.
Conclusions
BRAF VE1 immunohistochemistry showed high sensitivity and specificity, but occasional nonspecific staining in tumor cell nuclei and normal colonic crypts may limit their routine clinical use. Thus, BRAF VE1 immunohistochemistry may be a useful screening tool for BRAF V600E mutation in CRCs, provided that additional sequencing studies can be done to confirm the mutation in BRAF VE1 antibody-positive cases.

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    Laurenția Nicoleta Galeș, Mihai-Andrei Păun, Ioana Butnariu, Laurentiu Simion, Loredana Sabina Cornelia Manolescu, Oana Gabriela Trifănescu, Rodica Maricela Anghel
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    Rogelio González-González, Sandra López-Verdín, Jesús Lavalle-Carrasco, Nelly Molina-Frechero, Mario Isiordia-Espinoza, Ramón G Carreón-Burciaga, Ronell Bologna-Molina
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Comparison of the Mismatch Repair System between Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancers Using Immunohistochemistry
Jiyoon Jung, Youngjin Kang, Yoo Jin Lee, Eojin Kim, Bokyung Ahn, Eunjung Lee, Joo Young Kim, Jeong Hyeon Lee, Youngseok Lee, Chul Hwan Kim, Yang-Seok Chae
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(2):129-136.   Published online February 14, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.12.09
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Approximately 10%–15% of the CRC cases have defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Although the high level of microsatellite instability status is a predictor of favorable outcome in primary CRC, little is known about its frequency and importance in secondary CRC. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for MMR proteins (e.g., MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) has emerged as a useful technique to complement polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Methods: In this study, comparison between the MMR system of primary CRCs and paired liver and lung metastatic lesions was done using IHC and the correlation with clinical outcomes was also examined. Results: Based on IHC, 7/61 primary tumors (11.4%) showed deficient MMR systems, while 13/61 secondary tumors (21.3%) showed deficiencies. In total, 44 cases showed proficient expression in both the primary and metastatic lesions. Three cases showed deficiencies in both the primary and paired metastatic lesions. In 10 cases, proficient expression was found only in the primary lesions, and not in the corresponding metastatic lesions. In four cases, proficient expression was detected in the secondary tumor, but not in the primary tumor. Conclusions: Although each IHC result and the likely defective genes were not exactly matched between the primary and the metastatic tumors, identical results for primary and metastatic lesions were obtained in 77% of the cases (47/61). These data are in agreement with the previous microsatellite detection studies that used PCR and IHC.

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Clinical Significance of an HPV DNA Chip Test with Emphasis on HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 Detection in Korean Gynecological Patients
Min-Kyung Yeo, Ahwon Lee, Soo Young Hur, Jong Sup Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(4):294-299.   Published online June 26, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.05.09
  • 10,542 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor for cervical cancer.
Methods
We evaluated the clinical significance of the HPV DNA chip genotyping assay (MyHPV chip, Mygene Co.) compared with the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) chemiluminescent nucleic acid hybridization kit (Digene Corp.) in 867 patients.
Results
The concordance rate between the MyHPV chip and HC2 was 79.4% (kappa coefficient, κ = 0.55). The sensitivity and specificity of both HPV tests were very similar (approximately 85% and 50%, respectively). The addition of HPV result (either MyHPV chip or HC2) to cytology improved the sensitivity (95%, each) but reduced the specificity (approximately 30%, each) compared with the HPV test or cytology alone. Based on the MyHPV chip results, the odds ratio (OR) for ≥ high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) was 9.9 in the HPV-16/18 (+) group and 3.7 in the non-16/18 high-risk (HR)-HPV (+) group. Based on the HC2 results, the OR for ≥ HSILs was 5.9 in the HR-HPV (+) group. When considering only patients with cytological diagnoses of “negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy” and “atypical squamous cell or atypical glandular cell,” based on the MyHPV chip results, the ORs for ≥ HSILs were 6.8 and 11.7, respectively, in the HPV-16/18 (+) group.
Conclusions
The sensitivity and specificity of the MyHPV chip test are similar to the HC2. Detecting HPV-16/18 with an HPV DNA chip test, which is commonly used in many Asian countries, is useful in assessing the risk of high-grade cervical lesions.

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    Tina Shrestha, Won Choi, Ga Eon Kim, Jee Myung Yang, Kyung Chul Yoon
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Differential Features of Microsatellite-Unstable Colorectal Carcinomas Depending on EPCAM Expression Status
Jung Ho Kim, Jeong Mo Bae, Kyung-Ju Kim, Ye-Young Rhee, Younghoon Kim, Nam-Yun Cho, Hye Seung Lee, Mee Soo Chang, Gyeong Hoon Kang
Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(4):276-282.   Published online August 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.4.276
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Recent studies have revealed that a small subset of Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) is caused by a germline EPCAM deletion-induced MSH2 epimutation. Based on the finding of this genetic alteration, we investigated the implications of EPCAM expression changes in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) CRCs.

Methods

Expression of EPCAM and DNA mismatch repair proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 168 MSI-H CRCs. Using DNA samples of these tumors, MLH1 promoter methylation status was also determined by methylation-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction method (MethyLight).

Results

Among 168 MSI-H CRCs, complete loss (CL) and focal loss (FL) of EPCAM expression was observed in two (1.2%) and 22 (13.1%) cases, respectively. Both of the EPCAM-CL cases were found in MSH2-negative tumors without MLH1 promoter methylation. However, only nine of the 22 EPCAM-FL tumors had MSH2 deficiency. Of the 22 EPCAM-FL tumors, 13 showed MLH1 loss, and among them, nine cases were determined to have MLH1 methylation. EPCAM-FL was significantly associated with advanced stage (p=.043), distant metastasis (p=.003), poor differentiation (p=.001), and signet ring cell component (p=.004).

Conclusions

Loss of EPCAM expression is differentially associated with clinicopathological and molecular features, depending on the completeness of the loss, in MSI-H CRCs.

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Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Genital Tract: Utility of p16INK4a Expression and HPV DNA Status in its Differential Diagnosis from Extended Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Su Hyun Yoo, Eun-Mi Son, Chang Okh Sung, Kyu-Rae Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):549-556.   Published online December 24, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.549
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper genital tract, including the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, is extremely rare. It must be distinguished from the mucosal extension of primary cervical SCC because determination of the primary tumor site is important for tumor staging. However, patients with SCC of the fallopian tubes or ovarian surface have often undergone prior hysterectomy with inadequate examination of the cervix, making it difficult to determine the primary site.

Methods

We compared histologic findings, p16INK4a expression, and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA status in four patients with primary SCC of the upper genital tract and five patients with primary cervical SCC extending to the mucosa of the upper genital tract.

Results

All five SCCs of cervical origin showed strong expression of p16INK4a, whereas all four SCCs of the upper genital tract were negative, although one showed weak focal staining. Three of the five cervical SCCs were positive for HPV16 DNA, whereas all four primary SCCs of the upper genital tract were negative for HPV DNA.

Conclusions

Although a thorough histological examination is important, immunonegativity for p16INK4a and negative for HPV DNA may be useful adjuncts in determining primary SCCs of the upper genital tract.

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Comparison of Direct Sequencing, PNA Clamping-Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Pyrosequencing Methods for the Detection of EGFR Mutations in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma and the Correlation with Clinical Responses to EGFR Tyrosin
Hyun Ju Lee, Xianhua Xu, Hyojin Kim, Yan Jin, Pingli Sun, Ji Eun Kim, Jin-Haeng Chung
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(1):52-60.   Published online February 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.1.52
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The aims of this study were to evaluate the abilities of direct sequencing (DS), peptide nucleic acid (PNA) clamping, and pyrosequencing methods to detect epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) samples and to correlate EGFR mutational status as determined by each method with the clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

Methods

Sixty-one NSCLC patients treated with EGFR TKIs were identified to investigate somatic mutations in the EGFR gene (exons 18-21).

Results

Mutations in the EGFR gene were detected in 38 of the 61 patients (62%) by DS, 35 (57%) by PNA clamping and 37 (61%) by pyrosequencing. A total of 44 mutations (72%) were found by at least one of the three methods, and the concordances among the results were relatively high (82-85%; kappa coefficient, 0.713 to 0.736). There were 15 discordant cases (25%) among the three different methods.

Conclusions

All three EGFR mutation tests had good concordance rates (over 82%) for FFPE samples. These results suggest that if the DNA quality and enrichment of tumor cells are assured, then DS, PNA clamping, and pyrosequencing are appropriate methods for the detection of EGFR mutations.

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Review
Radiotherapy Response in Microsatellite Instability Related Rectal Cancer
Joo-Shik Shin, Thein Ga Tut, Tao Yang, C. Soon Lee
Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(1):1-8.   Published online February 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.1.1
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Preoperative radiotherapy may improve the resectability and subsequent local control of rectal cancers. However, the extent of radiation induced regression in these tumours varies widely between individuals. To date no reliable predictive marker of radiation sensitivity in rectal cancer has been identified. At the cellular level, radiation injury initiates a complex molecular network of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways that leads to cell cycle arrest, attempts at re-constituting the damaged DNA and should this fail, then apoptosis. This review presents the details which suggest the roles of DNA mismatch repair proteins, the lack of which define a distinct subset of colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI), in the DDR pathways. Hence routine assessment of the MSI status in rectal cancers may potentially serve as a predictor of radiotherapy response, thereby improving patient stratification in the administration of this otherwise toxic treatment.

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Original Articles
Expression of CHOP in Squamous Tumor of the Uterine Cervix
Hyun Hee Chu, Jun Sang Bae, Kyoung Min Kim, Ho Sung Park, Dong Hyu Cho, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Myoung Ja Chung
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):463-469.   Published online October 25, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.463
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and abnormal p53 expression are closely involved in carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) of uterine cervix. Recent studies have suggested that virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress modulates various cell survival and cell death signaling pathways. The C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is associated with ER stress-mediated apoptosis and is also involved in carcinogenesis of several human cancers. We hypothesized that CHOP is involved in the carcinogenesis of uterine cervical cancer in association with HR-HPV and/or p53.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze CHOP and p53 protein expression of tissue sections from 191 patients with invasive cancer or preinvasive lesions of the uterine cervix (61 cases of SqCC, 66 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] III, and 64 cases of CIN I).

Results

CHOP was expressed in 59.4% of CIN I, 48.5% of CIN III, and 70.5% of SqCC cases. It was also significantly more frequent in invasive SqCC than in preinvasive lesions (p=0.042). Moreover, CHOP expression significantly correlated with HR-HPV infection and p53 expression (p=0.009 and p=0.038, respectively).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that CHOP is involved in the carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix SqCC via association with HR-HPV and p53.

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Difference of Genome-Wide Copy Number Alterations between High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Uterine Cervix
Bum Hee Lee, Sangyoung Roh, Yu Im Kim, Ahwon Lee, Su Young Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):123-130.   Published online April 25, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.123
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

About 10% of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) progress to invasive carcinomas within 2-10 years. By delineating the events that occur in the early stage of the invasion, the pathogenesis of cervical cancer could be better understood. This will also propose the possible methods for inhibiting the tumor invasion and improving the survival of patients.

Methods

We compared the genomic profiles between the HSIL and the invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) using an array comparative genomic hybridization. Using recurrently altered genes, we performed a principal component analysis to see variation of samples in both groups. To find possibly affected pathways by altered genes, we analyzed genomic profiles with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database and GOEAST software.

Results

We found 11q12.3 and 2p24.1 regions have recurrent copy number gains in both groups. 16p12-13 and 20q11-13 regions showed an increased copy number only in cases of HSIL. 1q25.3 and 3q23-29 regions showed copy number gains only in cases of SCC. Altered genes in the SCC group were related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the RNA transport. Altered genes in the HSIL group were related to the ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and cell adhesion molecules.

Conclusions

Our results showed not only that gains in 11q12.3 and 2p24.1 were early events occurring in the premalignant lesions and then maintained in cases of SCC but also that gains in 1q25.3 and 3q23-29 were late events occurring after invasion in those of SCC.

Citations

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    GESCHE FROHWITTER, HORST BUERGER, PAUL J. VAN DIEST, EBERHARD KORSCHING, JOHANNES KLEINHEINZ, THOMAS FILLIES
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Review
CpG Island Hypermethylation in Gastric Carcinoma and Its Premalignant Lesions
Gyeong Hoon Kang
Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(1):1-9.   Published online February 23, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.1
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Gastric cancers arise through a multistep process characterized by the progressive accumulation of molecular alterations in which genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated. Gastric cancer is one of the human malignancies in which aberrant promoter CpG island hypermethylation is frequently found. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus, which are known carcinogens for gastric cancer, are closely associated with enhanced hypermethylation of CpG island loci in gastric non-neoplastic epithelial cells and cancer cells, respectively. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation occurs early in the multistep cascade of gastric carcinogenesis and tends to increase with the step-wise progression of the lesion. Approximately 400 genes that are actively expressed in normal gastric epithelial cells are estimated to be inactivated in gastric cancers as a result of promoter CpG island hypermethylation. In this review, a variety of information is summarized regarding CpG island hypermethylation in gastric cancer.

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Original Articles
Expression of DNA Topoisomerase II-alpha as a Proliferating Marker in Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder based on World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Classification: A Correlation with Expression of Ki-67 and Apoptosis
Tae Jin Lee, Dong Ki Lee, Eon Sub Park, Jae Hyung Yoo
Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(5):305-313.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
DNA topoisomerase II-alpha is linked with active cell proliferation in mammalian cells. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the expression of DNA topoisomerase II-alpha as a proliferating marker, and the expression of Ki-67 and apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder based on World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) consensus classification.
METHODS
73 urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder after transurethral resection and 25 carcinomas after radical cystectomy were investigated for histologic grading based on WHO and WHO/ISUP consensus classification. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of 98 specimens from 73 patients were immunohistochemically stained for DNA topoisomerase II-alpha and Ki-67, and in situ TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method for evaluation of apoptotic cells was performed. For each case, a DNA topoisomerase II-alpha, Ki-67, and apoptotic indices were determined.
RESULTS
The histologic grades of 73 cases based on the WHO grading system were 21.9% (16 cases) in grade 1, 65.8% (48 cases) in grade 2, and 12.3% (9 cases). 5.5% (4 cases) of papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential, 47.9% (35 cases) of urothelial carcinoma of low grade, and 46.6% (34 cases) in urothelial carcinoma of high grade were reclassified using the WHO/ISUP consensus classification. Histologic grades based on two grading systems were correlated to invasion and stage (p<0.05). DNA topoisomerase II-alpha, Ki-67, and apoptotic indices were correlated to histologic grades based on two grading system and invasion. Also, the correlation of DNA topoisomerase II-alpha and Ki-67 indices, and DNA topoisomerase II-alpha and apoptotic indices were significant, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
DNA topoisomerase II-alpha appears to be an useful marker for assessing the proliferation potential of urothelial carcinoma of in the urinary bladder.
Cytomorphologic Features According to HPV DNA Type in Histologically Proven Cases of the Uterine Cervix.
In Ho Choi, So Young Jin, Dong Wha Lee, Dong Won Kim, Yoon Mi Jeen
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):612-620.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.612
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
This study investigated whether human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype is related to koilocytic changes in cervical cytology and histology, and what factors cause discrepancies among cytology, HPV DNA chip tests, and biopsies.
METHODS
We examined 174 of 949 cases histologically confirmed by both cytology and HPV DNA chip testing. We analyzed koilocytic changes in cytology and biopsies according to HPV genotype.
RESULTS
HPV-16 significantly coincided with nuclear size variation and hyperchromasia, although the cytomorphologic features correlated with other HPV genotypes were not statistically significant. By analyzing 68 cases in which there were discrepancies between the HPV DNA chip test and histological results, we confirmed that artifacts or glycogen acanthosis resulted in the over-diagnoses of four HPV-negative cases with normal cytology. Four diagnostic errors and four sampling errors were present in eight HPV-positive cases. The degree of nuclear size variation significantly influenced the cytologically under-diagnosed cases (p=0.006).
CONCLUSIONS
Other than HPV-16, HPV genotype exhibited no cytological or histological differences. The discrepancy between the results of HPV DNA chip test and histology was created by glycogen acanthosis, immature squamous metaplasia, artifacts, and sampling errors.

Citations

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  • Koilocytic changes are not elicited by human papillomavirus genotypes with higher oncogenic potential
    Mitsuaki Okodo, Kaori Okayama, Koji Teruya, Hirokazu Kimura, Natsumi Noji, Yasuyoshi Ishii, Masahiko Fujii, Mizue Oda, Toshiyuki Sasagawa
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    Tae Eun Kim, Hwal Woong Kim, Kyung Eun Lee
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Comparison of the DNA Preservation in Neutral-Buffered Formalin Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue and in Non-Buffered Formalin Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue.
An Na Seo, Jae Hoon Kim, Dakeun Lee, Ji Yun Jeong, Ji Young Park
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):549-556.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.549
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The preservation of optimized DNA and its extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are important issues. There has been some doubt over whether 10% neutral-buffered formalin is an ideal fixation solution for DNA preservation over non-buffered formalin, as conventionally recommended. In this study, the correlation between the efficiency of DNA extraction from FFPE tissues and buffered formalin was evaluated.
METHODS
Several tissues with same conditions except fixatives were fixed in four different formalin solution groups and were routinely processed as paraffin-embedding protocols. DNAs were extracted from four different FFPE tissues that were stored for over 3 months and over 9 months. The quantity and quality of the DNAs were assessed with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and degradation were analyzed via microchip electrophoresis. KRAS mutation analysis and microsatellite instability (BAT25) PCR were performed with each sample.
RESULTS
The results showed no remarkable difference in the four groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The study findings demonstrate that DNA preservation is fairly unaffected by a neutral buffer where there is short formalin manufacture period and an adequate formalin fixation time before embedding in paraffin.

Citations

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  • Forensic analysis of formalin-fixed non-paraffin-embedded tissues: a comparative study of STR and mtDNA profiling
    Kangana Aggarwal, Nidhi Sharma, Braja Kishore Mohapatra, Kamal Chauhan, Harpreet Singh, Chittaranjan Behera
    Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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CpG Island Methylation According to the Histologic Patterns of Early Gastric Adenocarcinoma.
Junjeong Choi, Mee Yon Cho, So Young Jung, Khalilullah Mia Jan, Hyun Soo Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(5):469-476.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.5.469
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Although the importance of aberrant DNA methylation in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma has been described, the mechanism of pathogenesis has not been revealed yet. We quantitatively analyzed methylation of four CpG islands and one repetitive DNA element, according to the histologic features of adenocarcinoma with precursor lesions.
METHODS
We divided the cases as adenocarcinoma with intestinal type precursors (type A, n=19 cases) and adenocarcinoma with diffuse type precursors (type B, n=19 cases). We micro-dissected tumor cells and matched non-neoplastic gastric mucosa from the hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides.
RESULTS
A total of 20 CpG sites of long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE1), RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA), Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), MINT25, and CD133 were analyzed. Methylation was determined by bisulfate-pyro-sequencing, and hypomethylation of LINE1 and CD133 was noted in the tumors, compared to the levels in the non-neoplastic gastric mucosa (p=0.014 and p=0.015, respectively). A statistically different methylation pattern of CpG sites at CD133 and KLF7 was noted only in type B lesions, compared to that in matched non-neoplastic gastric mucosa (p=0.027 and p=0.043, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Given that aberrant methylation occurs in a relatively early phase of carcinogenesis, different patterns of methylation may determine the carcinoma phenotype. However, further large-scale study is required to clarify the significance of this difference.

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  • Molecular function of Krüppel-like factor 7 in biology
    Yi Mao, Yuechan Chen, Zhiwei Zhang
    Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2023; 55(5): 713.     CrossRef
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    YOSEP CHONG, KHALILULLAH MIA-JAN, HOON RYU, JAMSHID ABDUL-GHAFAR, JIJGEE MUNKHDELGER, SAYAMAA LKHAGVADORJ, SO YOUNG JUNG, MIRA LEE, SUN-YOUNG JI, EUNHEE CHOI, MEE-YON CHO
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The Usefulness of p16INK4a Immunocytochemical Staining in ASC-H Patients.
Kwang Il Yim, Yeo Ju Kang, Tae Eun Kim, Gyeongsin Park, Eun Sun Jung, Yeong Jin Choi, Kyo Young Lee, Chang Seok Kang, Ahwon Lee
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):290-295.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.290
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The grey zone of cervical cytology, and in particular atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H) causes diagnostic difficulties and increases medical expenses. We analyzed p16INK4a expression in ASC-H liquid-based cytology specimens (LBCS) to develop more effective methods for the management of ASC-H patients.
METHODS
We carried out p16INK4a immunostaining with 57 LBCS of ASC-H diagnostic categories, all of which were histologically cofirmed and 43 cases of which were compared with the results of a human papillomavirus (HPV) chip test.
RESULTS
p16INK4a immunostaining with ASC-H LBCS was positive in 20% (3/15) of cervicitis, 25.0% (3/12) of tissue-low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 75.0% (18/24) of tissue-high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and 100% (6/6) of invasive cancer cases. The positivity of p16INK4a in LBCS was correlated with higher grade of histologic diagnosis (r=0.578, p=0.000). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of p16INK4a immunostaining for the prediction of tissue-HSIL+ were 80.0%, 77.8%, 80.0%, and 77.8%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of p16INK4a immunostaining plus HPV chip test for predicting tissue-HSIL+ were 71.2%, 86.4%, 84.2%, and 79.2%.
CONCLUSIONS
p16INK4a immunostaining as well as HPV chip testing with remaining LBCS with ASC-H are useful objective markers for the prediction of tissue-HSIL+.

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  • Usefulness of p16INK4a Immunocytochemical staining for the Differentiation between Atrophy and ASCUS in Diagnosis of Uterine Cervical Cancer
    Hye Ryoung Shin, Taekil Eom, Wan-Su Choi
    Biomedical Science Letters.2023; 29(3): 144.     CrossRef
Copy Number Alterations of BCAS1 in Squamous Cell Carcinomas.
Yu Im Kim, Ahwon Lee, Jennifer Kim, Bum Hee Lee, Sung Hak Lee, Suk Woo Nam, Sug Hyung Lee, Won Sang Park, Nam Jin Yoo, Jung Young Lee, Sang Ho Kim, Su Young Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):271-275.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.271
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1 (BCAS1), located in 20q13, is amplified and overexpressed in breast cancers. Even though BCAS1 is expected to be an oncogene candidate, its contribution to tumorigenesis and copy number status in other malignancies is not reported. To elucidate the role of BCAS1 in squamous cell carcinomas, we investigated the copy number status and expression level of BCAS1 in several squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, normal keratinocytes and primary tumors.
METHODS
We quantitated BCAS1 gene by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression level of BCAS1 was measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblot.
RESULTS
Seven (88%) of 8 squamous cell carcinoma cell lines showed copy number gain of BCAS1 with various degrees. BCAS1 gene in primary tumors (73%) also showed copy number gain. However, expression level did not show a linear correlation with copy number changes.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified copy number gain of BCAS1 in squamous cell carcinomas. Due to lack of linear correlation between copy numbers of BCAS1 and its expression level, we could not confirm that the overexpression of BCAS1 is a common finding in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. However, this study shows that the copy number gain of BCAS1 is a common finding in squamous cell carcinomas.

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  • Electrochemical Approaches for Preparation of Tailor-Made Amino Acids
    Nana Wang, Jingcheng Xu, Haibo Mei, Hiroki Moriwaki, Kunisuke Izawa, Vadim A. Soloshonok, Jianlin Han
    Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry.2021; 41(8): 3034.     CrossRef
Rapid and Sensitive Detection of KRAS Mutation by Peptide Nucleic Acid-based Real-time PCR Clamping: A Comparison with Direct Sequencing between Fresh Tissue and Formalin-fixed and Paraffin Embedded Tissue of Colorectal Cancer.
Dongjun Jeong, Yujun Jeong, Jonghyun Lee, Moo Jun Baek, Yongbae Kim, Ji Hye Lee, Hyun Deuk Cho, Mee Hye Oh, Chang Jin Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(2):151-159.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.2.151
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  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Rapid and sensitive detection of KRAS mutation is needed to maximize the benefits for patients who are being treated with monoclonal antibodies to target the epidermal growth factor receptor in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the peptide nucleic acid clamp real-time PCR (PCqPCR) as compared to that of direct sequencing (DS) between using fresh colorectal cancer tissue and the matched formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colorectal cancer tissue.
METHODS
The efficacy of PCqPCR was evaluated and compared with that of DS using fresh tissue and matched FFPE tissue from 30 cases of colorectal cancer.
RESULTS
PCqPCR is more sensitive than DS for detecting KRAS mutation. PCqPCR detected 1% of mutants in 1 ng DNA. PCqPCR detected mutation in 1% of mutant cells, while DS barely detected, by manual reading, that in 20-50% of mutant cells. In the clinical samples, PCqPCR detected KRAS mutation in 60.0% while DS detected KRAS mutation in 53.3% of the colorectal cancers. The two methods showed a 100% concordance rate for detecting KRAS mutation between the fresh tissue and FFPE tissue.
CONCLUSIONS
The PCqPCR method is efficiently applicable for the detection of KRAS mutation in a clinical setting.

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  • NTRK oncogenic fusions are exclusively associated with the serrated neoplasia pathway in the colorectum and begin to occur in sessile serrated lesions
    Jung Ho Kim, Jeong Hoon Hong, Yoon‐La Choi, Ji Ae Lee, Mi‐kyoung Seo, Mi‐Sook Lee, Sung Bin An, Min Jung Sung, Nam‐Yun Cho, Sung‐Su Kim, Young Kee Shin, Sangwoo Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang
    The Journal of Pathology.2021; 255(4): 399.     CrossRef
  • Discrimination of the V600E Mutation in BRAF by Rolling Circle Amplification and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
    Mariia Dekaliuk, Xue Qiu, Frédéric Troalen, Pierre Busson, Niko Hildebrandt
    ACS Sensors.2019; 4(10): 2786.     CrossRef
  • Sensitive Genotyping of Somatic Mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF Genes from NSCLC Patients Using Hydrogel Biochips
    Marina Emelyanova, Ksenia Arkhipova, Natalia Mazurenko, Alexander Chudinov, Irina Demidova, Irina Zborovskaya, Lyudmila Lyubchenko, Alexander Zasedatelev, Tatiana Nasedkina
    Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology.2015; 23(4): 255.     CrossRef
  • Low Frequency of KRAS Mutation in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas in Korean Patients and Its Prognostic Value
    Mi Jung Kwon, Jang Yong Jeon, Hye-Rim Park, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Hyung Sik Shin, Ji Hyun Kwon, Joo Seop Kim, Boram Han, Dong Hoon Kim, Yoon-La Choi
    Pancreas.2015; 44(3): 484.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of PNA clamping and direct sequencing for detecting KRAS mutations in matched tumour tissue, cell block, pleural effusion and serum from patients with malignant pleural effusion
    Ji Young Kang, Chan Kwon Park, Chang Dong Yeo, Hea Yeon Lee, Chin Kook Rhee, Seung Joon Kim, Seok Chan Kim, Young Kyoon Kim, Mi Sun Park, Hyeon Woo Yim
    Respirology.2015; 20(1): 138.     CrossRef
  • BRAF V600E Mutation Analysis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas by Peptide Nucleic Acid Clamp Real-time PCR
    Dongjun Jeong, Yujun Jeong, Ji Hye Park, Sun Wook Han, Sung Yong Kim, Yeo Joo Kim, Sang Jin Kim, Young Hwangbo, Soyoung Park, Hyun Deuk Cho, Mee Hye Oh, Seung Ha Yang, Chang Jin Kim
    Annals of Surgical Oncology.2013; 20(3): 759.     CrossRef
  • Detection and comparison of EGFR mutations in matched tumor tissues, cell blocks, pleural effusions, and sera from patients with NSCLC with malignant pleural effusion, by PNA clamping and direct sequencing
    Chang Dong Yeo, Jin Woo Kim, Kwan Hyoung Kim, Jick Hwan Ha, Chin Kook Rhee, Seung Joon Kim, Young Kyoon Kim, Chan Kwon Park, Sang Haak Lee, Mi Sun Park, Hyeon Woo Yim
    Lung Cancer.2013; 81(2): 207.     CrossRef
  • Detection ofBRAFV600EMutations in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas by Peptide Nucleic Acid Clamp Real-Time PCR: A Comparison with Direct Sequencing
    Dongjun Jeong, Yujun Jeong, Sungche Lee, Hyeran Lee, Wanju Lee, Hyungjoo Kim, Doosan Park, Soyoung Park, Wenxia Mu, Hyun-Deuk Cho, Mee-Hye Oh, Sung Soo Lee, Seung-Ha Yang, Chang-Jin Kim
    Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(1): 61.     CrossRef
Mutation and Expression of DNA2 Gene in Gastric and Colorectal Carcinomas.
Sung Hak Lee, Yoo Ri Kim, Nam Jin Yoo, Sug Hyung Lee
Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(4):354-359.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.4.354
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Deregulation of DNA repair and replication are involved in cancer development. DNA2 is a nuclease/helicase that plays roles in DNA repair and replication. The aim of this study was to explore DNA2 mutation and DNA2 protein expression in gastric cancers (GCs) and colorectal cancers (CRCs).
METHODS
We analyzed two mononucleotide repeats in DNA2 in 27 GCs with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), 34 GCs with stable MSI (MSS), 29 CRCs with MSI-H and 35 CRCs with MSS by single-strand conformation polymorphism. We also analyzed DNA2 expression in GCs and CRCs either with MSI-H or MSS.
RESULTS
We found DNA2 mutations in two GCs (7.1%) and two CRCs with MSI-H (6.9%), but not in cancers with MSS. The mutations consisted of three cases of a c.2593delT and one of a c.2592_2593delTT, which would result in premature stopping of amino acid synthesis (p.Ser865Hisfsx6 and p.Ser865Thrfsx20, respectively). DNA2 expression was observed in 16 (80%) of the GCs and 15 (75%) of the CRCs with MSI-H, but all of the cancers with DNA2 frameshift mutations were weak or negative for DNA2.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data indicate that DNA2 mutation and loss of DNA2 expression occur in GCs and CRCs, and suggest that these alterations may contribute to cancer pathogenesis by deregulating DNA repair and replication.

Citations

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  • Multiple roles of DNA2 nuclease/helicase in DNA metabolism, genome stability and human diseases
    Li Zheng, Yuan Meng, Judith L Campbell, Binghui Shen
    Nucleic Acids Research.2020; 48(1): 16.     CrossRef
  • Integration of multiple networks and pathways identifies cancer driver genes in pan-cancer analysis
    Claudia Cava, Gloria Bertoli, Antonio Colaprico, Catharina Olsen, Gianluca Bontempi, Isabella Castiglioni
    BMC Genomics.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Replication intermediates that escape Dna2 activity are processed by Holliday junction resolvase Yen1
    Gizem Ölmezer, Maryna Levikova, Dominique Klein, Benoît Falquet, Gabriele Alessandro Fontana, Petr Cejka, Ulrich Rass
    Nature Communications.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
The Loss of E-cadherin is Associated with the Epigenetic Alteration of CDH1 in Breast Cancer and it is also Associated with an Abnormal beta-catenin Expression in Lobular Carcinoma.
Gwangil Kim, Ji Young Kim, Hee Jung An, Haeyoun Kang, Tae Heon Kim, Jung Yon Shim, Jin Hyung Heo, Hai Lin Park, Young Kil Choi
Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(5):400-407.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.5.400
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
APC and E-cadherin are the key molecules in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. We attempted to define the epigenetic alteration of APC and CDH1 (the E-cadherin gene) and the expression of Wnt-related molecules in human mammary carcinomas.
METHODS
Sixty-four mammary carcinomas, including 52 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) and 12 invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs), were evaluated using methylation-specific PCR and immunohistochemistry. We performed immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, beta-catenin, APC, Wnt1, cyclin D1, ER, PR and C-erb B2.
RESULTS
Hypermethylation of APC and CDH1 was observed in 38 (59%) and 28 (44%) cases, respectively. CDH1 hypermethylation in ILCs was increased compared to that in IDCs (p=0.002) and it was associated with the loss of E-cadherin (p=0.02) and beta-catenin (p=0.042). APC methylation was positively correlated with the ER expression (p=0.021). Abnormal cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin was found in 10 cases and any expression was not detected in six cases. In ILCs, the E-cadherin or beta-catenin expression was markedly decreased compared to that in IDCs (p<0.001 in both).
CONCLUSIONS
Methylation of APC or CDH1 was relatively frequent in mammary carcinomas. The loss of E-cadherin in mammary carcinoma was associated with CDH1 methylation, and abnormal beta-catenin expression was related to the loss of E-cadherin in ILC.

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  • Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation reverses gemcitabine resistance by attenuating Beclin1-mediated autophagy in the MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line
    Hao Tao, Feng Chen, Haifei Liu, Yanling Hu, Yingzhen Wang, Haiyan Li
    Molecular Medicine Reports.2017; 16(2): 1701.     CrossRef
Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Cervical Human Papillomavirus DNA in Korean Women: A Multicenter Study.
Sung Ran Hong, In Sun Kim, Dong Won Kim, Mi Jin Kim, Ae Ree Kim, Young Ok Kim, Hye Sun Kim, Seo Hee Rha, Gyeong Sin Park, Yong Koo Park, Yong Wook Park, Ho Sung Park, Kwang Sun Suh, Jin Hee Sohn, Mi Kyung Shin, Hoon Kyu Oh, Ki Jung Yun, Hye Kyoung Yoon, Shi Nae Lee, Ah Won Lee, Hyo Jin Lee, Hyun Yee Cho, Chan Choi, Woon Won Jung
Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(4):342-350.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.4.342
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
DNA prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) varies geographically. We investigated HPV prevalence and type distribution in Korean women using the MyHPV DNA chip testing. Methods: A total of 2,368 women from five regions of the country underwent Pap smear examination and MyHPV chip testing. Results: Overall HPV positivity was 15.8% and 78.4% in women with normal and abnormal cytology, respectively. High-risk HPV infection was strongly correlated with cytological atypia. In women with abnormal cytology, the five most common HPV types were 16, 58, 18, 52, and 56/53, and HPV16 was significantly the most common type in most geographical regions. After HPV16, HPV58, and 52 were the next most frequently detected types. Women with normal cytology, in contrast, showed heterogeneity in HPV type distribution. High-grade intraepithelial lesions infected with HPV16, 18, 31 or 45 are more likely to progress to carcinoma. Conclusions: The HPV chip test can provide useful data regarding HPV positivity and type. The most common HPV type in Korean women with abnormal cytology is HPV16, with HPV58 and 52 being frequently present. Our data may have important implications for vaccination programs and the development of cervical screening.

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  • HPV genotyping by L1 amplicon sequencing of archived invasive cervical cancer samples: a pilot study
    Charles D. Warden, Preetam Cholli, Hanjun Qin, Chao Guo, Yafan Wang, Chetan Kancharla, Angelique M. Russell, Sylvana Salvatierra, Lorraine Z. Mutsvunguma, Kerin K. Higa, Xiwei Wu, Sharon Wilczynski, Raju Pillai, Javier Gordon Ogembo
    Infectious Agents and Cancer.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Enhanced disease progression due to persistent HPV-16/58 infections in Korean women: a systematic review and the Korea HPV cohort study
    Jaehyun Seong, Sangmi Ryou, JeongGyu Lee, Myeongsu Yoo, Sooyoung Hur, Byeong-Sun Choi
    Virology Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparison of FFPE histological versus LBP cytological samples for HPV detection and typing in cervical cancer
    Geehyuk Kim, Hyemi Cho, Dongsup Lee, Sunyoung Park, Jiyoung Lee, Hye-young Wang, Sunghyun Kim, Kwang Hwa Park, Hyeyoung Lee
    Experimental and Molecular Pathology.2017; 102(2): 321.     CrossRef
  • Distribution of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Genotypes at High Grade Cervical Lesions above CIN 2 Grade with Histological Diagnosis
    Geehyuk Kim, Sungyoung Park, Hye-young Wang, Sunghyun Kim, Sangjung Park, Kwangmin Yu, Boohyung Lee, Seung-Ju Ahn, Eun-Joong Kim, Dongsup Lee
    Biomedical Science Letters.2016; 22(2): 37.     CrossRef
  • Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Genotype Distribution in Normal and ASCUS Specimens: Comparison of a Reverse Blot Hybridization Assay with a DNA Chip Test
    Sunghyun Kim, In-soo Lee, Dongsup Lee
    Biomedical Science Letters.2015; 21(1): 32.     CrossRef
  • Genotype Analysis of Human Papilloma Virus Infection in Accordance with Cytological Diagnoses
    Mi-Suk Park, Hyun-Wook Cho, Jin-Gak Kim, Nan-Young Bae, Dong-Sun Oh, Ho-Hyun Park
    Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2015; 47(1): 39.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of the Cobas 4800 HPV and HPV 9G DNA Chip Tests for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Specimens of Women with Consecutive Positive HPV Tests But Negative Pap Smears
    Sun-Young Jun, Eun Su Park, Jiyoung Kim, Jun Kang, Jae Jun Lee, Yoonjin Bae, Sang-Il Kim, Lee-So Maeng, Magdalena Grce
    PLOS ONE.2015; 10(10): e0140336.     CrossRef
  • Uncommon and Rare Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Relating to Cervical Carcinomas
    Na Rae Kim, Myunghee Kang, Soon Pyo Lee, Hyunchul Kim, Jungsuk An, Dong Hae Chung, Seung Yeon Ha, Hyun Yee Cho
    Korean Journal of Pathology.2014; 48(1): 43.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Human Papillomavirus Genotyping from Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Specimens in Cervical Cancers
    Hyunwoo Jin
    Journal of Life Science.2014; 24(9): 1025.     CrossRef
  • Comparative Evaluation of the HPV28 Detection and HPV DNA Chip Test for Detecting and Genotyping Human Papillomaviruses
    Eunsim Shin, Heojin Bae, Wan-Keun Song, Sun-Kyung Jung, Yoo-Sung Hwang
    Laboratory Medicine Online.2013; 3(4): 234.     CrossRef
  • Significance of HPV-58 Infection in Women Who Are HPV-Positive, Cytology-Negative and Living in a Country with a High Prevalence of HPV-58 Infection
    Joon Seon Song, Eun Ju Kim, Jene Choi, Gyungyub Gong, Chang Ohk Sung, Robert D. Burk
    PLoS ONE.2013; 8(3): e58678.     CrossRef
  • REBA HPV‐ID® for efficient genotyping of human papillomavirus in clinical samples from Korean patients
    Sunghyun Kim, Dongsup Lee, Sangjung Park, Tae Ue Kim, Bo‐Young Jeon, Kwang Hwa Park, Hyeyoung Lee
    Journal of Medical Virology.2012; 84(8): 1248.     CrossRef
  • Dynamin 2 expression as a biomarker in grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
    Yoo-Young Lee, Sang Yong Song, In-Gu Do, Tae-Joong Kim, Byoung-Gie Kim, Jeong-Won Lee, Duk-Soo Bae
    European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2012; 164(2): 180.     CrossRef
  • Cytomorphologic Features According to HPV DNA Type in Histologically Proven Cases of the Uterine Cervix
    In Ho Choi, So-Young Jin, Dong Wha Lee, Dong Won Kim, Yoon Mi Jeen
    The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(6): 612.     CrossRef
  • Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Gangwon Province Using Reverse Blot Hybridization Assay
    Dongsup Lee, Sunghyun Kim, Sangjung Park, Hyunwoo Jin, Tae Ue Kim, Kwang Hwa Park, Hyeyoung Lee
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  • Pediatric vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in a liver transplantation recipient: a case report
    Na-Rae Kim, Soyi Lim, Hyun Yee Cho
    Journal of Gynecologic Oncology.2011; 22(3): 207.     CrossRef
The Usefulness of the HPV DNA Microchip Test for Women with ASC-US.
Hee Eun Kyeong, Seung Yeon Ha, Dong Hae Chung, Na Rae Kim, Sanghui Park, Hyun Yee Cho
Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(3):254-259.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.3.254
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
This study was performed to ascertain the usefulness of the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA microchip test for the screening and management of women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US).
METHODS
The subject group consisted of 534 patients, and all of whom were diagnosed as ASC-US according to a Papanicolaou smear, and they all underwent concomitant HPV DNA microchip test.
RESULTS
The occurrence rates of overall squamous lesions and high risk lesion (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and grade 3, and invasive carcinoma) of the HPV-positive ASC-US patients were significantly higher than those of the HPV-negative ASC-US patients. High risk lesion was detected more frequently among the older patients and the patients with HPV 56, 33 or 70. On the follow-up HPV DNA microchip test, only 1 of 11 (9.1%) HPV type-switched women developed squamous lesion compared with 8 of 13 (61.6%) HPV type-persistent women who developed squamous lesion.
CONCLUSIONS
The HPV DNA microchip test is useful for the management of ASC-US patients. HPV-positive ASC-US patients should undergo a HPV DNA microchip test periodically. If the same genotype of HPV is persistent on the follow-up test, more increased surveillance is needed.

Citations

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  • Enhanced disease progression due to persistent HPV-16/58 infections in Korean women: a systematic review and the Korea HPV cohort study
    Jaehyun Seong, Sangmi Ryou, JeongGyu Lee, Myeongsu Yoo, Sooyoung Hur, Byeong-Sun Choi
    Virology Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
Analysis of HPV-other Samples by Performing HPV DNA Sequencing.
Yoo Duk Choi, Chang Woo Han, Woon Jae Chung, Woon Won Jung, Ji Shin Lee, Jong Hee Nam, Min Cheol Lee, Sang Woo Juhng, Ho Sun Choi, Chang Soo Park
Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(3):250-253.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.3.250
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
HPV-other samples are designated as being positive on HPV-PCR, but negative when using specific HPV hybridization probes. We wanted to determine the types on the HPV-other samples by performing sequencing, and to know the pathologic status of the uterine cervix according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.
METHODS
For HPV genotying, we used the commercially available HPV DNA Chip test, which contains 15 types of high-risk HPV and 9 types of low-risk HPV. The HPV DNA sequencing was performed for the HPV-other samples of 209 patients who subsequently underwent cervical biopsy.
RESULTS
For 204 of the 209 samples, the HPV types detected by sequencing were absent types at used HPV DNA chip. For the remaining 5 samples, sequencing was impossible due to mixed peaks. HPV-81 (19.6%), HPV-61 (18.6%), HPV-62 (16.7%) and HPV-84 (13.9%) were frequently detected. For the HPV-81, -62, -71, and -72 samples, most of the samples displayed normal or LSIL. However, HPV-84 and -61 were more associated with HSIL or worse, as compared to the other types.
Conclusion
HPV-81, -61, -62 and -84 were frequently found on sequencing analysis of the HPV-other samples. The pathologic status was diverse, according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.

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  • Changes in microbial composition and interaction patterns of female urogenital tract and rectum in response to HPV infection
    Yong-Hong Dong, Yu-Hua Luo, Chen-Jian Liu, Wen-Yu Huang, Lin Feng, Xing-Yuan Zou, Jin-Yan Zhou, Xiao-Ran Li
    Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cervical Dysplasia, Infection, and Phylogeny of Human Papillomavirus in HIV‐Infected and HIV‐Uninfected Women at a Reproductive Health Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya
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    Yewande T. Nejo, David O. Olaleye, Georgina N. Odaibo, Jason Blackard
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    Min-Jeong Kim, Jin Ju Kim, Sunmie Kim
    Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.2018; 61(2): 235.     CrossRef
  • Molecular epidemiology and genotype distribution of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among Arab women in the state of Qatar
    Devendra Bansal, Asha A Elmi, Sini Skariah, Pascale Haddad, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Aysha H Al Hamadi, Nady Mohamed-Nady, Nahla M Affifi, Randa Ghedira, Elham Hassen, Asma AJ Al-Thani, Afaf AHM Al-Ansari, Ali A Sultan
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  • HPV Prevalence and Detection of Rare HPV Genotypes in Hong Kong Women from Southern China with Cytological Abnormalities
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  • Type-specific prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus by cervical cytology and age: Data from the health check-ups of 7,014 Korean women
    Min-Jeong Kim, Jin Ju Kim, Sunmie Kim
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The Relationship between the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotypes and the Methylation Status of the CpG Island Loci, LINE-1 and Alu in Prostate Adenocarcinoma.
Jung Ho Kim, Nam Yun Cho, Baek Hee Kim, Wook Youn Kim, Bo Sung Kim, Kyung Chul Moon, Gyeong Hoon Kang
Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(1):26-35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.1.26
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), in association with the influence of MTHFR upon DNA methylation, may cause differences of the methylation profile of cancer. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the methylation status of prostate adenocarcinoma and the genetic polymorphism of MTHFR.
METHODS
We examined 179 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma for determining the genotypes of MTHFR 677 and 1298, the methylation status of 16 CpG island loci and the methylation levels of the LINE-1 and Alu repeats with using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and combined bisulphite restriction analysis, respectively.
RESULTS
There was a higher proportion of the CT genotype of MTHFR 677 in the prostate adenocarcinoma than that in the normal control. The TT genotype of MTHFR 677 showed the highest frequency of methylation in six out of nine major CpG island loci, and these were which were frequently hypermethylated in prostate adenocarcinoma. The CT type showed the lowest methylation levels of LINE-1 and Alu among the MTHFR 677 genotypes. Interestingly, the CC type of MTHFR 1298 demonstrated favorable prognostic factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study is the first to examine the methylation profile of prostate adenocarcinoma according to the MTHFR genotypes. The differences of the cancer risk, the genomic hypomethylation and the prognosis between the MTHFR genotypes in prostate adenocarcinoma should be further explored.

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  • Association Between MTHFR 1298A>C Polymorphism and Spontaneous Abortion with Fetal Chromosomal Aneuploidy
    Shin Young Kim, So Yeon Park, Ji Won Choi, Do Jin Kim, Shin Yeong Lee, Ji Hyae Lim, Jung Yeol Han, Hyun Mee Ryu, Min Hyoung Kim
    American Journal of Reproductive Immunology.2011; 66(4): 252.     CrossRef
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    Pornrutsami Jintaridth, Apiwat Mutirangura
    Physiological Genomics.2010; 41(2): 194.     CrossRef
Comparison of Clinical Efficacy between an HPV DNA Chip and a Hybrid-Capture II Assay in a Patient with Abnormal Colposcopic Findings.
Tae Jung Kim, Chan Kwon Jung, Ahwon Lee, Eun Sun Jung, Young Jin Choi, Kyo Young Lee, Jong Sup Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2008;19(2):119-125.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.119
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AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was performed to compare the efficacy between a DNA chip method and a Hybrid-Capture II assay (HC-II) for detecting human papillomavirus in patients with intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. From May, 2005, to June, 2006, 192 patients with abnormal colposcopic findings received cervical cytology, HC-II and HPV DNA chip tests, and colposcopic biopsy or conization. We compared the results of HC-II and HPV DNA chip in conjunction with liquid based cervical cytology (LBCC) and confirmed the results of biopsy or conization. The sensitivity of the HPV DNA chip test was higher than HC-II or LBCC. The HPV DNA chip in conjunction with LBCC showed higher sensitivity than any single method and higher sensitivity than HC-II with LBCC. We confirmed that the HPV DNA chip test was more sensitive for detecting HPV in cervical lesions than HC-II, and that it would provide more useful clinical information about HPV type and its multiple infections.

Citations

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  • Comparison of Analytical and Clinical Performance of HPV 9G DNA Chip, PANArray HPV Genotyping Chip, and Hybrid-Capture II Assay in Cervicovaginal Swabs
    Ho Young Jung, Hye Seung Han, Hyo Bin Kim, Seo Young Oh, Sun-Joo Lee, Wook Youn Kim
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2016; 50(2): 138.     CrossRef
Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA 16/18 in Cervical Adenocarcinomas by Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Sang Sook Lee, Nam Jo Park, Chong Guk Yoon
Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(4):502-510.
  • 2,395 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Twenty-five paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were analyzed for detection of HPV 16 and 18 in cervical adenocarcinoma by polymerase chain reaction with type specific primers and by non-radioactive Southern blot hybridization for confirmation . The suitability of paraffin-embedded tissue as PCR material was confirmed by successful amplification of 100% of cervical specimens with human -globin specific primer. Eighty four percent of the cervical adenocarcinoma tissues were positive for HPV 16 and/or 18. HPV 16 positive rate was 68%, HPV 18 was 60%. The double infection with HPV 16 and 18 was found in 44%. Three cases of the negative specimen in PCR for each type of HPV DNA 16 and 18 were positive in Southern blot hybridization. The total positive rate was 92% for HPV 16 and/or HPV 18, HPV 16 positive rate was 80%. HPV 18 was 72%. The double infection with HPV 16 and 18 was 60%. These results suggest that the pattern of HPV types 16 and 18 is closely associated with carcinogenesis of cervical cancers. HPV type 18 appears to be preferentially related to cervical adenocarcinoma and the poor prognosis of these patients. Therefore, determination of HPV DNA type in cervical carcinoma patients is important in treatment and prognosis.
Pathologic Characteristics of Colorectal Cancers with DNA Replication Errors.
Hoguen Kim, Yoon Mi Jeen, Jeong Yeon Shim, Chanil Park
Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(5):590-595.
  • 1,873 View
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AbstractAbstract
Unstable microsatellite repeat sequences or DNA replication errors(RER) due to defective mismatch repair genes have been reported in a subset of sporadic colorectal tumors and in most tumors of patients of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma(HNPCC). To elucidate the clinicopathological correlation of these RER-positive cancers, we examined 16 cases of colorectal carcinoma of different histologic subtypes(6 cases of carcinoma with no gland formation, 5 cases of mucinous carcinoma and 5 cases of gland forming carcinoma). We detected RER in five cases. The patients with RER-positive cancers had a marked preponderance of carcinoma with no gland formations out of 6 carcinomas with no gland formation were RER-positive cancers) and of cancers proximal to splenic flexure(all of the RER-positive cases were proximal colon carcinomas). We conclude that RER-positive cancers have wiique pathologic features that may be useful for the screening and counselling of patients with hereditary colon cancers.
Detection of HBV DNA in Needle Biopsied Paraffin Embedded Liver Tissues of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients by PCR: Comparison with Serological and Immunohistochemical Studies.
Hye Soo Lee, Kahng Yeul Oh, Joo Heon Kim, Yoon Jeong Kim, Sam Im Choi, Dong Geun Lee, Sang Ho Kim
Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(6):495-504.
  • 2,062 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
In this study, the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA in the needle biopsied paraffin embedded liver tissues of chronic hepatitis B patients by rapid nested PCR was examined. DNA was extracted by NaOH with boiling, and amplified by rapid air thermocycler with glass capillary tubes and nested PCR with two primer sets specific for the surface and the core genes of HBV. The PCR results were compared to that of serum HBeAg, serum HBV DNA by dot blot hybridization with a radioactive DNA probe, and tissue immunohistochemical (HBsAg/ HBcAg) studies. Among 44 patients with chronic hepatitis with serum HBsAg positivity, HBV DNA could be detected by PCR in 43 liver tissues (98%). This results were comparable to the positive rates of 94%(31/33) for serum HBV DNA, 80%(35/44) for serum HBeAg, and 59%(26/44) and 75%(33/44) for tissue HBsAg and HBcAg, respectively. The accordance rate between tissue PCR and serum DNA probe testing was 91%. The results indicate that HBV DNA detection by rapid nested PCR of paraffin embedded liver tissues by needle biopsy is a more sensitive method to detect the HBV DNA carrier than the serum HBeAg or tissue HBsAg/HBcAg status, and is well correlated with the result of serum HBV DNA probe testing. Therefore this method is a practical indicator for the diagnosis and replication status in retrospective analysis.
The Study of p53 Expression and DNA Ploidy in Colorectal Carcinoma.
Ji Shin Lee, Kwang Soo Cheon, Chang Soo Park
Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(9):775-783.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mutation of the p53 gene frequently results in overexpression of the p53 protein and loss of its tumor-suppressing properties. The overexpression of the p53 gene could be an indicator of rapid proliferation, poor differentiation, advanced stages, or poor prognosis. The prognostic value of the overexpression of the p53 gene in colorectal carcinoma is equivocal. The presence of DNA aneuploidy has been described as a powerful adverse prognostic indicator in relation to survival. To investigate the prognostic significance of p53 expression, and the relationship with DNA ploidy, 92 cases of colorectal carcinomas were analyzed. The overexpression of p53 gene product was present in 50(54.4%) of 92 cases. p53 expression only correlated with recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up periods (p=0.045). DNA aneuploidy was observed in 32(39.1%) of 82 cases. DNA ploidy was strongly associated with lymph node invasion(p=0.005), Dukes' stage(p=0.003), TNM classification (p=0.003), and recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up periods (p=0.045). The frequency of DNA aneuploidy was higher in the p53-positive colorectal carcinomas(58.3%) than in the p53-negative colorectal carcinomas (21.6%) (p=0.003). p53-positive colorectal carcinomas had a higher rate of cell proliferation than p53-negative cases(p<0.001). These results suggest that checking the p53 expression and DNA ploidy could be useful prognostic indicators of colorectal carcinoma.
Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis in Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland: comparison with Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining.
Mee Joo, Hye Je Cho
Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(11):959-965.
  • 1,944 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Nuclear DNA content was measured using a flow cytometric method to analyze 36 paraffin- embedded and 7 fresh tissues of 43 papillary carcinomas of thyroid gland. DNA aneuploidy was found in 3 cases(6.9%) and diploidy in 40 cases(93.1%). But there were no suggestive findings in clinical history, and cytological and morphological features for aneuploidy. In 40 diploid cases, S-phase fraction(SPF) were analyzed with regard to sex, age, tumor size, presence or absence of capsular invasion, lymph node involvement and ground glass nuclei. Among the multiple factors, only the tumor size, especially the larger sized-group(above 2cm in tumor diameter) was found to have a statistically significant higher SPF than the smaller sized-group (p<0.05). And high SPF groups relatively well corresponded to the high risk group. Thirty nine cases of papillary carcinoma have also been evaluated for proliferative activity with Ki-67 monoclonal antibody. The average Ki-67 labeling index was 0.36% in total cases, and that of the aneuploid cases was 0.73%, which was higher than that of the diploid cases(0.33%). So. We think that the low aneuploid rate and low Ki-67 labeling index relatively well represent the usual good clinical course of this tumor and the high SPF is a suggestive finding for a high risk group.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Human Papillomavirus in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with its Correlation to p53 mutation.
Wan Seop Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, In Kyu Kim, Moon Hyang Park, Jung Dal Lee
Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(11):1018-1026.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
HPV infection has been implicated strongly in the pathogenesis of human squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). We analysed a series of 28 surgically removed, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus by polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV DNA using consensus primers and 8 type-specific primers of HPV (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 51). HPV 6, 31, 35 or 51 DNA were detected in 20 out of 28 cases (71.4%) of the esophageal SCCs. HPV 51 was the most frequently detected type, occuring in 13 out of 28 cases (46.4%). p53 immunohistochemical staining was also performed to demonstrate any relationship to HPV DNA positivity. It showed positivity in 16 out of 28(57.1%) esophageal SCCs, and HPV DNA and p53 positivity were concurrently detected in 11 out of 28 cases of SCCs. There was no significant inverse relation between HPV DNA positivity and p53 expression(p>0.05). Our results supported HPV involvement in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and suggested there may be another pathway not related to the p53-binding pathway in the carcinogenesis of esophageal SCCs by HPV.
The p53 Mutation and DNA Ploidy in Human Metastatic Breast Cancer.
Seong Jin Cho, Ae Ree Kim, Nam Hee Won
Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):135-144.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The p53 gene, one of the tumor suppressor genes, is believed to play an important role through mutation and overexpression in the progression of various human malignant tumors. To compare the p53 mutation status between the primary and metastatic lesions of breast cancers and to investigate the mutational pattern of p53, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) were performed in 25 cases of breast cancers with paraffin embedded tissue. Mutant protein products or point mutation were detected through IHC or PCR-SSCP method. And flow cytometrical (FCM) analysis were performed in the same paraffin blocks to correlate the DNA ploidy and p53 mutation. The following results are summarized. 1. The detection of the p53 gene mutation and overexpression of the p53 protein were measured in 40% and 48%, respectively, in 25 primary tumors, either or both methods was detected in 64%. 2. A concordance rate of the p53 protein expression between the primary and metastatic lesions of 25 breast cancers was 100%, but the concordance rate of the p53 gene mutation was 72%. 3. The correlation between the p53 mutation and the DNA aneuploidy was not statistically significant (p=0.38) 4. A p53 mutation by IHC or PCR-SSCP was more frequently detected in grade III breast cancers than in grade I or II. 5. Among 5 to 9 exons of the p53 gene, exon 7 was the most frequent mutation spot in this study. 6. Additional mutation of the p53 gene was developed in the three metastatic lesions. With the above results it is suggested that the p53 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry is not correlated with the p53 mutation by PCR-SSCP. The p53 mutation pattern between the primary and metastatic lesions are not idenitical and an additional point mutation can occur in the metastatic lesion. The DNA aneuploidy is more frequently detected in the cases with the p53 protein overexpression than in the p53 protein negative, but it is not statistically significant.
E-Cadherin Expression and DNA Ploidy Analysis in Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Comparison with those of CIN.
Yoo Jin Kim, Mee Young Sol, Man Ha Huh, Sun Kyung Lee
Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(6):557-565.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) is a Ca2+ -dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule that connects cells via homotypic interactions. Its function is critical in the induction and maintenance of cell polarity and differentiation, and its loss is associated with an invasive and poorly differentiated phenotype in a wide range of tumors. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 36 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 14 cervical squamous cell carcinomas were investigated for the expression of E-cadherin immunohistochemically. While E-cadherin expression was usually restricted on the cell membrane of basal and parabasal cells in normal cervix, the presence of cytoplasmic E-cadherin was found to be associated with its grade in CIN lesions. Also, marked cytoplasmic staining was commonly revealed in poorly differentiated ones than well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. More intense reactivity of cytoplasmic E-cadherin was frequently seen in the foci of invasion than adjacent carcinoma in situ, and in its periphery than the center of tumor islands. In addition, DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction of squamous cell carcinomas were analyzed and compared with those of CIN lesion. We found that invasive squamous cell carcinomas more frequently disclosed DNA aneuploidy than CIN lesions, and there was correlation between cytoplasmic E-cadherin expression and DNA aneuploidy. Also, cytoplasmic E-cadherin-reactive cervical neoplasms had a higher rate of cell proliferation than that of membranous E-cadherin-reactive cases. These data suggest that the increased cytoplasmic E-cadherin expression may represent one of the abnormalities underlying the loss of polarity and invasiveness of cancer cells, and the abnormal E-cadherin expression combined with/without DNA ploidy or S-phase fraction may serve as a prognostic indicator.
Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors .
Mee Yon Cho, Soon Won Hong, Soon Hee Jung, Hogeun Kim, Chanil Park
Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(7):608-616.
  • 2,060 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
To evaluate the correlation between the histologic grade and DNA ploidy or proliferation index/S phase fraction (SPF) of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, we performed the DNA analysis using the flow cytometry. Paraffin embedded tissue samples of 57 gastrointestinal stromal tumors were used. The sites of the tumors were: stomach (28), small intestine (23), and large intestine(6). DNA index, proliferative index, and SPF by the flow cytomery were compared with histologic grade. The histologic grade of the gastric tumors were benign (12), borderline (10), and malignant (6). Those of the small intestinal timors were benign (2), borderline (13), and malignant(8). The large intestine were borderline (2), and malignant (4). In stomach, aneuploidy was found in 25.0% of benign, 40.0% of borderline, and 100% of malignant. And there was statistically significant correlation between the histologic grade and ploidy (p < 0.05). By contrast, small and large intestinal tumors showed more frequent aneuploidy in benign than in malignant. The proliferative index was correlated with the histologic grade in gastric tumors (p<0.05), but the SPF was not. In conclusion, the ploidy and proliferative index of gastric tumors are closely correlated to the histologic grade. However, aneuploidy in tumors of the small and large intestine were difficult to predict the malignancy.
A Study on the Expression of p53 Oncogene Products, PCNA Index and DNA Ploidy in Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Jong Jae Jung, Ji Shin Lee, Chan Choi
Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(7):672-682.
  • 1,911 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mutant p53 is associated with the advanced stages of some human tumor but there is a wide variation in the reported incidence of p53 mutation in renal cell carcinoma and its prognostic significances. We designed this study to assess the expression of p53 in renal cell carcinomas and to compare with the established prognostic factors. Immunoreactivity for p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were assessed in 44 cases of primary renal cell carcinoma, and flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy was perfon-ned in 37 of those cases. p53 protein was over-expressed in 16/44 (36.4%) renal cell carcinomas and 5 rumors had more than 10 immunoreactive tumor cells. The expression of p53 protein was positively related to nuclear grade (p=0.007) and PCNA index (p=0.002), but was independent of stage and DNA ploidy. In univariate survival analysis, stage (p<0.001), nuclear grade (p=0.017), DNA ploidy (p=0.045) and PCNA index (p<0.001) were significantly associated with patient survival. However, considering the stage, all of the last three factors had no prognostic influence. Cases showing strong positivity of p53 expression had worse prognosis than those with no or weak p53 expression, especially in early lesions (stage I,II) (p<0.001).
Correlation between p53 Immunohistochemical Expression, DNA Ploidy and Ki-67 Expression in Gastric Carcinoma.
Young Lyun Oh, Joung Ho Han, Young Hyeh Ko, Cheol Keun Park, Hwoe J Ree
Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(12):1264-1271.
  • 2,302 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
We examined the p53 protein overexpression and evaluated its correlation with pathobiological variables, including: (1) patient age, sex, tumor size, histological type and grade, invasion depth, vascular invasion, perineural invasion and lymph node status; (2) the Ki-67 labeling index in 100 gastric carcinomas; and (3) the DNA ploidy pattern, S phase fraction (SPF), and the proliferation index (PI) in 84 cases using flow cytometry. The positive rate of p53 staining was 48% and the p53 immunoreactivity was independent of variable clinicopathologic factors. No correlation was made between the Ki-67 labeling index with p53 immunostaining and DNA ploidy parameters. Aneuploidy rate was slightly higher in the p53 positive group (55.6%) than the p53 negative group (44.4%)(p=0.097). The mean values of SPF and PI were significantly higher in the p53 protein positive group. Aneuploidy was more often observed in the intestinal type (p=0.038), advanced gastric carcinoma (p=0.015) and lymph node positive group(p=0.039). The above results suggest that although the p53 protein overexpression has no significant correlation with pathological factors and the Ki-67 labeling index, it may play an important role in tumor cell proliferation. Since p53 protein overexpression was slightly higher in the aneuploidy group showing significant correlation with poor prognostic parameters, it is thought that re-evaluation of the p53 mutation by molecular biological study is needed.
The Role of gadd and p53 Genes in Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Delay by Genotoxic Agents.
Jung Young Lee, Jung Duk Lee, Seung Myung Dong, Eun Young Na, Min Sun Shin, Su Young Kim, Sug Hyung Lee, Won Sang Park, Nam Jin Yoo
Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(4):239-247.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the gadd genes expression and an apoptosis induction in two different growing cell types after treatments with cisplatin and methylmethan sulfonate (MMS). We have examined the kinetics and specificity of gadd45 and gadd153 expression following cisplatin and MMS treatments to HL-60 cells and primary cultured human kidney (HKN) cells. We have also determined an induction time of apoptosis by DNA fragmentation analysis and the presence of the cell cycle arrest by a flow cytometric measurement. The results were as follows. In non-adherent HL-60 cells, a typical ladder pattern was observed within 4 hours after treatments of 20 micrometer of cisplatin and 100 microgram/ml of MMS. At the same time while adherent HKN cells failed to exhibit a ladder pattern at even higher doses of genotoxic agents. Since HL-60 cells do not have p53 gene, these findings suggest the presence of a p53-independent apoptotic pathway. The increasing patterns of the mRNA levels of gadd45 and gadd153 varied with the type of genotoxic agents. In the case of MMS treatment, the induction was rapid and transient, regardless of the cell types. The mRNA level peaked at 4 hours after MMS treatment and markedly decreased after 12 hours. On the other hand, cisplatin-induced transcriptions of gadd45 and gadd153 continued to increase for at least 24 hours and reached a peak level at 48 hours after cisplatin treatment, regardless of the cell types. HL-60 cells revealed G2 arrest following 24 hours after cisplatin and MMS treatments. These findings suggest that the regulation mechanism of apoptosis between adherent and non-adherent cells, might be different and that gadd45 and gadd153 might have an important role in DNA repair rather than apoptosis. Also, the findings suggest that an expression pattern of gadd45 and gadd153 might be different according to the type of genotoxic agents.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes Using RNA Fingerprinting in Cell after DNA Damage.
Jung Young Lee, Min Sun Shin, Seung Myung Dong, Eun Young Na, Su Young Kim, Sug Hyung Lee, Won Sang Park, Nam Jin Yoo
Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(5):321-327.
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AbstractAbstract
RNA fingerprinting using on arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP-PCR) was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in HL-60 cell after treatment of methylmethane sulfonate (MMS). Twenty differentially expressed PCR products were cloned and analyzed. We have successfully obtained eight partial cDNA sequences by TA cloning method. Among these, six cDNAs were up-regulated and two cDNAs were down-regulated after the MMS treatment. Of these six up-regulated cDNAs, 3 cDNAs were equivalent to known genes in the GenBank/EMBL databases with 98~100% homology searched by BLAST program: genomic DNA fragment containing CpGg island (clone 26h8), Human Rev interacting protein-1 (RIP-1), and human zinc finger protein-4 (HZF4). The sequences of the three remaining cDNA were entirely new genes, but we didn't try to identify a full cDNA sequence. Two clones called KIAA0060 and KIAA0065, were down-regulated in HL-60 cells after the MMS treatment. These findings suggest that the RNA fingerprinting method using RAP-PCR is an effective method which can identify and separate the differentially expressed cDNAs and that the isolated cDNAs might involve in regulation mechanism of apoptosis and/or cell cycle delay, especially a p53-independent pathway, in the cells after DNA damage. But the nature of cDNAs that we have isolated remains to be elucidated.
DNA Sequencing of p53 Gene Mutation in Colorectal Carcinomas.
Young Ran Shim, Joon Hyuk Choi, Won Hee Choi
Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(6):422-433.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mutations in the p53 gene occur during the development of colorectal carcinomas, and play an important role in the conversion of adenoma into carcinoma. To detect the p53 gene mutation and its pattern of expression in colorectal carcinomas, polymerase chain reaction for exons 5, 6, 7, and 8, recombinant gene cloning, and automated DNA sequencing were performed with 30 fresh colorectal carcinomas. Each tissue was also analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for p53 protein. p53 protein was detected in 25 of 30 (83.3%) colorectal carcinomas by immunohistochemical study. p53 mutation was detected in 4 of 30 (13.3%) colorectal carcinomas. The distribution of these mutations among these exons investigated was as follows: Three mutations in exon 5 (66.7%) and 1 mutation in exon 7 (33.3%). One case with mutation in exon 5 had mutations at three different codons. Mutations in exon 5 were found at codon 153 (GGG to AGG: Gly to Arg), 170 (TGC to GGC: Cys to Gly), 186 (CTA to TTA: silent mutation), 158 (GCG to ACG: Ala to Thr), and 176 (ACG to ATG: Thr to Met). Mutation in exon 7 was found at codon 248 (AGG to AGA: silent mutation). Four of them were missense mutations. Two of 6 mutations were silent mutations. Five transition mutations and 1 transversion mutation were also detected. All cases with mutations by automated DNA sequencing showed positive p53 protein immunohistochemical stainining. In conclusion, p53 gene mutation was detected in 4 of 30 (13.3%) colorectal carcinomas, located in codon 153, 158, 170, 176, and 186 of exon 5 and codon 248 of exon 7. Further studies are needed to evaluate the significance of the codon 153 mutation which was not recognized in other studies on colorectal carcinomas.
DNA Ploidy Analysis as a Prognostic Indicator in Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast.
Hee Jung Kim, Jae Ho Han, Woo Hee Jung, Hy De Lee
Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(7):507-516.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
DNA ploidy analysis using flow cytometry was performed on sixty six cases of phyllodes tumor of the breast including benign, low grade and high grade malignant phyllodes tumor. The rate of aneuploidy was 41.2% in high grade malignant phyllodes tumor and 4.8% in benign phyllodes tumor. No aneuploidy was noted in low grade malignant phyllodes tumor. The recurrence rate according to DNA ploidy pattern revealed 16.7% of aneuploidy and 7.7% of diploidy. In the aneuploid cases, the DNA index of high grade malignant phyllodes tumor was higher than benign phyllodes tumor. Morever, in diploid cases, %SG2M were significantly higher in high grade malignant phyllodes tumor. Therefore, we conclude that DNA ploidy analysis as well as histologic characteristics such as cellularity, pleomorphism of stromal cells and mitoses is useful parameters in the diagnosis, recurrence and prognostic predictors of phyllodes tumor.
Expression of Biologic Markers and DNA Ploidy Analysis in Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast.
Hee Jung Kim, Woo Hee Jung, Hyeon Joo Jeong, Hy De Lee
Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(11):1076-1089.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Status of margins and the size of the lesion are independent prognostic factors of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Histologic grading of DCIS and expression of biologic marker also appear to act as prognostic factors. However, DNA ploidy analysis using flow cytometry in the DCIS and atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) has been rarely reported, and the biologic behavior of ADH is unknown. We performed immunohistochemical staining and DNA ploidy analysis using flow cytometry on 45 cases of pure DCIS without microinvasion and 34 cases of ADH to compare the expression of biologic markers and DNA ploidy patterns according to the histologic grade of DCIS, to evaluate the usefulness of the Van Nuys classification, and to investigate the biologic behavior of ADH and low grade DCIS. A total of 41.9% of DCIS and 32.1% of ADH were detected mammographically in asymptomatic patients. The most common subtype of the high grade DCIS was comedo type (56.3%), while the low and intermediate grade DCIS were cribriform type. Expression of ER, c-erbB-2 and Ki-67 proliferative index (PI) was significantly associated with nuclear grade and histologic grade of DCIS. Expression of c-erbB-2 was also significantly correlated with presence of necrosis. In low grade DCIS, Ki-67 PI was significantly higher than ADH. A total of 63.6% of DCIS and 70% of ADH were diploidy and 15.9% of DCIS was aneuploidy. There was no aneuploidy in ADH. No significant association was noted between DNA ploidy and histologic grade or nuclear grade. However, in high grade DCIS, the frequency of aneuploidy was high. In conclusion, histologic grading of DCIS employing nuclear grade and necrosis is a useful tool accounting for biologic behavior. High grade DCIS and comedo DCIS impart aggressive biologic behavior and suggest a higher possibility of local recurrence or progression to invasive carcinoma. In the differential diagnosis of ADH and low grade DCIS, the use of Ki-67 PI and DNA ploidy analysis by flow cytometry will be helpful for accurate diagnosis and prediction of biologic behavior.
Expression Pattern of DNA Mismatch Repair Genes in Tumors of Microsatellite Mutator Phenotype.
Jung Jin Kim, Myung Jin Baek, Nam Gyun Kim, Yun Hee Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Hoguen Kim, Chanil Park
Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(9):609-614.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Microsatellite mutator phenotype (MMP) tumors were reported in a subset of gastrointestinal carcinomas. The molecular pathogenesis of MMP tumors shows defects in the DNA mismatch repair genes, and also many germline and somatic mutations were reported in the MMP tumors. However, the detection of genetic defects in the MMP tumors is very difficult, mainly because many genes are included in the DNA mismatch repair genes. This study was undertaken to determine the best strategy for detecting defects in the DNA mismatch repair genes in gastrointestinal carcinomas. One of the effective ways for detecting defects in DNA mismatch repair genes is to screen the MMP tumors and evaluate the products of DNA mismatch repair genes by performing the multiplex RT-PCR method. We have screened the MMP tumors by using 5 microsatellite markers in the 12 cancer cell lines, 120 colon carcinomas and 99 gastric carcinomas and found 6 MMP cell lines, 10 MMP colon cancers, and 9 MMP gastric carcinomas. In addition, we evaluated 6 DNA mismatch repair gene products (hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6, hMLH1, hPMS1 and hPMS2) by multiplex RT-PCR analysis and found decreased expression of the DNA mismatch repair genes in 5 (hMSH6 in DLD-1 and HCT-15; hMSH2 in LoVo; hMLH1 and hMSH3 in HCT-116; hMLH1 in SNU-638) out of 6 MMP cell lines. We also found a decreased expression of hMLH1 in 3 out of 10 MMP colon carcinomas, and in 6 out of 9 MMP gastric carcinomas. Our results indicate that the expression analysis of the DNA mismatch repair genes by multiplex RT-PCR method can reduce the number of genes subjected to mutational analysis and is convenient for screening the responsible DNA mismatch repair genes.
Methylotion Analysis of p16/INK4A in Gastric Low-Grade Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphomas after Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy.
Young A Kim, Sung Shin Park, Bo Young Lee, You Sun Kim, In Sung Song, Chul Woo Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(1):13-20.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Inactivation of p16 has been associated with promoter region hypermethylation in different types of malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). This loss of p16 was found frequently in cases of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. Recent studies indicate that promoter hypermethylation is often an early event in tumor progression in the follow-up of NHLs.
METHODS
To investigate the usefulness of p16 methylation in the diagnosis and follow-up of gastric low-grade MALT lymphomas, we analyzed methylation status of p16 using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction methods in the sequential biopsy specimens of 13 patients with gastric low-grade MALT lymphomas undergoing Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy.
RESULTS
Five of thriteen cases showed p16 hypermethylation upon diagnosis. In four of five methylation positive cases, abnormal methylation was detected in the specimen even after the treatment, although there were no histologic evidence of disease. This methylation disappeared in the later samples of two of the cases, and they have remained in complete remission. Immunohistochemically, the loss of p16 protein expression was detected in one of three methylation-positive cases, and in none of the methylation-negative cases.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that p16 methylation is relatively fequent in low-grade gastric MALT lymphomas, and it may have clinical applications in the management and follow-up of low-grade gastric MALT lymphomas.
Inactivation Pattern of p16 Gene in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas.
Hyun Deuk Cho, In Sun Kim
Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(6):365-373.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and mutation of the p16 tumor suppressor gene have been detected in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). Recently, hypermethylation of the p16 gene has been reported. The role of p16 gene alterations in the genesis of NHLs and their high-grade transformations require explanation.
METHODS
LOH of D9S171 and IFNA microsatellite markers, DNA hypermethylation, and mutation of exon 1 and 2A were assessed in 43 cases of NHLs. The genetic abnormalities were compared with the protein expression by immunohistochemistry, and they were evaluated according to the histologic subtypes, grades and immunophenotypes.
RESULTS
DNA hypermethylation was the most common p16 gene abnormality and was found in 30 of 39 cases (76.9%). Eight cases (18.6%) showed LOH in one or both microsatellite markers, and five cases (11.6%) showed mutations in exon 1 or 2A. Loss of protein expression was seen in 17 cases (39.5%) and was associated with mutation and LOH. Loss of protein was more frequent in high-grade lymphomas than in low-grade lymphomas.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the functional loss of the p16 gene contributes to the development of NHLs, especially to the development of high-grade lymphomas.
HER-2/neu Oncogene Amplification by Chromogenic in situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemical Expression of Topoisomerase II-alpha in the Breast Cancer.
Tae Jin Lee, Hyung Goon Oh, Gui Young Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, Eon Sub Park, Jae Hyung Yoo
Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(1):26-34.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Amplifications of the HER-2/neu oncogene and the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene are important determiners of the response to chemotherapy in the breast cancer. For detecting HER-2/neu amplification, fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry are currently regarded as standard methods. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) is investigated as a new modification of in situ hybridization. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of CISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in detecting HER-2/neu oncogene amplification and to investigate the prognostic significance of the HER-2/neu oncogene and the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene in breast cancer.
METHODS
Using CISH and IHC the amplifications and protein expressions of the HER-2/neu oncogene were studied on paraffin sections of 43 infiltrating duct carcinomas. The expression of the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene was studied immunohistochemically.
RESULTS
Of the 43 infiltrating duct carcinomas, amplifications of the HER-2/neu oncogene by CISH were observed in 8 cases (18.6%), and the HER-2/neu protein was deemed overexpressed by IHC in 9 cases (20.9%). The amplifications of the HER-2/neu oncogene showed a statistically significant correlation with tumor size, histological grade, and the Topoisomerase II-alpha index. The Topoisomerase II-alpha index showed a statistically significant correlation with tumor size, lymph node status, stage, histologic grade, and estrogen receptor status.
CONCLUSIONS
CISH is a useful alternative for determining HER-2/neu amplification, especially for confirming the immunohistochemical staining results. HER-2/neu amplification and the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene index may be prognostic factors of breast cancer.

J Pathol Transl Med : Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine
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