Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

E-cadherin expression and tumor-stroma ratio as prognostic biomarkers of peritoneal recurrence in advanced gastric cancer: a digital image analysis-based stratification study: Somang Lee, Binnari Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(6):408-420. Published online November 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.08.27

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Abstract PDF: Background
Gastric cancer remains a significant global health burden, with a high peritoneal recurrence rates after curative surgery. E-cadherin and the tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) have been proposed as prognostic indicators, but their combined prognostic utility remains unclear. Methods: This retrospective study included 130 patients with T3/T4a gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy at Ulsan University Hospital between 2014 and 2019. Immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin and Vimentin was performed. Digital image analysis using QuPath’s object classifier quantified E-cadherin expression and TSR. Results: Low E-cadherin expression was associated with diffuse-type histology and advanced T stage. Low TSR was linked to younger age, female sex, and XELOX treatment. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, low TSR showed a non-significant trend toward higher peritoneal recurrence (p = .054), while low E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with increased peritoneal recurrence (p = .002). Combined biomarker analysis also revealed a significant difference in recurrence-free survival (RFS) among the four groups (p = .005); patients with both high TSR and high E-cadherin expression experienced the most favorable RFS. In multivariable analysis, E-cadherin expression remained the only independent predictor of peritoneal recurrence (high vs. low; hazard ratio, 0.348; 95% confidence interval, 0.149 to 0.816; p = .015). Conclusions: E-cadherin and TSR reflect distinct tumor biology such as epithelial integrity and stromal composition, and their combined evaluation improves prognostic stratification. Digital image analysis enhances reproducibility and objectivity, supporting their integration into clinical workflows.

Spectrum of thyroiditis types: clinical, cytomorphological, and radiological findings: Anam Singh, Indrajeet Kundu; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(6):421-433. Published online November 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.08.13

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Abstract PDF: Background
Thyroiditis encompasses a range of inflammatory conditions affecting the thyroid gland. Lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) is a common form of thyroiditis, with acute suppuration of the thyroid, while tuberculous thyroiditis is relatively rare. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) remains a safe and cost-effective tool for diagnosing thyroid-related diseases, especially when paired with ultrasound (US) and clinical examination. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including 21 cases. The cases were reported as thyroiditis on US and FNAC, and the findings were correlated with patient clinical history, symptoms during presentation, and serological profiles. Results: The cases of thyroiditis encompassed the more common forms, LT and subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (SAT), as well as relatively rare forms like tuberculous thyroiditis and thyroid abscess. Cases of follicular neoplasms (FN) arising in the context of LT also are included in this study. The case of tuberculous thyroiditis presented as a bulky thyroid gland that appeared heterogeneous on US with extensive necrosis on FNAC. The cases of thyroid abscess and SAT presented with painful neck swellings, with granulomas in the latter cases. US features of LT showed an array of appearances ranging from pseudonodular to an atrophic thyroid gland. All cases of FN showed a lymphocytic background. Conclusions: Thyroiditis is a commonly encountered condition that needs to be sub-categorized accurately into acute, subacute, and chronic types for appropriate clinical management, as they can sometimes show overlapping features. Though rare, acute suppurative and tuberculous thyroiditis are often encountered and warrant immediate care and treatment.

Review Article

Recent topics on thyroid cytopathology: reporting systems and ancillary studies: Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Ayana Suzuki; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(4):214-224. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.04.18

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Abstract PDF: As fine-needle aspiration techniques and diagnostic methodologies for thyroid nodules have continued to evolve and reporting systems have been updated accordingly, we need to be up to date with the latest information to achieve accurate diagnoses. However, the diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for thyroid nodules vary across laboratories and institutions. Several differences exist between Western and Eastern practices regarding thyroid fine-needle aspiration. This review describes the reporting systems for thyroid cytopathology and ancillary studies. Updated reporting systems enhance the accuracy, consistency, and clarity of cytology reporting, leading to improved patient outcomes and management strategies. Although a single global reporting system is optimal, reporting systems tailored to each country is acceptable. In such cases, compatibility must be ensured to facilitate data sharing. Ancillary methods include liquid-based cytology, immunocytochemistry, biochemical measurements, flow cytometry, molecular testing, and artificial intelligence, all of which improve diagnostic accuracy. These methods continue to evolve, and cytopathologists should actively adopt the latest methods and information to achieve more accurate diagnoses. We believe this review will be useful to practitioners of routine thyroid cytology.

Reviews

Breast fine-needle aspiration cytology in the era of core-needle biopsy: what is its role?: Ahrong Kim, Hyun Jung Lee, Jee Yeon Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(1):26-38. Published online January 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.11.01; Correction in: J Pathol Transl Med 2025;59(2):147

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Abstract PDF

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has long been recognized as a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic tool for breast lesions. However, with the advent of core-needle biopsy (CNB), the role of FNAC has diminished in some clinical settings. This review aims to re-evaluate the diagnostic value of FNAC in the current era, focusing on its complementary use alongside CNB, the adoption of new approaches such as the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System, and the implementation of rapid on-site evaluation to reduce inadequate sample rates. Advances in liquid-based cytology, receptor expression testing, molecular diagnostics, and artificial intelligence are discussed, highlighting their potential to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC. Despite challenges, FNAC remains a valuable diagnostic method, particularly in low-resource settings and specific clinical scenarios, and its role continues to evolve with technology.

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Bulk-lysis protocols as a sensitive method for investigation of circulating CK19 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer by flow cytometry
Daniella Serafin Couto Vieira, Laura Otto Walter, Maria Eduarda Cunha da Silva, Lisandra de Oliveira Silva, Heloísa Zorzi Costa, Chandra Chiappin Cardoso, Fernando Carlos de Lander Schmitt, Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva
Analytical Methods.2025; 17(23): 4771. CrossRef

Next step of molecular pathology: next-generation sequencing in cytology: Ricella Souza da Silva, Fernando Schmitt; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(6):291-298. Published online November 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.10.22

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Abstract PDF

The evolving landscape of precision oncology underscores the pivotal shift from morphological diagnosis to treatment decisions driven by molecular profiling. Recent guidelines from the European Society for Medical Oncology recomend the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) across a broader range of cancers, reflecting its superior efficiency and clinical value. NGS not only updates oncology testing by offering quicker, sample-friendly, and sensitive analysis but also reduces the need for multiple individual tests. Cytology samples, often obtained through less invasive methods, can yield high-quality genetic material suitable for molecular analysis. This article focuses on optimizing the use of cytology samples in NGS, and outlines their potential benefits in identifying actionable molecular alterations for targeted therapies across various solid tumors. It also addresses the need for validation studies and the strategies to incorporate or combine different types of samples into routine clinical practice. Integrating cytological and liquid biopsies into routine clinical practice, alongside conventional tissue biopsies, offers a comprehensive approach to tumor genotyping, early disease detection, and monitoring of therapeutic responses across various solid tumor types. For comprehensive biomarker characterization, all patient specimens, although limited, is always valuable.

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The World Health Organization Reporting System for Lymph Node, Spleen, and Thymus Cytopathology: Part 1 – Lymph Node
Immacolata Cozzolino, Mats Ehinger, Maria Calaminici, Andrea Ronchi, Mousa A. Al-Abbadi, Helena Barroca, Beata Bode-Lesniewska, David F. Chhieng, Ruth L. Katz, Oscar Lin, L. Jeffrey Medeiros, Martha Bishop Pitman, Arvind Rajwanshi, Fernando C. Schmitt, Ph
Acta Cytologica.2025; : 1. CrossRef
The impact of cytological preparation techniques on RNA quality: A comparative study on smear samples
Cisel Aydin Mericoz, Gulsum Caylak, Elif Sevin Sanioglu, Zeynep Seçil Satilmis, Ayse Humeyra Dur Karasayar, Ibrahim Kulac
Cancer Cytopathology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Reimagining cytopathology in the molecular era: Integration or fragmentation?
Sumanta Das, R. Naveen Kumar, Biswajit Dey, Pranjal Kalita
Cytojournal.2025; 22: 94. CrossRef

Original Articles

The combination of CDX2 expression status and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density as a prognostic factor in adjuvant FOLFOX-treated patients with stage III colorectal cancers: Ji-Ae Lee, Hye Eun Park, Hye-Yeong Jin, Lingyan Jin, Seung Yeon Yoo, Nam-Yun Cho, Jeong Mo Bae, Jung Ho Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(1):50-59. Published online October 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.09.26

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) with caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2) loss are recognized to pursue an aggressive behavior but tend to be accompanied by a high density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). However, little is known about whether there is an interplay between CDX2 loss and TIL density in the survival of patients with CRC.
Methods
Stage III CRC tissues were assessed for CDX2 loss using immunohistochemistry and analyzed for their densities of CD8 TILs in both intraepithelial (iTILs) and stromal areas using a machine learning-based analytic method.
Results
CDX2 loss was significantly associated with a higher density of CD8 TILs in both intraepithelial and stromal areas. Both CDX2 loss and a high CD8 iTIL density were found to be prognostic parameters and showed hazard ratios of 2.314 (1.050–5.100) and 0.378 (0.175–0.817), respectively, for cancer-specific survival. A subset of CRCs with retained CDX2 expression and a high density of CD8 iTILs showed the best clinical outcome (hazard ratio of 0.138 [0.023–0.826]), whereas a subset with CDX2 loss and a high density of CD8 iTILs exhibited the worst clinical outcome (15.781 [3.939–63.230]).
Conclusions
Altogether, a high density of CD8 iTILs did not make a difference in the survival of patients with CRC with CDX2 loss. The combination of CDX2 expression and intraepithelial CD8 TIL density was an independent prognostic marker in adjuvant chemotherapy-treated patients with stage III CRC.

International Academy of Cytology standardized reporting of breast fine-needle aspiration cytology with cyto-histopathological correlation of breast carcinoma: Shweta Pai; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(5):241-248. Published online September 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.07.14

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Abstract PDF: Background
The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) has developed a standardized approach for reporting the findings of breast fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Accordingly, there are five chief categories of breast lesions, C1 (insufficient material), C2 (benign), C3 (atypical), C4 (suspicious), and C5 (malignant). The prognostication and management of breast carcinoma can be performed readily on the basis of this classification system. The aim of this study was to classify various breast lesions into one of the above-named categories and to further grade the C5 lesions specifically using the Robinson system. The latter grades were then correlated with modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grades.
Methods
This retrospective study was undertaken in the pathology department of a hospital located in the urban part of the city of Bangalore. All FNAC procedures performed on breast lumps spanning the year 2020 were included in the study.
Results
A total of 205 breast lesions was classified according to the IAC guidelines into C1 (6 cases, 2.9%), C2 (151 cases, 73.7%), C3 (13 cases, 6.3%), C4 (5 cases, 2.5%), and C5 (30 cases, 14.6%) groups. The C5 cases were further graded using Robinson’s system. The latter showed a significant correlation with the SBR system (concordance=83.3%, Spearman correlation=0.746, Kendall’s tau-b=0.736, kappa=0.661, standard error=0.095, p≤.001).
Conclusions
A standardized approach for FNAC reporting of breast lesions, as advocated for by the IAC, improves the quality and clarity of the reports and assures diagnostic reproducibility on a global scale. Further, the cytological grading of C5 lesions provides reliable cyto-prognostic scores that can help assess a tumor’s aggressiveness and predict its histological grade.

Case Study

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the skull with EWSR1 fusion and ALK and cytokeratin expression: a case report: Hyeong Rok An, Kyung-Ja Cho, Sang Woo Song, Ji Eun Park, Joon Seon Song; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(5):255-260. Published online September 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.08.15

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Abstract PDF

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) comprises of heterogeneous group of neoplasms that occasionally express epithelial markers on immunohistochemistry (IHC). We herein report the case of a patient who developed RMS of the skull with EWSR1 fusion and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and cytokeratin expression as cytomorphologic features. A 40-year-old man presented with a mass in his forehead. Surgical resection was performed, during which intraoperative frozen specimens were obtained. Squash cytology showed scattered or clustered spindle and epithelioid cells. IHC revealed that the resected tumor cells were positive for desmin, MyoD1, cytokeratin AE1/ AE3, and ALK. Although EWSR1 rearrangement was identified on fluorescence in situ hybridization, ALK, and TFCP2 rearrangement were not noted. Despite providing adjuvant chemoradiation therapy, the patient died of tumor progression 10 months after diagnosis. We emphasize that a subset of RMS can express cytokeratin and show characteristic histomorphology, implying the need for specific molecular examination.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Rhabdomyosarcomas of Bone
Ahmed Shah, Andrew L. Folpe
Surgical Pathology Clinics.2025; 18(3): 503. CrossRef
Review of imaging modalities and radiological findings of calvarial lesions
Erkan Gökçe, Murat Beyhan
World Journal of Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Morphology of Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma Associated With Сystic Content: A Case Report
David Makaridze, Armaz Mariamidze, Tamuna Gvianishvili, Giulia Ottaviani , Liana Gogiashvili
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Paricalcitol prevents MAPK pathway activation and inflammation in adriamycin-induced kidney injury in rats: Amanda Lima Deluque, Lucas Ferreira de Almeida, Beatriz Magalhães Oliveira, Cláudia Silva Souza, Ana Lívia Dias Maciel, Heloísa Della Coletta Francescato, Cleonice Giovanini, Roberto Silva Costa, Terezila Machado Coimbra; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(5):219-228. Published online August 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.07.12

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Abstract PDF

Background
Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway induces uncontrolled cell proliferation in response to inflammatory stimuli. Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy (ADRN) in rats triggers MAPK activation and pro-inflammatory mechanisms by increasing cytokine secretion, similar to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays a crucial role in suppressing the expression of inflammatory markers in the kidney and may contribute to reducing cellular proliferation. This study evaluated the effect of pre-treatment with paricalcitol on ADRN in renal inflammation mechanisms.
Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with an osmotic minipump containing activated vitamin D (paricalcitol, Zemplar, 6 ng/day) or vehicle (NaCl 0.9%). Two days after implantation, ADR (Fauldoxo, 3.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (NaCl 0.9%) was injected. The rats were divided into four experimental groups: control, n = 6; paricalcitol, n = 6; ADR, n = 7 and, ADR + paricalcitol, n = 7.
Results
VDR activation was demonstrated by increased CYP24A1 in renal tissue. Paricalcitol prevented macrophage infiltration in the glomeruli, cortex, and outer medulla, prevented secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β, increased arginase I and decreased arginase II tissue expressions, effects associated with attenuation of MAPK pathways, increased zonula occludens-1, and reduced cell proliferation associated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Paricalcitol treatment decreased the stromal cell-derived factor 1α/chemokine C-X-C receptor type 4/β-catenin pathway.
Conclusions
Paricalcitol plays a renoprotective role by modulating renal inflammation and cell proliferation. These results highlight potential targets for treating CKD.

Citations

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Perirenal fat differs in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving different vitamin D-based treatments: a preliminary study
Ana Checa-Ros, Antonella Locascio, Owahabanun-Joshua Okojie, Pablo Abellán-Galiana, Luis D’Marco
BMC Nephrology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Attenuating amiodarone-induced lung toxicity by the vitamin D receptor activator paricalcitol in rats: targeting TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways
Aamal G. El-Waseif, Mahmoud Elshal, Dalia H. El-Kashef, Nashwa M. Abu-Elsaad
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Welcoming the new, revisiting the old: a brief glance at cytopathology reporting systems for lung, pancreas, and thyroid: Rita Luis, Balamurugan Thirunavukkarasu, Deepali Jain, Sule Canberk; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(4):165-173. Published online July 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.06.11

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Abstract PDF

This review addresses new reporting systems for lung and pancreatobiliary cytopathology as well as the most recent edition of The Bethesda Reporting System for Thyroid Cytopathology. The review spans past, present, and future aspects within the context of the intricate interplay between traditional morphological assessments and cutting-edge molecular diagnostics. For lung and pancreas, the authors discuss the evolution of reporting systems, emphasizing the bridge between past directives and more recent collaborative efforts of the International Academy of Cytology and the World Health Organization in shaping universal reporting systems. The review offers a brief overview of the structure of these novel systems, highlighting their strengths and pinpointing areas that require further refinement. For thyroid, the authors primarily focus on the third edition of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, also considering the two preceding editions. This review serves as an invaluable resource for cytopathologists, offering a panoramic view of the evolving landscape of cytopathology reporting and pointing out the integrative role of the cytopathologist in an era of rapid diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.

Citations

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WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology: Insights Into the Insufficient/Inadequate/Non‐Diagnostic, Atypical and Suspicious for Malignancy Categories and How to Use Them
Zahra Maleki, Sule Canberk, Andrew Field
Cytopathology.2025; 36(5): 434. CrossRef
Reproducibility of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC): An observational study of 100 patients
Kishori Moni Panda, Reena Naik, Mohd Ghouse Mohiddin
Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology.2024; 11(4): 385. CrossRef

Case Study

Primary epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma of the brain with EML4::ALK fusion mimicking intra-axial glioma: a case report and brief literature review: Eric Eunshik Kim, Chul-Kee Park, Koung Mi Kang, Yoonjin Kwak, Sung-Hye Park, Jae-Kyung Won; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(3):141-145. Published online May 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.04.12

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Abstract PDF

An aggressive subtype of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma occurs primarily inside the abdominal cavity, followed by a pulmonary localization. Most harbor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements, with RANBP2 and RRBP1 among the well-documented fusion partners. We report the second case of primary epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma of the brain, with a well-known EML4::ALK fusion. The case is notable for its intra-axial presentation that clinico-radiologically mimicked glioma.

Citations

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Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: An Updated Review
Joon Hyuk Choi
Cancers.2025; 17(8): 1327. CrossRef
Ribosome‑binding protein 1: A multidimensional regulator of cancer progression and a novel target for precision therapy (Review)
Ho Huang, Jia Ouyang
Oncology Letters.2025; 31(1): 1. CrossRef

Original Articles

The importance of histomorphological features and ERG expression in the diagnosis of malignancy in cases with atypical small acinar proliferation: Gizem Teoman, Ayten Livaoglu, Hatice Kucuk, Afs ¸ın Rahman Murtezaoglu; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(3):134-140. Published online May 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.03.18

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Abstract PDF: Background
Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) cases typically require rebiopsy, which are invasive and associated with increased risk of complications. Our aim in this study was to determine the importance of laboratory and histological findings and E-26 transformation-specific-related gene (ERG) expression in the diagnosis of malignancy.
Methods
Between March 2016 and March 2022, 84 patients who were diagnosed with ASAP on biopsy or rebiopsy were included in the study. Clinical-laboratory features of age, serum prostate-specific antigen level, and histopathological features were compared and included multifocality, number of suspicious acini, nuclear enlargement, nucleolar prominence, hyperchromasia, cytoplasmic amphophilia, luminal amorphous acellular secretion, crystalloid presence, infiltrative appearance, inflammation, atrophy, α-methyl acyl-CoA racemase, p63, and/or high molecular weight cytokeratin were analyzed. In addition, ERG expression was evaluated immunohistochemically.
Results
Statistically significant correlation was found between nucleolar prominence, nuclear hyperchromasia, crystalloid presence, infiltrative pattern, and prostate cancer (p < .001). In 19 of 84 cases (22.6%) ERG was positive in the nucleus. Prostate cancer was diagnosed at rebiopsy in 15 of the 19 ERG-positive cases (78.9%). A statistically significant correlation was found between ERG positivity and prostate cancer (p= .002).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that evaluation of these markers during initial transrectal ultrasound biopsies may decrease and prevent unnecessary prostate rebiopsy.

Revisiting the utility of identifying nuclear grooves as unique nuclear changes by an object detector model: Pedro R. F. Rende, Joel Machado Pires, Kátia Sakimi Nakadaira, Sara Lopes, João Vale, Fabio Hecht, Fabyan E. L. Beltrão, Gabriel J. R. Machado, Edna T. Kimura, Catarina Eloy, Helton E. Ramos; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(3):117-126. Published online April 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.03.07

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Abstract PDF: Background
Among other structures, nuclear grooves are vastly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Considering that the application of artificial intelligence in thyroid cytology has potential for diagnostic routine, our goal was to develop a new supervised convolutional neural network capable of identifying nuclear grooves in Diff-Quik stained whole-slide images (WSI) obtained from thyroid fineneedle aspiration.
Methods
We selected 22 Diff-Quik stained cytological slides with cytological diagnosis of PTC and concordant histological diagnosis. Each of the slides was scanned, forming a WSI. Images that contained the region of interest were obtained, followed by pre-formatting, annotation of the nuclear grooves and data augmentation techniques. The final dataset was divided into training and validation groups in a 7:3 ratio.
Results
This is the first artificial intelligence model based on object detection applied to nuclear structures in thyroid cytopathology. A total of 7,255 images were obtained from 22 WSI, totaling 7,242 annotated nuclear grooves. The best model was obtained after it was submitted 15 times with the train dataset (14th epoch), with 67% true positives, 49.8% for sensitivity and 43.1% for predictive positive value.
Conclusions
The model was able to develop a structure predictor rule, indicating that the application of an artificial intelligence model based on object detection in the identification of nuclear grooves is feasible. Associated with a reduction in interobserver variability and in time per slide, this demonstrates that nuclear evaluation constitutes one of the possibilities for refining the diagnosis through computational models.

Tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes evaluated using digital image analysis predict the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Yunjoo Cho, Jiyeon Lee, Bogyeong Han, Sang Eun Yoon, Seok Jin Kim, Won Seog Kim, Junhun Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(1):12-21. Published online January 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.11.02

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Abstract PDF

Background
The implication of the presence of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL-T) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is yet to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effect of TIL-T levels on the prognosis of patients with DLBCL.
Methods
Ninety-six patients with DLBCL were enrolled in the study. The TIL-T ratio was measured using QuPath, a digital pathology software package. The TIL-T ratio was investigated in three foci (highest, intermediate, and lowest) for each case, resulting in TIL-T–Max, TIL-T–Intermediate, and TIL-T–Min. The relationship between the TIL-T ratios and prognosis was investigated.
Results
When 19% was used as the cutoff value for TIL-T–Max, 72 (75.0%) and 24 (25.0%) patients had high and low TIL-T–Max, respectively. A high TIL-T–Max was significantly associated with lower serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (p < .001), with patient group who achieved complete remission after RCHOP therapy (p < .001), and a low-risk revised International Prognostic Index score (p < .001). Univariate analysis showed that patients with a low TIL-T–Max had a significantly worse prognosis in overall survival compared to those with a high TIL-T–Max (p < .001); this difference remained significant in a multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards (hazard ratio, 7.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.54 to 22.42; p < .001).
Conclusions
Patients with DLBCL with a high TIL-T–Max showed significantly better prognosis than those with a low TIL-T–Max, and the TIL-T–Max was an independent indicator of overall survival. These results suggest that evaluating TIL-T ratios using a digital pathology system is useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with DLBCL.

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Ming Xu, Ming Ruan, Wenhua Zhu, Jiayue Xu, Ling Lin, Weili Li, Weirong Zhu
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Reviews

Clinical practice recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing in patients with solid cancer: a joint report from KSMO and KSP: Miso Kim, Hyo Sup Shim, Sheehyun Kim, In Hee Lee, Jihun Kim, Shinkyo Yoon, Hyung-Don Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Changhoon Yoo, Jaekyung Cheon, In-Ho Kim, Jieun Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Jin Won Kim, Han Jo Kim, Yongjun Cha, Sun Min Lim, Han Sang Kim, Choong-Kun Lee, Jee Hung Kim, Sang Hoon Chun, Jina Yun, So Yeon Park, Hye Seung Lee, Yong Mee Cho, Soo Jeong Nam, Kiyong Na, Sun Och Yoon, Ahwon Lee, Kee-Taek Jang, Hongseok Yun, Sungyoung Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Wan-Seop Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(4):147-164. Published online January 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.11.01

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Abstract PDF

In recent years, next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based genetic testing has become crucial in cancer care. While its primary objective is to identify actionable genetic alterations to guide treatment decisions, its scope has broadened to encompass aiding in pathological diagnosis and exploring resistance mechanisms. With the ongoing expansion in NGS application and reliance, a compelling necessity arises for expert consensus on its application in solid cancers. To address this demand, the forthcoming recommendations not only provide pragmatic guidance for the clinical use of NGS but also systematically classify actionable genes based on specific cancer types. Additionally, these recommendations will incorporate expert perspectives on crucial biomarkers, ensuring informed decisions regarding circulating tumor DNA panel testing.

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Moon Nyeo Park, Jinwon Choi, Rosy Iara Maciel de Azambuja Ribeiro, Domenico V. Delfino, Seong-Gyu Ko, Bonglee Kim
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The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023: Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(6):289-304. Published online November 14, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.10.04

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The Asian Thyroid Working Group was founded in 2017 at the 12th Asia Oceania Thyroid Association (AOTA) Congress in Busan, Korea. This group activity aims to characterize Asian thyroid nodule practice and establish strict diagnostic criteria for thyroid carcinomas, a reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology without the aid of gene panel tests, and new clinical guidelines appropriate to conservative Asian thyroid nodule practice based on scientific evidence obtained from Asian patient cohorts. Asian thyroid nodule practice is usually designed for patient-centered clinical practice, which is based on the Hippocratic Oath, “First do not harm patients,” and an oriental filial piety “Do not harm one’s own body because it is a precious gift from parents,” which is remote from defensive medical practice in the West where physicians, including pathologists, suffer from severe malpractice climate. Furthermore, Asian practice emphasizes the importance of resource management in navigating the overdiagnosis of low-risk thyroid carcinomas. This article summarizes the Asian Thyroid Working Group activities in the past 7 years, from 2017 to 2023, highlighting the diversity of thyroid nodule practice between Asia and the West and the background reasons why Asian clinicians and pathologists modified Western systems significantly.

Citations

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Sang Yi Moon, Minkook Son, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hye In Kim, Ji Min Han, Ji Cheol Bae, Sunghwan Suh
Thyroid®.2025; 35(1): 79. CrossRef
Letter: “High Rates of Unnecessary Surgery for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules in the Absence of Molecular Test and the Cost-Effectiveness of Utilizing Molecular Test in an Asian Population: A Decision Analysis” by Fung et al
Kennichi Kakudo, Andrey Bychkov, Jen-Fan Hang, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Somboon Keelawat, Zhiyan Liu, Radhika Srinivasan, Chan Kwon Jung
Thyroid®.2025; 35(5): 595. CrossRef
Thyroid Nodules with Nuclear Atypia of Undetermined Significance (AUS-Nuclear) Hold a Two-Times-Higher Risk of Malignancy than AUS-Other Nodules Regardless of EU-TIRADS Class of the Nodule or Borderline Tumor Interpretation
Dorota Słowińska-Klencka, Bożena Popowicz, Joanna Duda-Szymańska, Mariusz Klencki
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Response to Kakudo et al.: “High Rates of Unnecessary Surgery for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules in the Absence of Molecular Test and the Cost-Effectiveness of Utilizing Molecular Test in an Asian Population: A Decision Analysis”
Man Him Matrix Fung, Ching Tang, Gin Wai Kwok, Tin Ho Chan, Yan Luk, David Tak Wai Lui, Carlos King Ho Wong, Brian Hung Hin Lang
Thyroid®.2025; 35(5): 597. CrossRef
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Maria Boudina, Eleana Zisimopoulou, Persefoni Xirou, Alexandra Chrisoulidou
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Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnoses of follicular thyroid carcinoma: results from a multicenter study in Asia
Hee Young Na, Miyoko Higuchi, Shinya Satoh, Kaori Kameyama, Chan Kwon Jung, Su-Jin Shin, Shipra Agarwal, Jen-Fan Hang, Yun Zhu, Zhiyan Liu, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo, So Yeon Park
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(6): 331. CrossRef

Case Study

Intrathyroidal metastasis of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma masquerading as a primary thyroid tumor: Jai-Hyang Go; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(4):242-245. Published online July 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.06.16

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Intrathyroidal metastasis of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma is rare. To date, only six cases have been reported in the literature. This case was unusual and presented with thyromegaly before the diagnosis of the primary tumor. A 55-year-old male patient was suspected to have a primary thyroid tumor with nodal metastasis. The thyroid gland was diffusely enlarged, with no discernible mass. Histologically, the thyroid parenchyma revealed extensive endolymphatic tumor emboli, which were positive for p40 and p16 in a background of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography revealed hypermetabolic activity in the right tonsillar region. Tonsillar biopsy revealed human papillomavirus–positive squamous cell carcinoma. The present case is the first reported case of intrathyroidal metastasis of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma with an initial clinical presentation of thyroid enlargement before the primary tumor of tonsillar cancer was diagnosed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Metastasis to Thyroid from Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Series and Review of Literature
Avneet Kaur, Rohit Nayyar, Harit Kumar Chaturvedi, Akshat Malik
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 16(1): 122. CrossRef
Metastatic oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to the thyroid: A case report and review of literature
Hannah Walker, Jed Speers, Milena Fabry, Sameep Kadakia
American Journal of Otolaryngology.2024; 45(4): 104306. CrossRef

Review

A stepwise approach to fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes: Yosep Chong, Gyeongsin Park, Hee Jeong Cha, Hyun-Jung Kim, Chang Suk Kang, Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Seung-Sook Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(4):196-207. Published online July 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.06.12

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

The cytological diagnosis of lymph node lesions is extremely challenging because of the diverse diseases that cause lymph node enlargement, including both benign and malignant or metastatic lymphoid lesions. Furthermore, the cytological findings of different lesions often resemble one another. A stepwise diagnostic approach is essential for a comprehensive diagnosis that combines: clinical findings, including age, sex, site, multiplicity, and ultrasonography findings; low-power reactive, metastatic, and lymphoma patterns; high-power population patterns, including two populations of continuous range, small monotonous pattern and large monotonous pattern; and disease-specific diagnostic clues including granulomas and lymphoglandular granules. It is also important to remember the histological features of each diagnostic category that are common in lymph node cytology and to compare them with cytological findings. It is also essential to identify a few categories of diagnostic pitfalls that often resemble lymphomas and easily lead to misdiagnosis, particularly in malignant small round cell tumors, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, and nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma. Herein, we review a stepwise approach for fine needle aspiration cytology of lymphoid diseases and suggest a diagnostic algorithm that uses this approach and the Sydney classification system.

Citations

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Ming Xu, Yubiao Yue, Zhenzhang Li, Yinhong Li, Guoying Li, Haihua Liang, Di Liu, Xiaohong Xu, Mohamadreza (Mohammad) Khosravi
International Journal of Intelligent Systems.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Application of the Sydney system for classification and reporting lymph node cytopathology: a retrospective analysis at a tertiary centre
Ashok Teja Kummari, Pramod Kumar Pamu, Krishna Kiran Ganna, Param Jyothi, Sadashivudu
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic approach to FNA biopsy of cystic lesions of the head and neck
Stefen Andrianus, Olivia Leung, Zubair Baloch
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Applicability of Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Lymph Nodes Using WHO Reporting System: Comparison between Pediatric and Adult Brazilian Populations
Leonardo Fávaro Ficoto, Deolino João Camilo Júnior, Gustavo Resende Nora, Vitor Bonetti Valente, Daniel Galera Bernabé, José Cândido Caldeira Xavier-Júnior
Acta Cytologica.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Intraoperative cytological assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in gynecologic cancer: diagnostic accuracy and limitations
O. V. Pankova, S. V. Vtorushin, M. V. Klimova, D. S. Pismenny, M. O. Ochirov, L. A. Kolomiets, V. M. Perelmuter
Siberian journal of oncology.2025; 24(5): 72. CrossRef
From smear to diagnosis: the impact of ancillary techniques in lymph node fine-needle cytology
Elisabetta Maffei, Giuseppe Di Motta, Angela D’Ardia, Riccardo Ruotolo, Valentina Giudice, Alessandro Caputo, Pio Zeppa
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Elisabetta Maffei, Valeria Ciliberti, Pio Zeppa, Alessandro Caputo
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Original Article

Significance of tumor-associated neutrophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in non-invasive and invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma: Wael Abdo Hassan, Ahmed Kamal ElBanna, Noha Noufal, Mohamed El-Assmy, Hany Lotfy, Rehab Ibrahim Ali; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(2):88-94. Published online January 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.11.06

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Abstract PDF

Background
Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and lymphocytes play essential roles in promoting or combating various neoplasms. This study aimed to investigate the association between tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and lymphocytes and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in the progression of urothelial carcinoma.
Methods
A total of 106 patients diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma were was. Pathological examination for tumor grade and stage and for tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, both CD4 and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as the neutrophil- to-lymphocyte ratio were evaluated.
Results
The presence of neutrophils and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio correlated with high-grade urothelial neoplasms. In both low- and high-grade tumors, the lymphocytes increased during progression from a non-invasive neoplasm to an early-invasive neoplasm. CD8+ T lymphocytes increased in low-grade non–muscle-invasive tumors compared to non-invasive tumors. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in CD8+ T lymphocytes during progression to muscle-invasive tumors.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and CD8+ T lymphocytes have a significant effect on tumor grade and progression.

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Reviews

Inflammatory bowel disease–associated intestinal fibrosis: Ji Min Park, Jeongseok Kim, Yoo Jin Lee, Sung Uk Bae, Hye Won Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(1):60-66. Published online January 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.11.02

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Abstract PDF

Fibrosis is characterized by a proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix following chronic inflammation, and this replacement of organ tissue with fibrotic tissue causes a loss of function. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, and intestinal fibrosis is common in IBD patients, resulting in several complications that require surgery, such as a stricture or penetration. This review describes the pathogenesis and various factors involved in intestinal fibrosis in IBD, including cytokines, growth factors, epithelial-mesenchymal and endothelial-mesenchymal transitions, and gut microbiota. Furthermore, histopathologic findings and scoring systems used for stenosis in IBD are discussed, and differences in the fibrosis patterns of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are compared. Biomarkers and therapeutic agents targeting intestinal fibrosis are briefly mentioned at the end.

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Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: its updated diagnostic criteria, preoperative cytologic diagnoses and impact on the risk of malignancy: Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):319-325. Published online November 9, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.09.29

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Abstract PDF

Due to the extremely indolent behavior, a subset of noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas has been classified as “noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)” since 2016 and is no longer considered carcinoma. Since the introduction of this new terminology, changes and refinements have been made in diagnostic criteria. Initially, the incidence of NIFTP was estimated substantial. However, the reported incidence of NIFTP varies greatly among studies and regions, with higher incidence in North American and European countries than in Asian countries. Thus, the changes in the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) differ inevitably among regions. Because more conservative surgery is recommended for NIFTPs, distinguishing NIFTPs from papillary thyroid carcinomas in preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology became one of the major concerns. This review will provide comprehensive overview of updates on diagnostic criteria, actual incidence and preoperative cytologic diagnoses of NIFTP, and its impact on the ROM in TBSRTC.

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Diagnosis of invasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma by protein-based machine learning
Truong Phan-Xuan Nguyen, Minh-Khang Le, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Shanop Shuangshoti, Nakarin Kitkumthorn, Somboon Keelawat
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2025; 59(1): 39. CrossRef
Papillae, psammoma bodies, and/or many nuclear pseudoinclusions are helpful criteria but should not be required for a definitive cytologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma: An institutional experience of 207 cases with surgical follow up
Tarik M. Elsheikh, Matthew Thomas, Jennifer Brainard, Jessica Di Marco, Erica Manosky, Bridgette Springer, Dawn Underwood, Deborah J. Chute
Cancer Cytopathology.2024; 132(6): 348. CrossRef
ThyroSeq overview on indeterminate thyroid nodules: An institutional experience
Sam Sirotnikov, Christopher C. Griffith, Daniel Lubin, Chao Zhang, Nabil F. Saba, Dehong Li, Amanda Kornfield, Amy Chen, Qiuying Shi
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2024; 52(7): 353. CrossRef
Oncocytic Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features: A Case Report
Kaveripakam Ajay Joseph, Sana Ahuja, Sufian Zaheer
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024; 15(S4): 606. CrossRef
Cytologic hallmarks and differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma subtypes
Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Chan Kwon Jung
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Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules – Diagnosis and management strategies
Tapoi Dana Antonia, Lambrescu Ioana Maria, Gheorghisan-Galateanu Ancuta-Augustina
Pathology - Research and Practice.2023; 246: 154516. CrossRef
Reevaluating diagnostic categories and associated malignancy risks in thyroid core needle biopsy
Chan Kwon Jung
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(4): 208. CrossRef
Strategies for Treatment of Thyroid Cancer
Deepika Yadav, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Rishabha Malviya, Prem Shankar Mishra
Current Drug Targets.2023; 24(5): 406. CrossRef
Identification of NIFTP-Specific mRNA Markers for Reliable Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors
So-Yeon Lee, Jong-Lyul Park, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jae-Yoon Kim, Seon-Young Kim, Chan Kwon Jung
Endocrine Pathology.2023; 34(3): 311. CrossRef

The application of high-throughput proteomics in cytopathology: Ilias P. Nikas, Han Suk Ryu; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):309-318. Published online November 9, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.08.30

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Abstract PDF

High-throughput genomics and transcriptomics are often applied in routine pathology practice to facilitate cancer diagnosis, assess prognosis, and predict response to therapy. However, the proteins rather than nucleic acids are the functional molecules defining the cellular phenotype in health and disease, whereas genomic profiling cannot evaluate processes such as the RNA splicing or posttranslational modifications and gene expression does not necessarily correlate with protein expression. Proteomic applications have recently advanced, overcoming the issue of low depth, inconsistency, and suboptimal accuracy, also enabling the use of minimal patient-derived specimens. This review aims to present the recent evidence regarding the use of high-throughput proteomics in both exfoliative and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Most studies used mass spectrometry, as this is associated with high depth, sensitivity, and specificity, and aimed to complement the traditional cytomorphologic diagnosis, in addition to identify novel cancer biomarkers. Examples of diagnostic dilemmas subjected to proteomic analysis included the evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules or prediction of lymph node metastasis from thyroid cancer, also the differentiation between benign and malignant serous effusions, pancreatic cancer from autoimmune pancreatitis, non-neoplastic from malignant biliary strictures, and benign from malignant salivary gland tumors. A few cancer biomarkers—related to diverse cancers involving the breast, thyroid, bladder, lung, serous cavities, salivary glands, and bone marrow—were also discovered. Notably, residual liquid-based cytology samples were suitable for satisfactory and reproducible proteomic analysis. Proteomics could become another routine pathology platform in the near future, potentially by using validated multi-omics protocols.

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Mass spectrometry-based proteomics of FFPE tissues: progress, limitations, and clinical translation barriers
Sara Abdulmohsen AlHammadi, Lamar Nabil Nagshabandi, Huzaifa Muhammad, Hatouf H. Sukkarieh, Ahmad Aljada
Clinical Proteomics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of NIFTP-Specific mRNA Markers for Reliable Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors
So-Yeon Lee, Jong-Lyul Park, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jae-Yoon Kim, Seon-Young Kim, Chan Kwon Jung
Endocrine Pathology.2023; 34(3): 311. CrossRef

Case Study

Papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas coexisting in the same lobe, first suspected based on fine-needle aspiration cytology: a case report: Hyun Hee Koh, Young Lyun Oh; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(5):301-308. Published online September 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.08.03

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Abstract PDF

Because different types of thyroid malignancies have distinct embryological origins, coexisting tumors are rarely observed. We describe a coexisting papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) first suspected by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A 57-year-old female presented with an irregular mass in the right thyroid lobe. The cytopathologic findings of fine-needle aspiration showed two components: a papillary-like arrangement consisting of cells with pale enlarged nuclei indicative of PTC and loose clusters comprised of oval cells with granular chromatin indicative of MTC. The diagnosis of a coexisting PTC and MTC was initially confirmed by calcitonin immunocytochemistry and later after total thyroidectomy. Although some surgical case reports of PTC and MTC coexisting in either the same or different lobes have been documented, a case suspected by FNAC before the surgery has rarely been reported. Because appropriate treatment and prognosis of PTC and MTC are different, cytopathologists should be aware of this rare entity.

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Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Fine‐Needle Aspiration Cytology—Based on a Single Tertiary Centre Experience
Si‐Yi Chen, Dong‐Mei Gu
Cytopathology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Synchronous papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma with distinct genetic mutations: A case report
Huanyu Jiang, Lijuan Zhou, Gang Zou, Haidong Zhang, Zhenkun Yu
Oral Oncology.2025; 161: 107191. CrossRef
Coexisting papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas in a 60 year old male: a case report
Allahdad Khan, Anam Malik, Abdul Ahad Riaz, Muhammad Hussnain Sadiq, Muhammad Shahzaib Arshad, Alka Rani, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(10): 6740. CrossRef
Dedifferentiated Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterine Corpus with Heterologous Component: Clinicopathological Analysis of Five Consecutive Cases from a Single Institution and Comprehensive Literature Review
Suyeon Kim, Hyunsik Bae, Hyun-Soo Kim
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Coexisting Medullary and Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas: A Case of Dual Neoplasia With a High Risk of Misdiagnosis
Santiago Sierra Castillo, Maria A Henao Rincón, David Aristizabal Colorado, David Alexander Vernaza Trujillo, Alin Abreu Lomba
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Lymphoproliferative disorder involving body fluid: diagnostic approaches and roles of ancillary studies: Jiwon Koh, Sun Ah Shin, Ji Ae Lee, Yoon Kyung Jeon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):173-186. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.05.16

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Abstract PDF

Lymphocyte-rich effusions represent benign reactive process or neoplastic condition. Involvement of lymphoproliferative disease in body cavity is not uncommon, and it often causes diagnostic challenge. In this review, we suggest a practical diagnostic approach toward lymphocyte-rich effusions, share representative cases, and discuss the utility of ancillary tests. Cytomorphologic features favoring neoplastic condition include high cellularity, cellular atypia/pleomorphism, monomorphic cell population, and frequent apoptosis, whereas lack of atypia, polymorphic cell population, and predominance of small T cells usually represent benign reactive process. Involvement of non-hematolymphoid malignant cells in body fluid should be ruled out first, followed by categorization of the samples into either small/medium-sized cell dominant or large-sized cell dominant fluid. Small/medium-sized cell dominant effusions require ancillary tests when either cellular atypia or history/clinical suspicion of lymphoproliferative disease is present. Large-sized cell dominant effusions usually suggest neoplastic condition, however, in the settings of initial presentation or low overall cellularity, ancillary studies are helpful for more clarification. Ancillary tests including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, clonality test, and next-generation sequencing can be performed using cytologic preparations. Throughout the diagnostic process, proper review of clinical history, cytomorphologic examination, and application of adequate ancillary tests are key elements for successful diagnosis.

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The case of the sneaky lymphoma: solved by flow cytometry
Renu Singh, Md Ali Osama, Rachana Meena, Shailaja Shukla, Jagdish Chandra
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The urgency of Burkitt lymphoma diagnosis in fluid cytology—A tertiary care experience
Soundarya Ravi, Anu K. Devi, Prabhu Manivannan, Debasis Gochhait, Rakhee Kar, Neelaiah Siddaraju
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Immunocytochemistry on frozen-embedded cell block for the diagnosis of hematolymphoid cytology specimen: a straightforward alternative to the conventional cell block
Youjeong Seo, Sanzida Alam Prome, Lucia Kim, Jee Young Han, Joon Mee Kim, Suk Jin Choi
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Lymphoma presenting as the first finding in pleural fluid cytology: A rare cytologic presentation
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Original Articles

Blocking Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury: Badr Alzahrani, Mohamed M. S. Gaballa, Ahmed A. Tantawy, Maha A. Moussa, Salma A. Shoulah, Said M. Elshafae; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(2):81-91. Published online March 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.12.27

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Abstract PDF

Background
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications in coronavirus disease 2019 patients suffering from acute lung injury (ALI). In ARDS, marked distortion of pulmonary architecture has been reported. The pulmonary lesions in ARDS include hemodynamic derangements (such as alveolar edema and hemorrhage), vascular and bronchiolar damage, interstitial inflammatory cellular aggregations, and eventually fibrosis. Bleomycin induces ARDS-representative pulmonary damage in mice and rats; therefore, we used bleomycin model mice in our study. Recently, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was implicated in the development of ARDS and ALI.
Methods
In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of a TLR9 blocker (ODN2088) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary damage. We measured the apoptosis rate, inflammatory reaction, and fibroplasia in bleomycin- and bleomycin + ODN2088-treated mice.
Results
Our results showed a significant amelioration in bleomycin-induced damage to pulmonary architecture following ODN2088 treatment. A marked decrease in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial apoptosis rate as measured by cleaved caspase-3 expression, inflammatory reaction as indicated by tumor necrosis factor α expression, and pulmonary fibrosis as demonstrated by Van Gieson staining and α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry were observed following ODN2088 treatment.
Conclusions
All these findings indicate that blocking downstream TLR9 signaling could be beneficial in prevention or mitigation of ARDS through hemodynamic derangements, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.

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A novel mouse model of myositis-associated interstitial lung disease was established by using TLR9 agonist combined with muscle homogenate
Ling Bai, Jiarui Zhu, Wenlan Ma, Peipei Zhao, Feifei Li, Cen Zhang, Sigong Zhang
Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toll-like Receptor 9 Inhibition Mitigates Fibroproliferative Responses in Translational Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Glenda Trujillo, Alicia Regueiro-Ren, Chunjian Liu, Buqu Hu, Ying Sun, Farida Ahangari, Vitoria Fiorini, Genta Ishikawa, Karam Al Jumaily, Johad Khoury, John McGovern, Chris J. Lee, Xue Yan Peng, Taylor Pivarnik, Huanxing Sun, Anjali Walia, Samuel Woo, Sh
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2025; 211(1): 91. CrossRef
CD103+ dendritic cell–fibroblast crosstalk via TLR9, TDO2, and AHR signaling drives lung fibrogenesis
Hannah Carter, Rita Medina Costa, Taylor S. Adams, Talon M. Gilchrist, Claire E. Emch, Monica Bame, Justin M. Oldham, Steven K. Huang, Angela L. Linderholm, Imre Noth, Naftali Kaminski, Bethany B. Moore, Stephen J. Gurczynski
JCI Insight.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Mitigated Effect of the Combination of Metformin and Stearic Acid to Ameliorate Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats via Inhibiting Gal‐3/Smad3/α‐SMA and TNF‐α/NF‐κβ Signaling Pathways
Maha M. Salem, Nermin S. Youssef, Mai El Keiy, Abeer A. Khamis
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unraveling the Interactive Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Promoting Macrophage Polarization in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Jiajia Zou, Junling Jian, Dehua Ge, Bin Zhou, Jiaxiang Zhang
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanisms underlying dose-limiting toxicities of conventional chemotherapeutic agents
Mohammad Amin Manavi, Mohammad Hosein Fathian Nasab, Razieh Mohammad Jafari, Ahmad Reza Dehpour
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Innate Immune Response-Mediated Inflammation in Viral Pneumonia
Weiwei Ni, Xin Wei, Rui Wu
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Combination of losartan with pirfenidone: a protective anti-fibrotic against pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in rats
Arian Amirkhosravi, Maryamossadat Mirtajaddini Goki, Mahmoud Reza Heidari, Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri, Maryam Iranpour, Maryam Torshabi, Mitra Mehrabani, Ali Mandegary, Mehrnaz Mehrabani
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Suppression of miR-17 Alleviates Acute Respiratory Distress-associated Lung Fibrosis by Regulating Mfn2
Mei-xia Xu, Tao Xu, Ning An
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Alexander M. Ischenko, Ksenia A. Nekrasova, Denis S. Laptev, Dmitry V. Bobkov, Alexander A. Kolobov, Andrey S. Simbirtsev
Cytokines and inflammation.2024; 21(3): 153. CrossRef
TLR9: A friend or a foe
Mona M. Saber, Nada Monir, Azza S. Awad, Marwa E. Elsherbiny, Hala F. Zaki
Life Sciences.2022; 307: 120874. CrossRef

Immunohistochemical expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and CD8 in glioblastomas: Dina Mohamed El Samman, Manal Mohamed El Mahdy, Hala Sobhy Cousha, Zeinab Abd El Rahman Kamar, Khaled Abdel Karim Mohamed, Hoda Hassan Abou Gabal; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(6):388-397. Published online October 14, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.08.04

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Abstract PDF

Background
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults and is characterized by poor prognosis. Immune evasion occurs via programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) interaction. Some malignant tumors have responded to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade treatment strategies, and PD-L1 has been described as a potential predictive biomarker. This study discussed the expression of PD-L1 and CD8 in glioblastomas.
Methods
Thirty cases of glioblastoma were stained immunohistochemically for PD-L1 and CD8, where PD-L1 expression in glioblastoma tumor tissue above 1% is considered positive and CD-8 is expressed in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The expression of each marker was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. Survival analysis was conducted to correlate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with PD-L1 and CD8 expression.
Results
Diffuse/fibrillary PD-L1 was expressed in all cases (mean expression, 57.6%), whereas membranous PD-L1 was expressed in six of 30 cases. CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8⁺ TILs) had a median expression of 10%. PD-L1 and CD8 were positively correlated (p = .001). High PD-L1 expression was associated with worse PFS and OS (p = .026 and p = .001, respectively). Correlation of CD8⁺ TILs percentage with age, sex, tumor site, laterality, and outcomes were statistically insignificant. Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1 was the only independent factor that affected prognosis.
Conclusions
PD-L1 expression in patients with glioblastoma is robust; higher PD-L1 expression is associated with lower CD8+ TIL expression and worse prognosis.

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Pathological diagnosis of central nervous system tumours in adults: what's new?
Evert-Jan Kooi, Lukas Marcelis, Pieter Wesseling
Pathology.2025; 57(2): 144. CrossRef
Expression of Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Astrocytic Tumors and Its Correlation With Histopathological Grade and Proliferative Index (Ki-67): A Cross-Sectional Study
Namita Singh, Ranjana Giri, Prita Pradhan, Diptiranjan Satapathy, Ipsita Debata
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immune intrinsic escape signature stratifies prognosis, characterizes the tumor immune microenvironment, and identifies tumorigenic PPP1R8 in glioblastoma multiforme patients
Ran Du, Lijun Jing, Denggang Fu
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PD-L1 Clones and Their Relevance in Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype: A Comparative Analysis
Michal Hendrych, Frantisek Vana, Marketa Hermanova, Radek Lakomy, Tomas Kazda, Kvetoslava Matulova, Alena Kopkova, Martina Jelinkova, Radim Jancalek, Martin Smrcka, Vaclav Vybihal, Jiri Sana
Bratislava Medical Journal.2025; 126(9): 2233. CrossRef
Tumor-associated microenvironment, PD-L1 expression and their relationship with immunotherapy in glioblastoma, IDH-wild type: A comprehensive review with emphasis on the implications for neuropathologists
Giuseppe Broggi, Giuseppe Angelico, Jessica Farina, Giordana Tinnirello, Valeria Barresi, Magda Zanelli, Andrea Palicelli, Francesco Certo, Giuseppe Barbagallo, Gaetano Magro, Rosario Caltabiano
Pathology - Research and Practice.2024; 254: 155144. CrossRef
Immunophenotypic Profile of Adult Glioblastoma IDH-Wildtype Microenvironment: A Cohort Study
Sofia Asioli, Lidia Gatto, Uri Vardy, Claudio Agostinelli, Vincenzo Di Nunno, Simona Righi, Alicia Tosoni, Francesca Ambrosi, Stefania Bartolini, Caterina Giannini, Enrico Franceschi
Cancers.2024; 16(22): 3859. CrossRef
Analysis of PD-L1 and CD3 Expression in Glioblastoma Patients and Correlation with Outcome: A Single Center Report
Navid Sobhani, Victoria Bouchè, Giovanni Aldegheri, Andrea Rocca, Alberto D’Angelo, Fabiola Giudici, Cristina Bottin, Carmine Antonio Donofrio, Maurizio Pinamonti, Benvenuto Ferrari, Stefano Panni, Marika Cominetti, Jahard Aliaga, Marco Ungari, Antonio Fi
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Immuno-PET Imaging of Tumour PD-L1 Expression in Glioblastoma
Gitanjali Sharma, Marta C. Braga, Chiara Da Pieve, Wojciech Szopa, Tatjana Starzetz, Karl H. Plate, Wojciech Kaspera, Gabriela Kramer-Marek
Cancers.2023; 15(12): 3131. CrossRef

Post-mortem assessment of vimentin expression as a biomarker for renal tubular regeneration following acute kidney injury: Juan Carlos Alvarez Moreno, Hisham F. Bahmad, Christopher A. Febres-Aldana, Andrés Pirela, Andres Azuero, Ali Salami, Robert Poppiti; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(6):369-379. Published online October 14, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.08.03

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Abstract PDF

Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. It mainly targets the renal tubular epithelium with pathological changes, referred to as acute tubular injury. The latter is followed by a regenerative response that is difficult to visualize on routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. In this study, we examined the regenerative capacity of renal tubules by correlating vimentin (VIM) immunohistochemical (IHC) expression and pathological findings of AKI and renal tubular regeneration (RTR) on H&E.
Methods
We reviewed 23 autopsies performed in the clinical setting of AKI and RTR. VIM expression was scored in the renal cortical tubular epithelium using a statistical cutoff ≥ 3% for high expression and < 3% for low expression.
Results
Of the 23 kidney tissues examined, seven (30.4%) had low VIM expression, and 16 (69.6%) had high VIM expression. Kidney tissues with evidence of AKI and RTR had significantly higher VIM expression. Renal peritubular microenvironment features showing regenerative changes on H&E were associated with high VIM expression. In the univariate model, kidney tissues with RTR were 18-fold more likely to have high VIM expression.
Conclusions
In conclusion, our findings suggest that VIM could serve as an IHC marker for RTR following AKI. However, correlation with H&E findings remains critical to excluding chronic tubular damage. Collectively, our preliminary results pave the way for future studies including a larger sample size to validate the use of VIM as a reliable biomarker for RTR.

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Clarissa Savko, Carolina Esquer, Claudia Molinaro, Sophie Rokaw, Abraham G. Shain, Faid Jaafar, Morgan K. Wright, Joy A. Phillips, Tyler Hopkins, Sama Mikhail, Abigail Rieder, Ariana Mardani, Barbara Bailey, Mark A. Sussman
Journal of the American Heart Association.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatio-temporal transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct nephrotoxicity, DNA damage, and regeneration response after cisplatin
Lukas S. Wijaya, Steven J. Kunnen, Panuwat Trairatphisan, Ciarán P. Fisher, Meredith E. Crosby, Kai Schaefer, Karen Bodié, Erin E. Vaughan, Laura Breidenbach, Thomas Reich, Diana Clausznitzer, Sylvestre Bonnet, Sipeng Zheng, Chantal Pont, James L. Stevens
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Characterization of macrophages in ischemia–reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury based on single-cell RNA-Seq and bulk RNA-Seq analysis
Qin Wang, Yuxing Liu, Yan Zhang, Siyuan Zhang, Meifang Zhao, Zhangzhe Peng, Hui Xu, Hao Huang
International Immunopharmacology.2024; 130: 111754. CrossRef
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Morin attenuates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by regulating inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and tubular regeneration (morin and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury)
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Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.2024; 111: 104543. CrossRef

Programmed death-ligand 1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in non-small cell lung cancer: association with clinicopathologic parameters: Gaurav Garg, Kuruswamy Thurai Prasad, Navneet Singh, Parul Gupta, Valliappan Muthu, Ashim Das, Amanjit Bal; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(6):398-405. Published online October 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.08.08

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Data on the prevalence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their clinical significance in Indian patients are limited.
Methods
Newly diagnosed NSCLC cases (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma [SqCC] histology) were included in the present study. The TILs were evaluated based on morphology on hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides. PD-L1 expression in tumors was assessed using immunohistochemistry with rabbit monoclonal antibody (SP263) on the Ventana automated immunostainer. Tumors with PD-L1 expression > 50% on tumor cells were considered PD-L1–positive. Tumors in which TILs occupy > 25% of stroma were considered to have high TILs. The association of PD-L1 expression and TILs with various clinical parameters including overall survival (OS) was investigated.
Results
The present study included 128 cases of NSCLC (67 adenocarcinoma, 61 SqCC). PD-L1 positivity was observed in 17.2% of the patients with NSCLC. Baseline characteristics of PD-L1–positive subjects were similar to PD-L1–negative subjects except for a higher prevalence of liver metastasis (18.2% vs. 2.8%; p = .018) and a higher probability of diagnosis from extrapulmonary biopsies. High TILs were observed in 26.6% of the subjects. However, PD-L1 expression and high TIL did not affect OS.
Conclusions
PD-L1 positivity and high TILs were observed in 20% and 25% of the patients with NSCLC, respectively, however, neither were predictors of survival in SqCC.

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PDL1 and IDO‐2 Immunohistochemistry in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Versus Bronchoscopic Biopsy of Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Menna Allah Hesham Mohammed Fekry, Yosria Mohammed El‐Gohary, Hesham Radwan Abd‐Elaziz, Tarek Hamdy Hassan, Mona Mostafa Ahmed
Cytopathology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiplex plasma protein assays as a diagnostic tool for lung cancer
Mohammad Tanvir Ahamed, Jenny Forshed, Adrian Levitsky, Janne Lehtiö, Amanj Bajalan, Maria Pernemalm, Lars E. Eriksson, Björn Andersson
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Pathology.2023; 55(7): 922. CrossRef

A multicenter study of interobserver variability in pathologic diagnosis of papillary breast lesions on core needle biopsy with WHO classification: Hye Ju Kang, Sun Young Kwon, Ahrong Kim, Woo Gyeong Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Ae Ree Kim, Chungyeul Kim, Soo Kee Min, So Young Park, Sun Hee Sung, Hye Kyoung Yoon, Ahwon Lee, Ji Shin Lee, Hyang Im Lee, Ho Chang Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Sun Young Jun, Min Jung Jung, Chang Won Jung, Soo Youn Cho, Eun Yoon Cho, Hye Jeong Choi, So Yeon Park, Jee Yeon Kim, In Ae Park, Youngmee Kwon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(6):380-387. Published online October 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.07.29

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Papillary breast lesions (PBLs) comprise diverse entities from benign and atypical lesions to malignant tumors. Although PBLs are characterized by a papillary growth pattern, it is challenging to achieve high diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility. Thus, we investigated the diagnostic reproducibility of PBLs in core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens with World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
Methods
Diagnostic reproducibility was assessed using interobserver variability (kappa value, κ) and agreement rate in the pathologic diagnosis of 60 PBL cases on CNB among 20 breast pathologists affiliated with 20 medical institutions in Korea. This analysis was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and p63. The pathologic diagnosis of PBLs was based on WHO classification, which was used to establish simple classifications (4-tier, 3-tier, and 2-tier).
Results
On WHO classification, H&E staining exhibited ‘fair agreement’ (κ = 0.21) with a 47.0% agreement rate. Simple classifications presented improvement in interobserver variability and agreement rate. IHC staining increased the kappa value and agreement rate in all the classifications. Despite IHC staining, the encapsulated/solid papillary carcinoma (EPC/SPC) subgroup (κ = 0.16) exhibited lower agreement compared to the non-EPC/SPC subgroup (κ = 0.35) with WHO classification, which was similar to the results of any other classification systems.
Conclusions
Although the use of IHC staining for CK5 and p63 increased the diagnostic agreement of PBLs in CNB specimens, WHO classification exhibited a higher discordance rate compared to any other classifications. Therefore, this result warrants further intensive consensus studies to improve the diagnostic reproducibility of PBLs with WHO classification.

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Case Study

A case of concomitant EGFR/ALK alteration against a mutated EGFR background in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma: Ki-Chang Lee, Jiwon Koh, Doo Hyun Chung, Yoon Kyung Jeon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(2):139-144. Published online January 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.12.16

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Abstract PDF

Rare cases of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with concomitant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation have been reported. However, their clonal and evolutional relationship remains unclear. We report a case of early-stage EGFR-mutated LUAD with a focal concomitant EGFR/ALK alteration. A 63-year-old male underwent lobectomy to remove a 1.9-cm-sized lung nodule, which was diagnosed with EGFR-mutated LUAD. ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed focal positivity within the part of the tumor characterized by lepidic pattern, also confirmed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed separately on the ALK IHC/FISH-positive and -negative areas. EGFR L833V/L858R mutations were detected in both areas, whereas EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4)-ALK translocations was confirmed only in the ALK IHC/FISH-positive area, suggesting the divergence of an EGFR/ALK co-altered subclone from the original EGFR-mutant clone. Our study suggests that concurrent alterations of EGFR and ALK can arise via divergent tumor evolution, even in the relatively early phases of tumorigenesis.

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Original Article

Causes of necrotic features in fine-needle aspirates from cervical lymph nodes: Young Jin Seo, Hyeongchan Shin, Hye Won Lee, Hye Ra Jung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):60-67. Published online November 27, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.09.28

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Abstract PDF

Background
Lymph node fine-needle aspiration (LN FNA) cytology indicates necrosis in various diseases. Dominant necrotic features make the diagnosis of underlying conditions very difficult.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 460 patients who underwent cervical LN aspiration cytology that revealed necrotic findings at Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital in Daegu, Korea, from 2003–2017. Each specimen was evaluated and analyzed in association with the clinical findings, biopsy findings, and/or other ancillary tests, including acid-fast bacilli staining and molecular testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Results
When necrotic features were noted upon cervical LN FNA cytology, the most common pathologic LN FNA category was necrosis alone (31.5%). The second most common category was granulomatous inflammation (31.3%), followed by Kikuchi disease (20.0%) and malignant neoplasm (8.7%). In cases where the cervical LN FNA revealed necrosis alone, the most common final diagnosis was tuberculosis. In young patients, Kikuchi disease should be considered as one cervical LN FNA category, while metastatic carcinoma should be suspected in older patients.
Conclusions
Even when necrosis alone is observed in LN FNA cytology, it is important to determine the cause through further evaluation.

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Reviews

DNA-protein biomarkers for immunotherapy in the era of precision oncology: Binnari Kim, So Young Kang, Kyoung-Mee Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):26-32. Published online November 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.09.23

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Abstract PDF

The use of biomarkers to guide patient and therapy selection has gained much attention to increase the scope and complexity of targeted therapy options and immunotherapy. Clinical trials provide a basis for discovery of biomarkers, which can then aid in development of new drugs. To that end, samples from cancer patients, including DNA, RNA, protein, and the metabolome isolated from cancer tissues and blood or urine, are analyzed in various ways to identify relevant biomarkers. In conjunction with nucleotide-based, high-throughput, next-generation sequencing techniques, therapy-guided biomarker assays relying on protein-based immunohistochemistry play a pivotal role in cancer care. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding DNA and protein biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy

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Yusuke Miyajima, Takeshi Kawakami
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Pathologic interpretation of endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy for pancreatic lesions: Haeryoung Kim, Kee-Taek Jang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):367-377. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.07.21

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Abstract PDF

Pathologic interpretation of endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology/biopsy specimens is one of the most challenging tasks in cytology and surgical pathology practice, as the procedure often yields minimal amounts of diagnostic material and contains contaminants, such as blood cells and normal intestinal mucosa. EUS-FNA cytology/biopsy will nevertheless become a more popular procedure for evaluation of various pancreatic lesions because they are difficult to approach with conventional endoscopic procedures. Pathologists should understand the structural differences and limitations of EUS-FNA that make pathologic diagnosis difficult. Ancillary tests are available for differential diagnosis of EUS-FNA for various pancreatic lesions. Immunostains are the most commonly used ancillary tests, and pathologists should able to choose the necessary panel for differential diagnosis. Pathologists should review clinical history and radiologic and/or EUS findings before selecting an immunostain panel and making a pathologic diagnosis. In addition, one’s threshold of malignancy should be adjusted according to the appropriate clinical setting to avoid under-evaluation of pathologic diagnoses. Clinico-pathologic correlation is essential in pathologic evaluation of EUS-FNA for pancreatic lesions. Pathologists can reduce errors by correlating clinical and radiologic findings when evaluating EUS-FNA. Some molecular tests can be applied in differential diagnosis of pancreatic neoplastic and cystic lesions. Molecular data should be used as supportive evidence of a specific disease entity, rather than direct evidence, and should be correlated with clinico-pathologic findings to avoid errors in pathologic diagnosis.

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Diagnostic Performance of EUS‐FNA for Pancreatic Lesions at Tertiary Centers in Iran Without Rapid On‐Site Evaluation
Maryam Bazmandegan, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Kamran Bagheri Lankarani, Zahra Beyzaei, Bita Geramizadeh
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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Pancreatic Tissue Sampling: Lesion Assessment, Needles, and Techniques
Jahnvi Dhar, Jayanta Samanta, Zaheer Nabi, Manik Aggarwal, Maria Cristina Conti Bellocchi, Antonio Facciorusso, Luca Frulloni, Stefano Francesco Crinò
Medicina.2024; 60(12): 2021. CrossRef
A prospective randomized noninferiority trial comparing conventional smears and SurePathTM liquid-based cytology in endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of esophageal, gastric, and duodenal lesions
Jae Chang Jun, Sang Hyub Lee, Han Myung Lee, Sang Gyun Kim, Hyunsoo Chung, Joo Seong Kim, Namyoung Park, Jin Ho Choi, Yoonjin Kwak, Soo-Jeong Cho
Medicine.2023; 102(29): e34321. CrossRef
Double Ki-67 and synaptophysin labeling in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor biopsies
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Comparison of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration with 19-Gauge and 22-Gauge Needles for Solid Pancreatic Lesions
Changjuan Li, Jianwei Mi, Fulai Gao, Xinying Zhu, Miao Su, Xiaoli Xie, Dongqiang Zhao
International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 10439. CrossRef

Thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology in Taiwan: a nationwide survey and literature update: Chien-Chin Chen, Jen-Fan Hang, Chih-Yi Liu, Yeh-Han Wang, Chiung-Ru Lai; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):361-366. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.07.17

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Abstract PDF

In Taiwan, thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology is easily accessible and reliable for evaluating thyroid nodules. The sonographic pattern plays a major role and is the deciding factor for aspiration. We conducted a nationwide survey in 2017 and it revealed that 31% of laboratories had adopted The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. There was a relatively high unsatisfactory rate (24.04%) and low rates of indeterminate diagnoses, including atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance: 4.87%, and follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm: 0.35%. Moreover, the risks of malignancy in benign, atypia of undetermined significance, and suspicious for a follicular neoplasm were relatively high. These may reflect strict diagnostic criteria for indeterminate categories and better patient selection for surgery. Improvements in specimen sampling and continuing education programs are crucial. Newly-developed thyroid cytology technologies, such as immunocytochemistry, molecular testing, and computerized cytomorphometry, may further facilitate cytology diagnoses.

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Yeh‐Han Wang, Wen‐Ying Lee, Jen‐Fan Hang
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Wen‐Ying Lee, Hsiu‐Chu Wang, Lee‐E Huang, Min‐Hui Tseng, Shu‐Hui Chiang, Ching‐Chien Lee
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Original Articles

A retrospective cytohistological correlation of fine-needle aspiration cytology with classification by the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: Ji Hyun Park, Yoon Jin Cha, Ja Yeong Seo, Jae Yol Lim, Soon Won Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):419-425. Published online July 8, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.06.09

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Abstract PDF

Background
Before publication of the new classification system named the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) in 2018, there was no standard classification for salivary gland lesions obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We therefore aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of this system by retrospectively reviewing FNA samples using the MSRSGC and to determine their risk of developing into neoplasms and becoming malignant.
Methods
Retrospective slide review and classification of salivary gland FNAs obtained over a 6-year period (2013–2018) at a single center were performed by two pathologists. The risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each category also were calculated.
Results
This study surveyed 374 FNAs (371 patients) performed over a six-year period and selected 148 cases that included documented surgical follow-up (39.6%). Among the surgically treated cases, the distributions of FNA categories were as follows: non-diagnostic (ND; 16.9%), non-neoplastic (NN; 2.7%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS; 3.4%), benign (BN; 54.7%), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP; 10.1%), suspicious for malignancy (SM; 6.8%), and malignant (M; 5.4%). The risk of malignancy (ROM) was 24.0% for ND, 0% for NN, 40.0% for AUS, 2.5% for BN, 46.7% for SUMP, 100% for SM, and 87.5% for M. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 95.9% (142/148 cases).
Conclusions
The newly proposed MSRSGC appears to be a reliable system for classification of salivary gland lesions according to the associated ROM.

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The Impact of Lesion-Specific and Sampling-Related Factors on Success of Salivary Gland Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Marcel Mayer, Mohammad Marwan Alfarra, Kathrin Möllenhoff, Marianne Engels, Christoph Arolt, Alexander Quaas, Philipp Wolber, Louis Jansen, Lisa Nachtsheim, Maria Grosheva, Jens Peter Klussmann, Sami Shabli
Head and Neck Pathology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Myriad Spectrum of Salivary Gland Lesions: Cytohistological Correlation on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Core Needle Biopsy, and Resections in a 5‐Year Single Institutional Experience of North India
Zachariah Chowdhury, Pallavi Majumdar, Sumeet Narain, Komal Lamba
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2025; 53(8): 391. CrossRef
Diagnostic Performance of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology and a Proposed Algorithm for Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Salivary Gland Lesions
Norihide Mochizuki, Hirotaka Fujita, Takuma Tajiri, Masataka Ueda, Makiko Kurata, Chie Inomoto, Tomoko Sugiyama, Daisuke Maki, Shuichi Shiraishi, Tomohisa Machida, Hitoshi Ito, Yohei Masugi, Naoya Nakamura
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Asima Malik, Ahlam Mushtaq, Salma Bhat, Suhail Naik
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics.2025; 13(1): 23. CrossRef
The Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology – Assessment of utility and the risk of malignancy
Annu E. Prakash, Renu Sukumaran, Nileena Nayak, K. Lakshmi, Anitha Mathews, Jayasree Kattoor
Indian Journal of Cancer.2024; 61(3): 575. CrossRef
Salivary gland fine-needle aspiration biopsy: quality assurance results from a tertiary cancer center
Fanni Ratzon, Dominique L. Feliciano, Nora Katabi, Bin Xu, Oscar Lin, Xiao-Jun Wei
Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.2023; 12(3): 206. CrossRef
Cytohistological correlation and risk stratification of salivary gland lesions using the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: A tertiary care centre experience
Tarun Kumar, Prerna Tewari, Jitendra Singh Nigam, Shreekant Bharti, Surabhi, Ruchi Sinha, Punam Prasad Bhadani
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Assessment of Risk of Malignancy of Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology in Salivary Gland Lesions Using the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology Categorization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Amit Kumar, Subhash Chandra, Bishnupati Singh, Swati Sharma, Ankita Tandon, Ajoy Kumar Shahi
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2023; 23(10): 1039. CrossRef
Milan Sınıflandırma Sistemi’ne Göre Değerlendirilen Tükürük Bezi İnce İğne Aspirasyon Sitolojilerinin Histopatolojik Tanı Uyumu
Özlem SARAYDAROĞLU, Selin YİRMİBEŞ
Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 49(3): 285. CrossRef
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Samih J. Nassif, Ali R. Sasani, Garrey T. Faller, Jennifer L. Harb, Jagdish K. Dhingra
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Shu K. Lui, Troy Tenney, Patrick C. Mullane, Kartik Viswanathan, Daniel J. Lubin
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Prediction of TP53 mutations by p53 immunohistochemistry and their prognostic significance in gastric cancer: Hye Jung Hwang, Soo Kyung Nam, Hyunjin Park, Yujun Park, Jiwon Koh, Hee Young Na, Yoonjin Kwak, Woo Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):378-386. Published online July 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.06.01

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Recently, molecular classifications of gastric cancer (GC) have been proposed that include TP53 mutations and their functional activity. We aimed to demonstrate the correlation between p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and TP53 mutations as well as their clinicopathological significance in GC.
Methods
Deep targeted sequencing was performed using surgical or biopsy specimens from 120 patients with GC. IHC for p53 was performed and interpreted as strong, weak, or negative expression. In 18 cases (15.0%) with discrepant TP53 mutation and p53 IHC results, p53 IHC was repeated.
Results
Strong expression of p53 was associated with TP53 missense mutations, negative expression with other types of mutations, and weak expression with wild-type TP53 (p<.001). The sensitivity for each category was 90.9%, 79.0%, and 80.9%, and the specificity was 95.4%, 88.1%, and 92.3%, respectively. The TNM stage at initial diagnosis exhibited a significant correlation with both TP53 mutation type (p=.004) and p53 expression status (p=.029). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for 109 stage II and III GC cases showed that patients with TP53 missense mutations had worse overall survival than those in the wild-type and other mutation groups (p=.028). Strong expression of p53 was also associated with worse overall survival in comparison to negative and weak expression (p=.035).
Conclusions
Results of IHC of the p53 protein may be used as a simple surrogate marker of TP53 mutations. However, negative expression of p53 and other types of mutations of TP53 should be carefully interpreted because of its lower sensitivity and different prognostic implications.

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Review

Evolving pathologic concepts of serrated lesions of the colorectum: Jung Ho Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(4):276-289. Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.04.15

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the histopathology and molecular pathology of serrated colorectal lesions. First, we introduce the updated contents of the 2019 World Health Organization classification for serrated lesions. The sessile serrated lesion (SSL) is a new diagnostic terminology that replaces sessile serrated adenoma and sessile serrated polyp. The diagnostic criteria for SSL were revised to require only one unequivocal distorted serrated crypt, which is sufficient for diagnosis. Unclassified serrated adenomas have been included as a new category of serrated lesions. Second, we review ongoing issues concerning the morphology of serrated lesions. Minor morphologic variants with distinct molecular features were recently defined, including serrated tubulovillous adenoma, mucin-rich variant of traditional serrated adenoma (TSA), and superficially serrated adenoma. In addition to intestinal dysplasia and serrated dysplasia, minimal deviation dysplasia and not otherwise specified dysplasia were newly suggested as dysplasia subtypes of SSLs. Third, we summarize the molecular features of serrated lesions. The critical determinant of CpG island methylation development in SSLs is patient age. Interestingly, there may be ethnic differences in BRAF/KRAS mutation frequencies in SSLs. The molecular pathogenesis of TSAs is divided into KRAS and BRAF mutation pathways. SSLs with MLH1 methylation can progress into favorable prognostic microsatellite instability-positive (MSI+)/CpG island methylator phenotype-positive (CIMP+) carcinomas, whereas MLH1-unmethylated SSLs and BRAF-mutated TSAs can be precursors of poor-prognostic MSI−/CIMP+ carcinomas. Finally, based on our recent data, we propose an algorithm for stratifying risk subgroups of non-dysplastic SSLs.

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Original Articles

Peripheral type squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic characteristics in comparison to the central type: Yeoun Eun Sung, Uiju Cho, Kyo Young Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(4):290-299. Published online June 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.05.04

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208 Download
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Abstract PDF

Background
Squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs) of the lung are known to arise more often in a central area but reports of peripheral SqCCs have increased, with a pathogenesis that is obscured. In this study, the clinicopathologic characteristics of peripheral lung SqCCs were studied and compared with those of the central type.
Methods
This study included 63 peripheral lung SqCCs and 48 randomly selected central cases; hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of surgically resected specimens were reviewed in conjunction with radiologic images and clinical history. Cytokeratin-7 immunohistochemical staining of key slides and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/KRAS mutations tested by DNA sequencing were also included.
Results
Stages of peripheral SqCCs were significantly lower than central SqCCs (p=.016). Cystic change of the mass (p=.007), presence of interstitial fibrosis (p=0.007), and anthracosis (p=.049) in the background lung were significantly associated with the peripheral type. Cytokeratin-7 positivity was also higher in peripheral SqCCs with cutoffs of both 10% and 50% (p=.011). Pathogenic mutations in EGFR and KRAS were observed in only one case out of the 72 evaluated. The Cox proportional hazard model indicated a significantly better disease-free survival (p=.009) and the tendency of better overall survival (p=.106) in the peripheral type.
Conclusions
In peripheral type, lower stage is a favorable factor for survival but more frequent interstitial fibrosis and older age are unfavorable factors. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that peripheral type is associated with better disease-free survival. The pathogenesis of peripheral lung SqCCs needs further investigation, together with consideration of the background lung conditions.

Citations

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Highly prevalent BRAF V600E and low-frequency TERT promoter mutations underlie papillary thyroid carcinoma in Koreans: Sue Youn Kim, Taeeun Kim, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim, Chan Kwon Jung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(4):310-317. Published online June 15, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.05.12

11,401 View
199 Download
29 Web of Science
31 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Background
The presence of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations have been associated with a poor prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). The frequency of TERT promoter mutations varies widely depending on the population and the nature of the study.
Methods
Data were prospectively collected in 724 consecutive patients who underwent thyroidectomy for PTC from 2018 to 2019. Molecular testing for BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations was performed in all cases.
Results
TERT promoter alterations in two hotspots (C228T and C250T) and C216T were found in 16 (2.2%) and 4 (0.6%) of all PTCs, respectively. The hotspot mutations were significantly associated with older age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, higher pathologic T category, lateral lymph node metastasis, and higher American Thyroid Association recurrence risk. The patients with C216T variant were younger and had a lower American Thyroid Association recurrence risk than those with hotspot mutations. Concurrent BRAF V600E was found in 19 of 20 cases with TERT promoter mutations. Of 518 microcarcinomas measuring ≤1.0 cm in size, hotspot mutations and C216T variants were detected in five (1.0%) and three (0.6%) cases, respectively.
Conclusions
Our study indicates a low frequency of TERT promoter mutations in Korean patients with PTC and supports previous findings that TERT promoter mutations are more common in older patients with unfavorable clinicopathologic features and BRAF V600E. TERT promoter mutations in patients with microcarcinoma are uncommon and may have a limited role in risk stratification. The C216T variant seems to have no clinicopathologic effect on PTC.

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Double cocktail immunostains with high molecular weight cytokeratin and GATA-3: useful stain to discriminate in situ involvement of prostatic ducts or acini from stromal invasion by urothelial carcinoma in the prostate: Junghye Lee, Youngeun Yoo, Sanghui Park, Min-Sun Cho, Sun Hee Sung, Jae Y. Ro; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(2):146-153. Published online February 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.11.12

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Abstract PDF

Background
Distinguishing prostatic stromal invasion (PSI) by urothelial carcinoma (UC) from in situ UC involving prostatic ducts or acini with no stromal invasion (in situ involvement) may be challenging on hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. However, the distinction between them is important because cases with PSI show worse prognosis. This study was performed to assess the utility of double cocktail immunostains with high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK) and GATA-3 to discriminate PSI by UC from in situ UC involvement of prostatic ducts or acini in the prostate.
Methods
Among 117 radical cystoprostatectomy specimens for bladder UCs, 25 cases showed secondary involvement of bladder UC in prostatic ducts/acini only or associated stromal invasion and of these 25 cases, seven cases revealed equivocal PSI. In these seven cases with equivocal PSI, HMWCK, and GATA-3 double immunohistochemical stains were performed to identify whether this cocktail stain is useful to identify the stromal invasion.
Results
In all cases, basal cells of prostate glands showed strong cytoplasmic staining for HMWCK and UC cells showed strong nuclear staining for GATA-3. In cases with stromal invasion of UC, GATA-3-positive tumor cells in the prostatic stroma without surrounding HMWCK-positive basal cells were highlighted and easily recognized. Among seven equivocal cases, two cases showed PSI and five in situ UC in the prostate. In two cases, the original diagnoses were revised.
Conclusions
Our study suggested that HMWCK and GATA-3 double stains could be utilized as an adjunct method in the distinction between PSI by UC from in situ UC involving prostatic ducts or acini.

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Aberrant expression of GATA3 in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate: an important pitfall
João Lobo, Nazario P Tenace, Sofia Cañete‐Portillo, Isa Carneiro, Rui Henrique, Roberta Lucianò, Lara R Harik, Cristina Magi‐Galluzzi
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Review

Tumor immune response and immunotherapy in gastric cancer: Yoonjin Kwak, An Na Seo, Hee Eun Lee, Hye Seung Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):20-33. Published online November 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.10.08

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748 Download
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Abstract PDF

Remarkable developments in immuno-oncology have changed the landscape of gastric cancer (GC) treatment. Because immunotherapy intervenes with tumor immune response rather than directly targeting tumor cells, it is important to develop a greater understanding of tumor immunity. This review paper summarizes the tumor immune reaction and immune escape mechanisms while focusing on the role of T cells and their co-inhibitory signals, such as the immune checkpoint molecules programmed death-1 and programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1). This paper also describes past clinical trials of immunotherapy for patients with GC and details their clinical implications. Strong predictive markers are essential to improve response to immunotherapy. Microsatellite instability, Epstein-Barr virus, PD-L1 expression, and tumor mutational burden are now regarded as potent predictive markers for immunotherapy in patients with GC. Novel immunotherapy and combination therapy targeting new immune checkpoint molecules such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3, T cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain containing-3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase have been suggested, and trials are ongoing to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Immunotherapy is an important treatment option for patients with GC and has great potential for improving patient outcome, and further research in immuno-oncology should be carried out.

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Case Study

Morule-like features in pulmonary adenocarcinoma associated with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: two case reports with targeted next-generation sequencing analysis: Yoo Jin Lee, Harim Oh, Eojin Kim, Bokyung Ahn, Jeong Hyeon Lee, Youngseok Lee, Yang Seok Chae, Chul Hwan Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):119-122. Published online November 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.09.30

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Abstract PDF

Morules, or morule-like features, can be identified in benign and malignant lesions in various organs. Morular features are unusual in pulmonary adenocarcinoma cases with only 26 cases reported to date. Here, we describe two cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with morule-like features in Korean women. One patient had a non-mucinous-type adenocarcinoma in situ and the other had an acinarpredominant adenocarcinoma with a micropapillary component. Both patients showed multiple intra-alveolar, nodular, whorled proliferative foci composed of atypical spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of the tumors. Results showed unusual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, which are associated with drug resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, revealing the importance of identifying morule-like features in pulmonary adenocarcinoma and the need for additional study, since there are few reported cases.

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Pulmonary adenocarcinoma in situ with morule - like components: A surgical case report
Mitsuteru Yosida, Mitsuru Tomita, Naoya Kawakita, Teruki Shimizu, Ryou Yamada, Hiromitsu Takizawa, Hisanori Uehara
Respiratory Medicine Case Reports.2024; 48: 102008. CrossRef
Clinicopathological, Radiological, and Molecular Features of Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma with Morule-Like Components
Li-Li Wang, Li Ding, Peng Zhao, Jing-Jing Guan, Xiao-Bin Ji, Xiao-Li Zhou, Shi-Hong Shao, Yu-Wei Zou, Wei-Wei Fu, Dong-Liang Lin, Dong Pan
Disease Markers.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef

Original Articles

Reclassification of Mongolian Diffuse Gliomas According to the Revised 2016 World Health Organization Central Nervous System Tumor Classification: Enkhee Ochirjav, Bayarmaa Enkhbat, Tuul Baldandorj, Gheeyoung Choe; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(5):298-307. Published online August 2, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.07.15

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Abstract PDF

Background
The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors has been modified to incorporate the IDH mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion in the diagnosis of diffuse gliomas. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility and prognostic significance of the revised 2016 WHO classification of CNS tumors in Mongolian patients with diffuse gliomas.
Methods
A total of 124 cases of diffuse gliomas were collected, and tissue microarray blocks were made. IDH1 mutation was tested using immunohistochemistry, and 1p/19q co-deletion status was examined using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.
Results
According to the 2016 WHO classification, 124 cases of diffuse brain glioma were reclassified as follows: 10 oligodendroglioma, IDH^mut and 1p/19q co-deleted; three anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH^mut and 1p/19q co-deleted; 35 diffuse astrocytoma, IDH^mut, 11 diffuse astrocytoma, IDH^wt, not otherwise specified (NOS); 22 anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH^mut, eight anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH^wt, NOS; and 35 glioblastoma, IDH^wt, NOS, respectively. The 2016 WHO classification presented better prognostic value for overall survival in patients with grade II tumors than traditional histological classification. Among patients with grade II tumors, those with oligodendroglioma IDH^mut and 1p/19q co-deleted and diffuse astrocytoma IDH^mut showed significantly higher survival than those with diffuse astrocytoma IDH^wt, NOS (p<.01).
Conclusions
Mongolian diffuse gliomas could be reclassified according to the new 2016 WHO classification. Reclassification revealed substantial changes in diagnosis of both oligodendroglial and astrocytic entities. We have confirmed that the revised 2016 WHO CNS tumor classification has prognostic significance in Mongolian patients with diffuse gliomas, especially those with grade II tumors.

Citations

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Targeted next‐generation sequencing of adult gliomas for retrospective prognostic evaluation and up‐front diagnostics
J. K. Petersen, H. B. Boldt, M. D. Sørensen, S. Blach, R. H. Dahlrot, S. Hansen, M. Burton, M. Thomassen, T. Kruse, F. R. Poulsen, L. Andreasen, H. Hager, B. P. Ulhøi, S. Lukacova, G. Reifenberger, B. W. Kristensen
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology.2021; 47(1): 108. CrossRef

CpG Island Methylation in Sessile Serrated Adenoma/Polyp of the Colorectum: Implications for Differential Diagnosis of Molecularly High-Risk Lesions among Non-dysplastic Sessile Serrated Adenomas/Polyps: Ji Ae Lee, Hye Eun Park, Seung-Yeon Yoo, Seorin Jeong, Nam-Yun Cho, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Jung Ho Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):225-235. Published online March 19, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.03.12

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Although colorectal sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) with morphologic dysplasia are regarded as definite high-risk premalignant lesions, no reliable grading or risk-stratifying system exists for non-dysplastic SSA/Ps. The accumulation of CpG island methylation is a molecular hallmark of progression of SSA/Ps. Thus, we decided to classify non-dysplastic SSA/Ps into risk subgroups based on the extent of CpG island methylation.
Methods
The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status of 132 non-dysplastic SSA/Ps was determined using eight CIMP-specific promoter markers. SSA/Ps with CIMP-high and/or MLH1 promoter methylation were regarded as a high-risk subgroup.
Results
Based on the CIMP analysis results, methylation frequency of each CIMP marker suggested a sequential pattern of CpG island methylation during progression of SSA/P, indicating MLH1 as a late-methylated marker. Among the 132 non-dysplastic SSA/Ps, 34 (26%) were determined to be high-risk lesions (33 CIMP-high and 8 MLH1-methylated cases; seven cases overlapped). All 34 high-risk SSA/Ps were located exclusively in the proximal colon (100%, p = .001) and were significantly associated with older age (≥ 50 years, 100%; p = .003) and a larger histologically measured lesion size (> 5 mm, 100%; p = .004). In addition, the high-risk SSA/Ps were characterized by a relatively higher number of typical base-dilated serrated crypts.
Conclusions
Both CIMP-high and MLH1 methylation are late-step molecular events during progression of SSA/Ps and rarely occur in SSA/Ps of young patients. Comprehensive consideration of age (≥ 50), location (proximal colon), and histologic size (> 5 mm) may be important for the prediction of high-risk lesions among non-dysplastic SSA/Ps.

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MLH1 Methylation Status and Microsatellite Instability in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Manuel Alejandro Rico-Méndez, Miguel Angel Trujillo-Rojas, María de la Luz Ayala-Madrigal, Jesús Arturo Hernández-Sandoval, Anahí González-Mercado, Melva Gutiérrez-Angulo, José Geovanni Romero-Quintana, Jesús Alonso Valenzuela-Pérez, Ruth Ramírez-Ramírez,
Genes.2025; 16(2): 182. CrossRef
Histologic Reappraisal and Evaluation of MLH1 Protein Expression in Sessile Serrated Lesions of the Proximal Colon
Priscilla de Sene Portel Oliveira, Miriam Aparecida da Silva Trevisan, Rita Barbosa de Carvalho, Rita de Cássia Perina Martins, João José Fagundes, Claudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy, Ashwini Esnakula
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immune microenvironmental heterogeneity according to tumor DNA methylation phenotypes in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancers
Jung Ho Kim, Jiyun Hong, Ji Ae Lee, Minsun Jung, Eunwoo Choi, Nam-Yun Cho, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Sangwoo Kim
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
How to "pick up" colorectal serrated lesions and polyps in daily histopathology practice: From terminologies to diagnostic pitfalls
Thai H Tran, Vinh H Nguyen, Diem TN Vo
World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2024; 15(9): 1157. CrossRef
Serrated Colorectal Lesions: An Up-to-Date Review from Histological Pattern to Molecular Pathogenesis
Martino Mezzapesa, Giuseppe Losurdo, Francesca Celiberto, Salvatore Rizzi, Antonio d’Amati, Domenico Piscitelli, Enzo Ierardi, Alfredo Di Leo
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(8): 4461. CrossRef
NTRK oncogenic fusions are exclusively associated with the serrated neoplasia pathway in the colorectum and begin to occur in sessile serrated lesions
Jung Ho Kim, Jeong Hoon Hong, Yoon‐La Choi, Ji Ae Lee, Mi‐kyoung Seo, Mi‐Sook Lee, Sung Bin An, Min Jung Sung, Nam‐Yun Cho, Sung‐Su Kim, Young Kee Shin, Sangwoo Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang
The Journal of Pathology.2021; 255(4): 399. CrossRef
Evolving pathologic concepts of serrated lesions of the colorectum
Jung Ho Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(4): 276. CrossRef

Association between p53 Expression and Amount of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Miseon Lee, In Ah Park, Sun-Hee Heo, Young-Ae Kim, Gyungyub Gong, Hee Jin Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(3):180-187. Published online March 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.02.08

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Abstract PDF

Background
Most triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have a high histologic grade, are associated with high endoplasmic stress, and possess a high frequency of TP53 mutations. TP53 missense mutations lead to the production of mutant p53 protein and usually show high levels of p53 protein expression. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) accumulate as part of the anti-tumor immune response and have a strong prognostic and predictive significance in TNBC. We aimed to elucidate the association between p53 expression and the amount of TILs in TNBC.
Methods
In 678 TNBC patients, we evaluated TIL levels and expression of endoplasmic stress molecules. Immunohistochemical examination of p53 protein expression was categorized into three groups: no, low, and high expression.
Results
No, low, and high p53 expression was identified in 44.1% (n = 299), 20.1% (n = 136), and 35.8% (n = 243) of patients, respectively. Patients with high p53 expression showed high histologic grade (p < .001), high TIL levels (p = .009), and high expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated molecules (p-eIF2a, p = .013; XBP1, p = .007), compared to patients with low p53 expression. There was no significant difference in disease-free (p = .406) or overall survival rates (p = .444) among the three p53 expression groups.
Conclusions
High p53 expression is associated with increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress molecules and TIL influx.

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Meejeong Kim, Miseon Lee, Ahwon Lee, Byung‐Ock Choi, Woo‐Chan Park, Sung Hun Kim, Jieun Lee, Jun Kang
Histopathology.2025; 87(2): 299. CrossRef
GD3 synthase drives resistance to p53-induced apoptosis in breast cancer by modulating mitochondrial function
Vivek Anand, Fouad El-Dana, Natalia Baran, Jenny Borgman, Zheng Yin, Hong Zhao, Stephen T. Wong, Michael Andreeff, V. Lokesh Battula
Oncogene.2025; 44(30): 2646. CrossRef
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Juhong Lee, Youngjoo Kwon
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Rupert Bartsch, Gabriel Rinnerthaler, Edgar Petru, Daniel Egle, Michael Gnant, Marija Balic, Thamer Sliwa, Christian Singer
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Triple negative breast cancer: Immunogenicity, tumor microenvironment, and immunotherapy
Sotiris Loizides, Anastasia Constantinidou
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Prognostic benefit of TILs independent of clinicopathological and molecular factors
Koen Brummel, Anneke L. Eerkens, Marco de Bruyn, Hans W. Nijman
British Journal of Cancer.2023; 129(5): 737. CrossRef
Dihydroartemisinin-Transferrin Adducts Enhance TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in a P53-Independent and ROS-Dependent Manner
Xinyu Zhou, Abel Soto-Gamez, Fleur Nijdam, Rita Setroikromo, Wim J. Quax
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New Challenges in the Differential Diagnosis of High-Grade Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Serous Carcinoma
Andrii Puzyrenko, Chandler S Cortina, Julie M Jorns
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Prognostic analysis of cuproptosis-related gene in triple-negative breast cancer
Shengnan Sha, Luyi Si, Xinrui Wu, Yuanbiao Chen, Hui Xiong, Ying Xu, Wangrui Liu, Haijun Mei, Tao Wang, Mei Li
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
p53 Missense Mutation is Associated with Immune Cell PD-L1 Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Ai-Yan Xing, Long Liu, Ke Liang, Bin Wang
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Crosstalk between Immune Checkpoint Modulators, Metabolic Reprogramming and Cellular Plasticity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Arpita Poddar, Sushma R. Rao, Prashanth Prithviraj, George Kannourakis, Aparna Jayachandran
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Natsuki Furukawa, Vered Stearns, Cesar A. Santa-Maria, Aleksander S. Popel
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Katarzyna Dominika Sluzalska, Jakub Slawski, Martyna Sochacka, Agata Lampart, Jacek Otlewski, Malgorzata Zakrzewska
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Hiu Yee Kwan, Qinghua Xu, Ruihong Gong, Zhaoxiang Bian, Chih-Chang Chu
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Transcriptomic Properties of HER2+ Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast Associate with Absence of Immune Cells
Marie Colombe Agahozo, Marcel Smid, Ronald van Marion, Dora Hammerl, Thierry P. P. van den Bosch, Mieke A. M. Timmermans, Chayenne J. Heijerman, Pieter J. Westenend, Reno Debets, John W. M. Martens, Carolien H. M. van Deurzen
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Li Chen, Xiangyi Kong, Chengrui Yan, Yi Fang, Jing Wang
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Biomolecular Factors Represented by Bcl-2, p53, and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Predict Response for Adjuvant Anthracycline Chemotherapy in Patients with Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Xenia Elena Bacinschi, Anca Zgura, Inga Safta, Rodica Anghel
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Quilty Lesions in the Endomyocardial Biopsies after Heart Transplantation: Haeyon Cho, Jin-Oh Choi, Eun-Seok Jeon, Jung-Sun Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(1):50-56. Published online December 26, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.11.30

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of Quilty lesions in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) of cardiac transplantation patients.
Methods
A total of 1190EMBs from 117 cardiac transplantation patients were evaluated histologically for Quilty lesions,acute cellular rejection, and antibody-mediated rejection. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy wasdiagnosed by computed tomography coronary angiography. Clinical information, including thepatients’ survival was retrieved by a review of medical records.
Results
Eighty-eight patients(75.2%) were diagnosed with Quilty lesions, which were significantly associated with acute cellularrejection, but not with acute cellular rejection ≥ 2R or antibody-mediated rejection. In patientsdiagnosed with both Quilty lesions and acute cellular rejection, the time-to-onset of Quilty lesionsfrom transplantation was longer than that of acute cellular rejections. We found a significant associationbetween Quilty lesions and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. No significant relationship wasfound between Quilty lesions and the patients’ survival.
Conclusions
Quilty lesion may be an indicator of previous acute cellular rejection rather than a predictor for future acute cellular rejection.

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Keisuke Taniguchi, Takahisa Yoshikawa, Motoko Yanagita
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The human myocardium harbors a population of naive B-cells with a distinctive gene expression signature conserved across species
Kevin C. Bermea, Nicolas Kostelecky, Sylvie T. Rousseau, Chieh-Yu Lin, Luigi Adamo
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Examination of tracheal allografts after long-term survival in dogs
Tao Lu, Yiwei Huang, Yulei Qiao, Yongxing Zhang, Yu Liu
European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.2021; 59(1): 155. CrossRef
Essentials in the diagnosis of postoperative myocardial lesions similar to or unrelated to rejection in heart transplant
Costel Dumitru, Ancuta Zazgyva, Adriana Habor, Ovidiu Cotoi, Horațiu Suciu, Carmen Cotrutz, Bogdan Grecu, Ileana Anca Sin
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The XVth Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology the Banff Workshop Heart Report: Improving the diagnostic yield from endomyocardial biopsies and Quilty effect revisited
Jean-Paul Duong Van Huyen, Marny Fedrigo, Gregory A. Fishbein, Ornella Leone, Desley Neil, Charles Marboe, Eliot Peyster, Jan von der Thüsen, Alexandre Loupy, Michael Mengel, Monica P. Revelo, Benjamin Adam, Patrick Bruneval, Annalisa Angelini, Dylan V. M
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Loss of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer: Hong Sik Park, Uiju Cho, So Young Im, Chang Young Yoo, Ji Han Jung, Young Jin Suh, Hyun Joo Choi; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):75-85. Published online November 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.10.11

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Abstract PDF

Background
Human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules play important roles in regulating immune responses. Loss or reduction of HLA-I expression has been shown to be associated with prognosis in several cancers. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) also play critical functions in immune response regulation. Evaluation of HLA-I expression status by the EMR8-5 antibody and its clinical impact in breast cancer have not been well studied, and its relationship with Tregs remains unclear.
Methods
We evaluated HLA-I expression and Treg infiltration by immunohistochemistry in 465 surgically resected breast cancer samples. We examined the correlation between HLA-I expression and Treg infiltration and clinicopathologic characteristics and survival analyses were performed.
Results
Total loss of HLA-I expression was found in 84 breast cancer samples (18.1%). Univariate survival analysis revealed that loss of HLA-I expression was significantly associated with worse disease-specific survival (DSS) (p = .029). HLA-I was not an independent prognostic factor in the entire patient group, but it was an adverse independent prognostic factor for DSS in patients with advanced disease (stage II–IV) (p = .031). Treg numbers were significantly higher in the intratumoral stroma of HLA-I–positive tumors than in HLA-I–negative tumors (median 6.3 cells/high power field vs 2.1 cells/high power field, p < .001). However, Tregs were not an independent prognostic factor in our cohort.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the loss of HLA-I expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, highlighting the role of HLA-I alterations in immune evasion mechanisms of breast cancer. HLA-I could be a promising marker that enables the application of more effective and precise immunotherapies for patients with advanced breast cancer.

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The Usefulness of Immunocytochemistry of CD56 in Determining Malignancy from Indeterminate Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology: Hyunseo Cha, Ju Yeon Pyo, Soon Won Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(6):404-410. Published online October 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.09.20

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Abstract PDF

Background
Fine-needle aspiration cytology serves as a safe, economical tool in evaluating thyroid nodules. However, about 30% of the samples are categorized as indeterminate. Hence, many immunocytochemistry markers have been studied, but there has not been a single outstanding marker. We studied the efficacy of CD56 with human bone marrow endothelial cell marker-1 (HBME-1) in diagnosis in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) category III.
Methods
We reviewed ThinPrep liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples with Papanicolaou stain from July 1 to December 31, 2016 (2,195 cases) and selected TBSRTC category III cases (n = 363). Twenty-six cases were histologically confirmed as benign (six cases, 23%) or malignant (20 cases, 77%); we stained 26 LBC slides with HBME-1 and CD56 through the cell transfer method. For evaluation of reactivity of immunocytochemistry, we chose atypical follicular cell clusters.
Results
CD56 was not reactive in 18 of 20 cases (90%) of malignant nodules and showed cytoplasmic positivity in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. CD56 showed high sensitivity (90.0%) and relatively low specificity (83.3%) in detecting malignancy (p = .004). HBME-1 was reactive in 17 of 20 cases (85%) of malignant nodules and was not reactive in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. HBME-1 showed slightly lower sensitivity (85.0%) than CD56. The specificity in detecting malignancy by HBME-1 was similar to that of CD56 (83.3%, p = .008). CD56 and HBME-1 tests combined showed lower sensitivity (75.0% vs 90%) and higher specificity (93.8% vs 83.3%) in detecting malignancy compared to using CD56 alone.
Conclusions
Using CD56 alone showed relatively low specificity despite high sensitivity for detecting malignancy. Combining CD56 with HBME-1 could increase the specificity. Thus, we suggest that CD56 could be a useful preoperative marker for differential diagnosis of TBSRTC category III samples.

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The Effects of Immunocytochemistry on Diagnostic Accuracy in Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology: A Retrospective Study
Ali Mızrak, Cansu Benli Işık, Esen Gül Uzuner, Saime Gül Barut
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Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules – Diagnosis and management strategies
Tapoi Dana Antonia, Lambrescu Ioana Maria, Gheorghisan-Galateanu Ancuta-Augustina
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Immunocytochemistry in thyroid cytology and its multiple roles: a systematic review
Federica Policardo, Pietro Tralongo, Angela Feraco, Federica Vegni, Angela Carlino, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Celestino Pio Lombardi, Marco Raffaelli, Francesco Pierconti, Luigi Maria Larocca, Esther Diana Rossi
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Paving the path toward multi-omics approaches in the diagnostic challenges faced in thyroid pathology
Isabella Piga, Vincenzo L’Imperio, Giulia Capitoli, Vanna Denti, Andrew Smith, Fulvio Magni, Fabio Pagni
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Prognostic Role of Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Jung-Soo Pyo, Jin Hee Sohn, Kyungseek Chang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(5):331-338. Published online August 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.08.07

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Abstract PDF

Background
The aim of this study is to elucidate the clinicopathological significances, including the prognostic role, of metastatic lymph node ratio (mLNR) and tumor deposit diameter in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) through a retrospective review and meta-analysis.
Methods
We categorized the cases into high (≥ 0.44) and low mLNR (< 0.44) and investigated the correlations with clinicopathological parameters in 64 PTCs with neck level VI lymph node (LN) metastasis. In addition, meta-analysis of seven eligible studies was used to investigate the correlation between mLNR and survival.
Results
Among 64 PTCs with neck level VI LN metastasis, high mLNR was found in 34 PTCs (53.1%). High mLNR was significantly correlated with macrometastasis (tumor deposit diameter ≥ 0.2 cm), extracapsular spread, and number of metastatic LNs. Based on linear regression test, mLNR was significantly increased by the largest LN size but not the largest metastatic LN (mLN) size. High mLNR was not correlated with nuclear factor κB or cyclin D1 immunohistochemical expression, Ki-67 labeling index, or other pathological parameters of primary tumor. Based on meta-analysis, high mLNR significantly correlated with worse disease-free survival at the 5-year and 10-year follow-up (hazard ratio [HR], 4.866; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.527 to 6.714 and HR, 5.769; 95% CI, 2.951 to 11.275, respectively).
Conclusions
Our data showed that high mLNR significantly correlated with worse survival, macrometastasis, and extracapsular spread of mLNs. Further cumulative studies for more detailed criteria of mLNR are needed before application in daily practice.

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The application of a clinical-multimodal ultrasound radiomics model for predicting cervical lymph node metastasis of thyroid papillary carcinoma
Chang Liu, Shangjie Yang, Tian Xue, Qian Zhang, Yanjing Zhang, Yufang Zhao, Guolin Yin, Xiaohui Yan, Ping Liang, Liping Liu
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Predictive Value of a Nomogram Based on Ultrasound Radiomics, Clinical Factors, and Enhanced Ultrasound Features for Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Lei Gao, Xiuli Wen, Guanghui Yue, Hui Wang, Ziqing Lu, Beibei Wu, Zhihong Liu, Yuming Wu, Dongmei Lin, Shijian Yi, Wei Jiang, Yi Hao
Ultrasonic Imaging.2025; 47(2): 93. CrossRef
Lymph Node Metastasis Ratio: Prognostic Significance in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Ana Rita Ferreira, Diogo Ramalho, Daniela Martins, Andreia Amado, Susana Graça, Carlos Soares, Bela Pereira, Maria João Oliveira, Manuel Oliveira, Antónia Póvoa
Indian Journal of Surgery.2025; 87(6): 1047. CrossRef
CD105 (Endoglin) Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Aggressive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
İlker Çordan, Tuğba Günler
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Application and subgroup analysis of competing risks model based on different lymph node staging systems in differentiated thyroid cancer
Zhe Xu Cao, Jiang Sheng Huang, Ming Ming Wang
Updates in Surgery.2024; 76(5): 1927. CrossRef
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H.V. Zelinska
Endokrynologia.2024; 29(4): 363. CrossRef
Thyroglobulin expression, Ki-67 index, and lymph node ratio in the prognostic assessment of papillary thyroid cancer
Helene Lindfors, Marie Karlsen, Ellinor Karlton, Jan Zedenius, Catharina Larsson, Catharina Ihre Lundgren, C. Christofer Juhlin, Ivan Shabo
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Incidental Node Metastasis as an Independent Factor of Worse Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Renan Aguera Pinheiro, Ana Kober Leite, Beatriz Godoi Cavalheiro, Evandro Sobroza de Mello, Luiz Paulo Kowalski, Leandro Luongo Matos
Cancers.2023; 15(3): 943. CrossRef
A High-Quality Nomogram for Predicting Lung Metastasis in Newly Diagnosed Stage IV Thyroid Cancer: A Population-Based Study
WenYi Wang, JiaJing Liu, XiaoFan Xu, LiQun Huo, XuLin Wang, Jun Gu
Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Lymph Node Ratio Predicts Recurrence in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Low Lymph Node Yield
Il Ku Kang, Joonseon Park, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim, Kwangsoon Kim
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Superiority of metastatic lymph node ratio over number of node metastases and TNM/AJCC N classification in predicting cancer‐specific survival in medullary thyroid cancer
Andreas Machens, Kerstin Lorenz, Frank Weber, Henning Dralle
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Value of Combining Clinical Factors, Conventional Ultrasound, and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Features in Preoperative Prediction of Central Lymph Node Metastases of Different Sized Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Yanfang Wang, Fang Nie, Guojuan Wang, Ting Liu, Tiantian Dong, Yamin Sun
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Atypical Histiocytoid Cells and Multinucleated Giant Cells in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of the Thyroid Predict Lymph Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Ji Eun Choi, Ja Seong Bae, Dong-Jun Lim, So Lyung Jung, Chan Kwon Jung
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Patients Aged ≥55 Years With Stage T1-2N1M1 Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Should Be Downstaged in the Eighth Edition AJCC/TNM Cancer Staging System
Zeming Liu, Sichao Chen, Yihui Huang, Di Hu, Min Wang, Wei Wei, Chao Zhang, Wen Zeng, Liang Guo
Frontiers in Oncology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Cytologic Diagnosis of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features and Its Impact on the Risk of Malignancy in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: An Institutional Experience: Milim Kim, Joung Eun Kim, Hyun Jeong Kim, Yul Ri Chung, Yoonjin Kwak, So Yeon Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(3):171-178. Published online April 3, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.04.03

11,459 View
205 Download
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Abstract PDF

Background
This study was performed to analyze cytologic diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) and its impact on the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC).
Methods
Five thousand five hundred and forty-nine cases of thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnosed between 2012 and 2014 were included in this study. Diagnostic categories based on TBSRTC were compared with final surgical diagnoses, and the ROM in each category was calculated both when NIFTP was included in malignant lesions and when excluded from malignant lesions.
Results
Of the 5,549 thyroid FNAC cases, 1,891 cases underwent surgical resection. In final diagnosis, 1,700 cases were revealed as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and 25 cases were reclassified as NIFTP. The cytologic diagnoses of NIFTP were non-diagnostic in one, benign in five, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) in 14, follicular neoplasm in two, and suspicious for malignancy in three cases. Collectively, NIFTP/encapsulated follicular variant of PTC (EFVPTC) were more frequently classified as benign, AUS, or follicular neoplasm and less frequently categorized as malignant compared to conventional PTCs. Exclusion of NIFTP from malignant diagnoses resulted in a slight decrease in malignancy rates in non-diagnostic, benign, AUS, follicular neoplasm, and suspicious for malignancy categories without any statistical significance.
Conclusions
The decrease in the ROM was not significant when NIFTP was excluded from malignant lesions. In thyroid FNACs, NIFTP/EFVPTCs were mostly classified into indeterminate categories. Therefore, it might be feasible to separate NIFTP/EFVPTC from conventional PTC on FNAC to guide clinicians to conservative management for patients with NIFTP/EFVPTC.

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