Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Article

Clinicopathological implications of immunohistochemical expression of TBX21, CXCR3, GATA3, CCR4, and TCF1 in nodal follicular helper T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: Bogyeong Han, Sojung Lim, Jeemin Yim, Young Keun Song, Jiwon Koh, Sehui Kim, Cheol Lee, Young A Kim, Yoon Kyung Jeon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(2):59-71. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.01.04

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Background
The classification of nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) has evolved according to histology, cell-of-origin, and genetic alterations. However, the comprehensive expression pattern of follicular helper T-cell (Tfh) markers, T-cell factor-1 (TCF1), and Th1- and Th2-like molecules in nodal PTCL is unclear.
Methods
Eighty-two cases of nodal PTCL were classified into 53 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITLs)/nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma (nTFHL)-AI, 18 PTCLs-Tfh/nTFHL–not otherwise specified (NOS), and 11 PTCLs-NOS according to the revised 4th/5th World Health Organization classifications. Immunohistochemistry for TCF1, TBX21, CXCR3, GATA3, and CCR4 was performed.
Results
TCF1 was highly expressed in up to 68% of patients with nTFHL but also in 44% of patients with PTCL-NOS (p > .05). CXCR3 expression was higher in AITLs than in non-AITLs (p = .035), whereas GATA3 expression was higher in non-AITL than in AITL (p = .007) and in PTCL-Tfh compared to AITL (p = .010). Of the cases, 70% of AITL, 44% of PTCLTfh/ nTFHL-NOS, and 36% of PTCL-NOS were subclassified as the TBX21 subtype; and 15% of AITL, 38% of PTCL-Tfh/nTFHL-NOS, and 36% of PTCL-NOS were subclassified as the GATA3 subtype. The others were an unclassified subtype. CCR4 expression was associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with PTCL-Tfh (p < .001) and nTFHL (p = .023). The GATA3 subtype showed poor overall survival in PTCL-NOS compared to TBX21 (p = .046) and tended to be associated with poor PFS in patients with non-AITL (p = .054).
Conclusions
The TBX21 subtype was more prevalent than the GATA3 subtype in AITL. The GATA3 subtype was associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-AITL and PTCL-NOS.

Citations

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CXCR Family and Hematologic Malignancies in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment
Yanquan Liu, Huanwen Tang
Biomolecules.2025; 15(5): 716. CrossRef
Diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for lymphoma patients: expert consensus through Nominal Group Technique and Delphi methodology
Attilio Guarini, Valentina Bozzoli, Sabino Ciavarella, Michele Cimminiello, Francesca Donatelli, Angelo Fama, Vincenza Fernanda Fesce, Vincenzo Fraticelli, Francesco Gaudio, Giuseppina Greco, Augusto Martellini, Francesca Merchionne, Rosanna Maria Miccoli
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Significance of TBX21 and GATA3 Subtype Classification in Indolent Adult T‐Cell Leukemia‐Lymphoma With Cutaneous Lesions
Kazuhiro Kawai, Youhei Uchida, Takuro Kanekura
The Journal of Dermatology.2025; 52(11): 1674. CrossRef

Case Study

Unusual biclonal IgA plasma cell myeloma with aberrant expression of high-risk immunophenotypes: first report of a new diagnostic and clinical challenge: Carlos A. Monroig-Rivera, Clara N. Finch Cruz; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(2):132-137. Published online March 14, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.02.07

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Abstract PDF: IgA plasma cell myeloma (PCM) has been linked to molecular abnormalities that confer a higher risk for adverse patient outcomes. However, since IgA PCM only accounts for approximately 20% of all PCM, there are very few reports on high-risk IgA PCM. Moreover, no such reports are found on the more infrequent biclonal IgA PCM. Hence, we present a 65-year-old Puerto Rican female with acute abdominal pain, concomitant hypercalcemia, and acute renal failure. Protein electrophoresis with immunofixation found high IgA levels and detected a biclonal IgA gammopathy with kappa specificity. Histomorphologically, bone marrow showed numerous abnormal plasma cells (32%) replacing over 50% of the marrow stroma. Immunophenotyping analysis detected CD45-negative plasma cells aberrantly expressing CD33, CD43, OCT-2, and c-MYC. Chromosomal analysis revealed multiple abnormalities including the gain of chromosome 1q. Thus, we report on an unusual biclonal IgA PCM and the importance of timely diagnosing aggressive plasma cell neoplasms.

Original Articles

Cytopathologic features of human papillomavirus–independent, gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma: Min-Kyung Yeo, Go Eun Bae, Dong-Hyun Kim, In-Ock Seong, Kwang-Sun Suh; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(5):260-269. Published online September 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.07.05

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Abstract PDF

Background
Gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (GEA) is unrelated to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is clinically aggressive compared with HPV-associated usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (UEA). The cytological diagnosis falls short of a definitive diagnosis of GEA and is often categorized as atypical glandular cells (AGCs). To improve cytologic recognition, cytological findings of HPV-independent GEA were analyzed and the results compared with HPV-associated UEA.
Methods
Cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from eight patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of GEA and 12 control cases of UEA were reviewed. All slides were conventionally prepared and/or liquid-based prepared (ThinPrep) and stained following the Pap method. A mucinous background, architectural, nuclear, and cytoplasmic features were analyzed and compared with UEA.
Results
Preoperative cytologic diagnoses of the eight GEA cases were AGCs, favor neoplastic in three cases, adenocarcinoma in situ in one case, and adenocarcinoma in four cases. Cytologically, monolayered honeycomb-like sheets (p = .002) of atypical endocervical cells with vacuolar granular cytoplasm (p = .001) were extensive in GEA, and three-dimensional clusters (p = .010) were extensive in UEA. Although the differences were not statistically significant, background mucin (p = .058), vesicular nuclei (p = .057), and golden-brown intracytoplasmic mucin (p = .089) were also discriminatory findings for GEA versus UEA.
Conclusions
Although GEA is difficult to diagnose on cytologic screening, GEA can be recognized based on cytologic features of monolayered honeycomb sheets of atypical endocervical cells with abundant vacuolar cytoplasm and some golden-brown intracytoplasmic mucin. UEA cases are characterized by three-dimensional clusters.

Citations

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A Comparative Analysis of Usual- and Gastric-Type Cervical Adenocarcinoma in a Japanese Population Reveals Distinct Clinicopathological and Molecular Features with Prognostic and Therapeutic Insights
Umme Farzana Zahan, Hasibul Islam Sohel, Kentaro Nakayama, Masako Ishikawa, Mamiko Nagase, Sultana Razia, Kosuke Kanno, Hitomi Yamashita, Shahataj Begum Sonia, Satoru Kyo
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(15): 7469. CrossRef
Diagnostic value of cytology in detecting human papillomavirus–independent cervical malignancies: a nation-wide study in Korea
Hye-Ra Jung, Junyoung Shin, Chong Woo Yoo, Eun Na Kim, Cheol Lee, Kyeongmin Kim, Ho-chang Lee, Yonghee Lee, Ji Hye Kim, Soo Jin Jung, Yumin Chung, Joo Yeon Kim, Hye Eun Park, Tae Hoen Kim, Wonae Lee, Min-Sun Cho, Ran Hong, Yoon Jung Choi, Younghee Choi, Y
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2025; 59(6): 444. CrossRef
Risk Factors Affecting Clinical Outcomes of Low-risk Early-stage Human Papillomavirus–Associated Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Treated by Surgery Alone: Application of Silva Pattern
Bong Kyung Bae, Hyunsik Bae, Won Kyung Cho, Byoung-Gie Kim, Chel Hun Choi, Tae-Joong Kim, Yoo-Young Lee, Jeong-Won Lee, Hyun-Soo Kim, Won Park
International Journal of Gynecological Pathology.2024; 43(5): 447. CrossRef
Tall‐columnar glandular cells in SurePath™ liquid‐based cytology Pap sample: Learning from mimics/pitfalls
Nalini Gupta, Vanita Jain, Radhika Srinivasan, Tulika Singh
Cytopathology.2024; 35(4): 510. CrossRef

EGFL7 expression profile in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas is associated with poor patient outcome: Bruno Henrique Bressan da Costa, Aline Paixão Becker, Luciano Neder, Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves, Cristiane de Oliveira, Allan Dias Polverini, Carlos Afonso Clara, Gustavo Ramos Teixeira, Rui Manuel Reis, Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(4):205-211. Published online June 15, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.04.22

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Despite the advances in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, the average life span of patients is 14 months. Therefore, it is urgent to identity biomarkers of prognosis, treatment response, or development of novel treatment strategies. We previously described the association of high epidermal growth factor-like domain multiple 7 (EGFL7) expression and unfavorable outcome of pilocytic astrocytoma patients. The present study aims to analyze the prognostic potential of EGFL7 in GBM isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype, using immunohistochemistry and in silico approaches.
Methods
Spearman’s correlation analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas RNA sequencing data was performed. The genes strongly correlated to EGFL7 expression were submitted to enrichment gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Additionally, EGFL7 expression was associated with patient overall survival. The expression of EGFL7 was analyzed through immunohistochemistry in 74 GBM IDH-wildtype patients’ samples, and was associated with clinicopathological data and overall survival.
Results
In silico analysis found 78 genes strongly correlated to EGFL7 expression. These genes were enriched in 40 biological processes and eight KEGG pathways, including angiogenesis/vasculogenesis, cell adhesion, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase–Akt, Notch, and Rap1 signaling pathways. The immunostaining showed high EGFL7 expression in 39 cases (52.7%). High immunolabelling was significantly associated with low Karnofsky Performance Status and poor overall survival. Cox analysis showed that GBMs IDH-wildtype with high EGFL7 expression presented a higher risk of death compared to low expression (hazard ratio, 1.645; 95% confidence interval, 1.021 to 2.650; p = .041).
Conclusions
This study gives insights regarding the genes that are correlated with EGFL7, as well as biological processes and signaling pathways, which should be further investigated in order to elucidate their role in glioblastoma biology.

Citations

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Emerging roles of EGFL family members in neoplastic diseases: Molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies
Xiaoge Gao, Guopeng zhang, Feitong Wang, Wenhui Ruan, Shishuo Sun, Qing Zhang, Xiangye Liu
Biochemical Pharmacology.2025; 236: 116847. CrossRef
Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Domain 7 (EGFL7) Overexpression in Primary Central Nervous System Tumor: A Meta-Analysis
IGAP Sasmana, S. Wiranata, IGNAW Kusuma, IGP Supadmanaba, D. M. Wihandani
Innovative Medicine of Kuban.2025; 10(3): 37. CrossRef
Comprehensive Analysis Reveals Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Amna Makawi, Somia A Khalafallah, Israa M Faris, Mohamed Alfaki
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of EGFL7 in human cancers: A review
Cristiane de Oliveira, Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves, Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
Journal of Cellular Physiology.2023; 238(8): 1756. CrossRef
Low EGFL7 expression is associated with high lymph node spread and invasion of lymphatic vessels in colorectal cancer
Cristiane de Oliveira, Sandra Fátima Fernandes Martins, Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves, Gabriel Augusto Limone, Adhemar Longatto-Filho, Rui Manuel Reis, Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Study

Diffuse Involvement of Primary Colorectal Lymphoma Simulating Ulcerative Colitis: Ji-Ye Kim, Sun Hee Chang, Han Seong Kim, Mee Joo; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(5):332-336. Published online August 2, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.07.12

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Abstract PDF: Diffuse involvement of colorectal lymphoma masquerading as colitis is a very rare presentation of primary colorectal lymphoma. Detecting occult lymphoma is difficult in the setting of diffuse colonic involvement with no definite mass and inflammatory mucosal changes. We encountered a case of diffuse-type primary colorectal lymphoma simulating ulcerative colitis in a previously healthy 31-year-old woman. Despite multiple mucosal biopsies, the biopsy diagnosis was not made due to unawareness of atypical lymphocytes admixed with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. The present case emphasizes the importance of being aware of this rare presentation of primary colorectal lymphoma in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

Original Article

The Prognostic Impact of Synchronous Ipsilateral Multiple Breast Cancer: Survival Outcomes according to the Eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging and Molecular Subtype: Jinah Chu, Hyunsik Bae, Youjeong Seo, Soo Youn Cho, Seok-Hyung Kim, Eun Yoon Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(6):396-403. Published online October 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.10.03

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Abstract PDF

Background
In the current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system of breast cancer, only tumor size determines T-category regardless of whether the tumor is single or multiple. This study evaluated if tumor multiplicity has prognostic value and can be used to subclassify breast cancer.
Methods
We included 5,758 patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent surgery at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from 1995 to 2012.
Results
Patients were divided into two groups according to multiplicity (single, n = 4,744; multiple, n = 1,014). Statistically significant differences in lymph node involvement and lymphatic invasion were found between the two groups (p < .001). Patients with multiple masses tended to have luminal A molecular subtype (p < .001). On Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, patients with multiple masses had significantly poorer disease-free survival (DFS) (p = .016). The prognostic significance of multiplicity was seen in patients with anatomic staging group I and prognostic staging group IA (p = .019 and p = .032, respectively). When targeting patients with T1-2 N0 M0, hormone receptor–positive, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative cancer, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis also revealed significantly reduced DFS with multiple cancer (p = .031). The multivariate analysis indicated that multiplicity was independently correlated with worse DFS (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.47; p = .025). The results of this study indicate that tumor multiplicity is frequently found in luminal A subtype, is associated with frequent lymph node metastasis, and is correlated with worse DFS.
Conclusions
Tumor multiplicity has prognostic value and could be used to subclassify invasive breast cancer at early stages. Adjuvant chemotherapy would be necessary for multiple masses of T1–2 N0 M0, hormone-receptor-positive, and HER2-negative cancer.

Citations

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The Role of Serum Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions at a Tertiary Care Center in Jharkhand
Neyaz Ahmad, Khushboo Rani, Zenith Kerketta, Krishna Murari, Anish Baxla, Ujala Murmu, Amit Nishant, Shreya .
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of Large Format Histology in Diagnosis of Breast Carcinoma
Hari Shankar Pandey, Sanya Bhasin, Suman Kumari Pandey
NMO Journal.2025; 19(2): 189. CrossRef
Prognostic Impact of Multiple Synchronous T1 Breast Cancer
Hongki Gwak, Sung Hoo Jung, Young Jin Suh, Seok Jin Nam, Jai Hong Han, Se Jeong Oh, Eun Hwa Park, Seong Hwan Kim
Cancers.2024; 16(23): 4019. CrossRef
Deep learning-based system for automatic prediction of triple-negative breast cancer from ultrasound images
Alexandre Boulenger, Yanwen Luo, Chenhui Zhang, Chenyang Zhao, Yuanjing Gao, Mengsu Xiao, Qingli Zhu, Jie Tang
Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.2023; 61(2): 567. CrossRef
Multicentre prospective cohort study of unmet supportive care needs among patients with breast cancer throughout their cancer treatment trajectory in Penang: a PenBCNeeds Study protocol
Noorsuzana Mohd Shariff, Nizuwan Azman, Rohayu Hami, Noor Mastura Mohd Mujar, Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Bin Abdullah
BMJ Open.2021; 11(3): e044746. CrossRef
The subgross morphology of breast carcinomas: a single-institution series of 2033 consecutive cases documented in large-format histology slides
Tibor Tot, Maria Gere, Syster Hofmeyer, Annette Bauer, Ulrika Pellas
Virchows Archiv.2020; 476(3): 373. CrossRef
Editorial for “Synchronous Breast Cancer: Phenotypic Similarities on MRI”
Uma Sharma
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.2020; 52(1): 309. CrossRef
Synchronous Multiple Breast Cancers—Do We Need to Reshape Staging?
Minodora Onisâi, Adrian Dumitru, Iuliana Iordan, Cătălin Aliuș, Oana Teodor, Adrian Alexandru, Daniela Gheorghiță, Iulian Antoniac, Adriana Nica, Alexandra-Ana Mihăilescu, Sebastian Grădinaru
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Molecular mechanism of triple‑negative breast cancer‑associated BRCA1 and the identification of signaling pathways
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Case Studies

Multiple Neuroendocrine Tumors in Stomach and Duodenum in a Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Patient: Bohyun Kim, Han-Kwang Yang, Woo Ho Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(2):126-129. Published online December 21, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.09.16

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Abstract PDF

A 67-year-old woman with a history of subtotal parathyroidectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and total splenectomy 23 years prior underwent surgical gastric resection for neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach and duodenum. Meticulous examination of the entire stomach and duodenum revealed multiple scattered, minute neuroendocrine tumors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a patient diagnosed with gastroduodenal neuroendocrine tumors associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) in whom complete histologic mapping of the whole gastrectomy specimen was performed. The presence of MEN 1–associated neuroendocrine tumors in the stomach is very rare, but should be considered in patients diagnosed with MEN 1 who present with a new tumor in the stomach.

Citations

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A Case of Asymptomatic Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I with Thymic Carcinoid
Suk Ki Park, Moon Won Lee, In Sub Han, Young Joo Park, Sung Yong Han, Joon Woo Park, Bong Eun Lee, Gwang Ha Kim, Sang Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2019; 19(1): 65. CrossRef

A Pyloric Gland-Phenotype Ovarian Mucinous Tumor Resembling Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia in a Patient with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: Eun Na Kim, Gu-Hwan Kim, Jiyoon Kim, In Ah Park, Jin Ho Shin, Yun Chai, Kyu-Rae Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(2):159-164. Published online August 22, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.07.01

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Abstract PDF

We describe an ovarian mucinous neoplasm that histologically resembles lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) containing pyloric gland type mucin in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Although ovarian mucinous tumors rarely occur in PJS patients, their pyloric gland phenotype has not been clearly determined. The histopathologic features of the ovarian mucinous tumor were reminiscent of LEGH. The cytoplasmic mucin was stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction after diastase treatment but was negative for Alcian blue pH 2.5, suggesting the presence of neutral mucin. Immunohistochemically, the epithelium expressed various gastric markers, including MUC6, HIK1083, and carbonic anhydrase-IX. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification detected a germline heterozygous deletion mutation at exons 1–7 of the STK11 gene (c.1-?_920+?del) in peripheral blood leukocytes and mosaic loss of heterozygosity in ovarian tumor tissue. Considering that LEGH and/or gastric-type cervical adenocarcinoma can be found in patients with PJS carrying germline and/or somatic STK11 mutations, our case indicates that STK11 mutations have an important role in the proliferation of pyloric-phenotype mucinous epithelium at various anatomical locations.

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Molecular evidence of a clonal relationship of synchronous/multifocal gastric‐type lesions of the female genital tract
Min Shi, Hong Yang, Fang Zhang, Ting Hou, Huageng Huang, Yi Lu, Yehan Zhou, Ting Lan, Juan Ji, Jun Hou, Chengmin Zhou, Zhou Zhang, Sheng Qin, Zongyao Huang, Yang Liu
The Journal of Pathology.2026; 268(1): 27. CrossRef
Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) associated adnexal tumors: from biology to therapeutic impact
Guanxiang Huang, Wenyu Lin, Tingting Jiang, Yuanjun Cai, Chengbin Lin, Pengming Sun
Human Genomics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel ultrasound features and diagnostic clues of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma: a case series
Liwen Yang, Yangyang Wang, Jian Cai, Ying Xiong, Juan Li, Qi Zhou, Nan Ye, Hua Lai, Tianjiao Liu, Liuying Zhou
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ovarian Mucinous Tumor Presenting Atypical Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia-Like Appearance in a Patient With Germline STK11 p.F354L Variant: A Case Report
Hiroshi Yoshida, Kengo Hiranuma, Mariko Nakahara, Mayumi Kobayashi-Kato, Yasuhito Tanase, Masaya Uno, Kouya Shiraishi, Mitsuya Ishikawa, Tomoyasu Kato
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2024; 32(2): 394. CrossRef
Preoperative multimodal ultrasonic imaging in a case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome complicated by atypical lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia: a case report and literature review
Liwen Yang, Duan Duan, Ying Xiong, Tianjiao Liu, Lijun Zhao, Fan Lai, Dingxian Gu, Liuying Zhou
Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastric‐type glandular lesions of the female genital tract excluding the cervix: emerging pathological entities
Richard W‐C Wong, Karen L Talia, W Glenn McCluggage
Histopathology.2024; 85(1): 20. CrossRef
Gastric-phenotype Mucinous Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube with Secondary Ovarian Involvement in a Woman with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: A Case Report
Mónica Bronte Anaut, Javier Arredondo Montero, Maria Pilar Fernández Seara, Rosa Guarch Troyas
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2023; 31(1): 92. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma using next-generation sequencing
Swati Garg, Teddy S. Nagaria, Blaise Clarke, Orit Freedman, Zanobia Khan, Joerg Schwock, Marcus Q. Bernardini, Amit M. Oza, Kathy Han, Adam C. Smith, Tracy L. Stockley, Marjan Rouzbahman
Modern Pathology.2019; 32(12): 1823. CrossRef
The developing spectrum of gastric-type cervical glandular lesions
Karen L. Talia, W. Glenn McCluggage
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Mammary-Type Myofibroblastoma: A Report of Two Cases: Soyeon An, Joon Seon Song, Soonchan Park, Jung Won Lee, Kyung-Ja Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(5):385-389. Published online June 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.03.26

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Abstract PDF

Mammary-type myofibroblastoma (MFB) is a rare, benign spindle cell neoplasm occurring along the milkline, with extension from the mid-axilla to the medial groin. It is histologically and immunohistochemically identical to MFB of the breast and is part of a spectrum of lesions that includes spindle cell lipoma and cellular angiofibroma. Recently, we experienced two cases of mammary-type MFB involving male patients aged 30 and 58 years, respectively. The tumors were located in the right scrotal sac and in the right axilla. Wide excisions were performed. Microscopically, the masses were composed of haphazardly arranged, variably sized fascicles of bland spindle cells and were admixed with mature fat tissue. The spindle cells in both cases showed immunopositivity for desmin and CD34 and negativity for smooth muscle actin. Loss of retinoblastoma (RB)/13q14 loci is a characteristic genetic alteration of mammary-type MFB, and we identified loss of RB protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. We emphasize the importance of awareness of this rare neoplasm when a spindle cell neoplasm is accompanied by desmin immunopositivity. The second patient was alive without recurrence for 20 months, and the first patient had not been followed.

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Natasha Akhlaq, Bibianna Purgina, Joel Werier, Zaid Jibri
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Atsushi Ishihara, Takeo Yasuda, Yukari Sakae, Masayuki Sakae, Tooru Hamada, Hideki Tsukazaki, Takashi Tsukazaki, Masaru Furumoto
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2018; 53: 464. CrossRef
Radiologic presentation of a myofibroblastoma of the adult male breast
Evan Rochlis, Pauline Germaine
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Imaging features of mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a case series with literature review
Gokhan Kuyumcu, Brian P. Rubin, Carl Winalski
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Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of the psoas
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Gastric-Type Extremely Well-Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach: A Challenge for Preoperative Diagnosis: Mee Joo, Song Hee Han; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(1):71-74. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.07.14

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Abstract PDF

Gastric-type extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (EWDA) is a rare type of gastric adenocarcinoma characterized by infiltration of well-formed mucinous glands with little or no nuclear atypia, which resemble foveolar epithelium or pyloric glands. Because of its high degree of differentiation, preoperative biopsy diagnosis of gastric-type EWDA is very difficult. We encountered a case of gastric-type EWDA, manifesting as a Borrmann type 4 lesion, in a 47-year-old man. Despite four repeated biopsies, the preoperative biopsy diagnosis was not conclusive due to the scarcity of diagnostic tumor cells and lack of knowledge regarding the unusual histologic findings of gastric-type EWDA. We herein describe the histologic findings of gastric-type EWDA in detail, with the aim of facilitating a preoperative biopsy diagnosis and understanding of this rare type of gastric adenocarcinoma.

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Helicobacter pylori-negative Gastric Cancer
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Preoperative diagnosis of a gastric extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma
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A Rare Case of Primary Tubular Adenocarcinoma of the Thymus, Enteric Immunophenotype: A Case Study and Review of the Literature: Hae Yoen Jung, Hyundeuk Cho, Jin-Haeng Chung, Sang Byoung Bae, Ji-Hye Lee, Hyun Ju Lee, Si-Hyong Jang, Mee-Hye Oh; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(4):331-334. Published online June 1, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.04.16

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Abstract PDF

Thymic carcinomas are uncommon malignant tumors, and thymic adenocarcinomas are extremely rare. Here, we describe a case of primary thymic adenocarcinoma in a 59-year-old woman. Histological examination of the tumor revealed tubular morphology with expression of cytokeratin 20 and caudal-type homeobox 2 according to immunohistochemistry, suggesting enteric features. Extensive clinical and radiological studies excluded the possibility of an extrathymic primary tumor. A review of the literature revealed only two global cases of primary tubular adenocarcinomas of the thymus with enteric immunophenotype.

Citations

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Carl He, Georgia Bentick, Patrick Hosking, Andrew Mant
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Raja Chhabra, Kartik Mittal, Anmol Tufchi, Sajjan Rajpurohit, Deepak Kumar Mittal, Aditya Vidushi, Swati Saxena, Md Ali Osama
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Qian Hong, Rui Han, Chen Chen, Fuquan Wang, Sining Zhang, Chenguang Zhao, Fang Li, Juwei Mu, Jiagen Li
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Histologic characteristics of thymic adenocarcinomas: Clinicopathologic study of a nine-case series and a review of the literature
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Characterization of genetic aberrations in a single case of metastatic thymic adenocarcinoma
Yeonghun Lee, Sehhoon Park, Se-Hoon Lee, Hyunju Lee
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Ah-Young Kwon, Joungho Han, Hae-yon Cho, Seokhwi Kim, Heejin Bang, Jiyeon Hyeon
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(5): 509. CrossRef
Mucinous cystic tumor with CK20 and CDX2 expression of the thymus: Is this a benign counterpart of adenocarcinoma of the thymus, enteric type?
Jun Akiba, Hiroshi Harada, Shintaro Yokoyama, Toshihiro Hashiguchi, Akihiko Kawahara, Masahiro Mitsuoka, Shinzo Takamori, Hirohisa Yano
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Colon cancer chemotherapy for a patient with CDX2-expressing metastatic thymic adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review
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Metastatic Thymic Adenocarcinoma from Colorectal Cancer
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Original Articles

Classic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Tall Cell Features and Tall Cell Variant Have Similar Clinicopathologic Features: Woo Jin Oh, Young Sub Lee, Uiju Cho, Ja Seong Bae, Sohee Lee, Min Hee Kim, Dong Jun Lim, Gyeong Sin Park, Youn Soo Lee, Chan Kwon Jung; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(3):201-208. Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.3.201

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Abstract PDF

Background

The tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (TCVPTC) is more aggressive than classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but the percentage of tall cells needed to diagnose TCVPTC remains controversial. In addition, little is known about the clinicopathologic features of classic PTC with tall cell features (TCF).

Methods

We retrospectively selected and reviewed the clinicopathologic features and presence of the BRAF mutation in 203 cases of classic PTC, 149 cases of classic PTC with TCF, and 95 cases of TCVPTCs, which were defined as PTCs having <10%, 10-50%, and ≥50% tall cells, respectively.

Results

TCVPTCs and classic PTCs with TCF did not vary significantly in clinicopathologic characteristics such as pathologic (p) T stage, extrathyroidal extension, pN stage, lateral lymph node metastasis, or BRAF mutations; however, these features differed significantly in TCVPTCs and classic PTCs with TCF in comparison to classic PTCs. Similar results were obtained in a subanalysis of patients with microcarcinomas (≤1.0 cm in size).

Conclusions

Classic PTCs with TCF showed a similar BRAF mutation rate and clinicopathologic features to TCVPTCs, but more aggressive characteristics than classic PTCs.

Citations

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Uncommon and Rare Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Relating to Cervical Carcinomas: Na Rae Kim, Myunghee Kang, Soon Pyo Lee, Hyunchul Kim, Jungsuk An, Dong Hae Chung, Seung Yeon Ha, Hyun Yee Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(1):43-49. Published online February 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.43

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Abstract PDF

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus in cervical cancer and most invasive carcinomas (ICs) are caused by HPV16 and 18. However, the roles and contributions of other uncommon and rare genotypes remain uncertain.

Methods

HPV genotypes were retrospectively assessed using an HPV DNA chip that can specify up to 32 HPV genotypes. We arbitrarily regarded genotypes accounting for less than 6% of the total as uncommon and rare genotypes.

Results

A total of 3,164 HPV-positive cases were enrolled. In groups 2A, 2B, 3, and unclassified HPV genotypes, 2.4% of cases with uncommon HPV genotypes (68, 26, 34, 53, 66, 69, 70, 73, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 55, 61, 62, 6, and 11) showed high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and ICs. There were no HPV32- and 57-infected cases.

Conclusions

We found that the uncommon and rare HPV genotypes may provide incremental etiologic contributions in cervical carcinogenesis, especially HPV68, 70, and 53. Further studies on these uncommon and rare HPV genotypes will be of importance in establishing the significance of genotypes in different regions, especially in planning a strategy for further vaccine development as well as follow-up on the effectiveness of the currently used vaccines.

Citations

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV69/HPV73) Coinfection associated with Simultaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus and Presumed Lung Metastasis
Stephanie Shea, Marina Muñoz, Stephen C. Ward, Mary B. Beasley, Melissa R Gitman, Michael D Nowak, Jane Houldsworth, Emilia Mia Sordillo, Juan David Ramirez, Alberto E. Paniz Mondolfi
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Shiho Fukui, Kazunori Nagasaka, Naoko Iimura, Ranka Kanda, Takayuki Ichinose, Takeru Sugihara, Haruko Hiraike, Shunsuke Nakagawa, Yuko Sasajima, Takuya Ayabe
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Adela Carrillo-García, Sergio Ponce-de-León-Rosales, David Cantú-de-León, Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros, Imelda Martínez-Ramírez, Asunción Orozco-Colín, Alejandro Mohar, Marcela Lizano
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Clinicopathological Analysis of Hepatocellular Adenoma According to New Bordeaux Classification: Report of Eight Korean Cases: Hyunchul Kim, Ja-June Jang, Dong-Sik Kim, Beom Woo Yeom, Nam Hee Won; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):411-417. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.411

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Abstract PDF

Background

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is a rare benign tumor of the liver. A subtype classification of HCA (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α [HNF1α]-mutated, β-catenin-mutated HCA, inflammatory HCA, and unclassified HCA) has recently been established based on a single institutional review of a HCA series by the Bordeaux group.

Methods

We used histologic and immunohistochemical parameters to classify and evaluate eight cases from our institution. We evaluated the new classification method and analyzed correlations between our results and those of other reports.

Results

Seven of our eight cases showed histologic and immunohistochemical results consistent with previous reports. However, one case showed overlapping histologic features, as previously described by the Bordeaux group. Four cases showed glutamine synthetase immunohistochemical staining inconsistent with their classification, indicating that glutamine synthetase staining may not be diagnostic for β-catenin-mutated HCA. HNF1α-mutated HCA may be indicated by the absence of liver fatty acid binding protein expression. Detection of amyloid A may indicate inflammatory HCA. HCA with no mutation in the HNF1α or β-catenin genes and no inflammatory protein expression is categorized as unclassified HCA.

Conclusions

Although the new classification is now generally accepted, validation through follow-up studies is necessary.

Citations

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Case Report

Castleman's Disease of the Renal Sinus Presenting as a Urothelial Malignancy: A Brief Case Report: Se Min Jang, Hulin Han, Ki-Seok Jang, Young Jin Jun, Tchun Yong Lee, Seung Sam Paik; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):503-506. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.503

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Abstract PDF

Castleman's disease is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder that frequently affects lymph nodes of the mediastinal thorax and the neck. It very rarely affects the renal sinus. We report a case of Castleman's disease arising in the renal sinus in a 64-year-old man. The patient visited the hospital with the chief complaint of hematuria. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a homogeneous mass in the sinus of the left kidney, radiologically interpreted as a malignant urothelial tumor. Subsequently, nephroureterectomy was performed, after which microscopic examination of the specimen revealed a diffuse lymphoproliferative lesion with reactive lymphoid follicles of various sizes and prominent plasma cell infiltration of interfollicular spaces, highlighted by immunohistochemical staining for CD138. The lesion was diagnosed as Castleman's disease of the plasma cell type. Although preoperative diagnosis of Castleman's disease is difficult and the incidence is exceedingly rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal sinus tumors.

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Misdiagnosis of renal pelvic unicentric Castleman disease: a case report
Dian Fu, Bo Yang, Ming Yang, Zhenyu Xu, Wen Cheng, Zhijia Liu, Liming Zhang, Zhiguo Mao, Cheng Xue
Frontiers in Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Case report: Castleman’s disease involving the renal sinus resembling renal cell carcinoma
Enlong Zhang, Yuan Li, Ning Lang
Frontiers in Surgery.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Radiologic features of Castleman’s disease involving the renal sinus: A case report and review of the literature
Xiao-Wan Guo, Xu-Dong Jia, Shan-Shan Shen, Hong Ji, Ying-Min Chen, Qian Du, Shu-Qian Zhang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2019; 7(8): 1001. CrossRef
Castleman’s Disease: a Suprarenal Surprise!
Praveen Sundar, Priyank Bijalwan, Ginil Kumar Pooleri
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2018; 9(2): 254. CrossRef

Original Article

Identifying Polymorphisms in IL-31 and Their Association with Susceptibility to Asthma: Ji-In Yu, Weon-Cheol Han, Ki-Jung Yun, Hyung-Bae Moon, Gyung-Jae Oh, Soo-Cheon Chae; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):162-168. Published online April 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.162

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Abstract PDF

Background

Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is a T helper type 2 effector cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic and allergic diseases. IL-31 may be involved in promoting allergic inflammation and in inducing airway epithelial responses such as allergic asthma.

Methods

Single-base extension analysis was used to detect the genotypes of IL-31 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and we compared the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-31 SNPs between patients with asthma and healthy controls.

Results

There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-31 SNPs between patients with asthma and healthy controls. Furthermore we compared the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-31 SNPs between patients with atopic asthma, those with non-atopic asthma and healthy controls. This showed that the SNPs were not associated with the susceptibility to atopic asthma. There were no significant differences in the haplotype frequencies of IL-31 SNPs between patients with asthma and healthy controls. In patients with asthma, the IL-31 SNPs were significantly correlated with total serum levels of IgE (p=0.035).

Conclusions

Our results indicate that, the IL-31 SNPs may be associated with IgE production in patients with asthma.

Citations

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IL-31: State of the Art for an Inflammation-Oriented Interleukin
Francesco Borgia, Paolo Custurone, Federica Li Pomi, Raffaele Cordiano, Clara Alessandrello, Sebastiano Gangemi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(12): 6507. CrossRef
Interleukin-31 and soluble CD40L: new candidate serum biomarkers that predict therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis
Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, André Eduardo de Almeida Franzoi, Giulia Murillo Wollmann, Washigton Luiz Gomes de Medeiros Junior, Wesley Nogueira Brandão, Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Jefferson Becker, Osvaldo José Moreira Nascimento, Marcus Vinícius Magno G
Neurological Sciences.2022; 43(11): 6271. CrossRef
Interleukin‐31: The “itchy” cytokine in inflammation and therapy
Angeliki Datsi, Martin Steinhoff, Fareed Ahmad, Majid Alam, Joerg Buddenkotte
Allergy.2021; 76(10): 2982. CrossRef
Infection-Associated Mechanisms of Neuro-Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Belinda Camp, Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski, Jens Schreiber
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(11): 5699. CrossRef
Livestock farm particulate matter enhances airway inflammation in mice with or without allergic airway disease
Dingyu Liu, James G. Wagner, Jack R. Harkema, Miriam E. Gerlofs-Nijland, Elena Pinelli, Gert Folkerts, Rob J. Vandebriel, Flemming R. Cassee
World Allergy Organization Journal.2020; 13(4): 100114. CrossRef
IL-31: A new key player in dermatology and beyond
Işın Sinem Bağci, Thomas Ruzicka
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.2018; 141(3): 858. CrossRef
The Role of Interleukin-31 Polymorphisms in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Genetic Susceptibility and Clinical Outcome
Yongfeng Yang, Li Li, Fei Chen, Li Zhang, Hong Bu
Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers.2018; 22(5): 314. CrossRef
Associations betweenInterleukin-31Gene Polymorphisms and Dilated Cardiomyopathy in a Chinese Population
Huizi Song, Ying Peng, Bin Zhou, Nan Chen, Xiaochuan Xie, Qingyu Dou, Yue Zhong, Li Rao
Disease Markers.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef
The association of interleukin-31 polymorphisms with interleukin-31 serum levels and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus
Hua-Tuo Huang, Jian-Ming Chen, Jing Guo, Yan Lan, Ye-Sheng Wei
Rheumatology International.2016; 36(6): 799. CrossRef
Stem Cell Factor and Interleukin-31 Expression: Association with IgE among Egyptian Patients with Atopic and Nonatopic Bronchial Asthma
M. Moaaz, S. Abo El-Nazar, M. Abd El-Rahman, E. Soliman
Immunological Investigations.2016; 45(2): 87. CrossRef
Interleukin-31 expression and relation to disease severity in human asthma
Tianwen Lai, Dong Wu, Wen Li, Min Chen, Zhennan Yi, Dan Huang, Zhiliang Jing, Yingying Lü, Quanchao Lv, Dongming Li, Bin Wu
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Elevated TGF-β1/IL-31 Pathway Is Associated with the Disease Severity of Hepatitis B Virus–Related Liver Cirrhosis
Desong Ming, Xueping Yu, Ruyi Guo, Yong Deng, Julan Li, Chengzu Lin, Milong Su, Zhenzhong Lin, Zhijun Su
Viral Immunology.2015; 28(4): 209. CrossRef
Interleukin-31 promotes helper T cell type-2 inflammation in children with allergic rhinitis
Wenlong Liu, Renzhong Luo, Yanqiu Chen, Changzhi Sun, Jie Wang, Lifeng Zhou, Yan Li, Li Deng
Pediatric Research.2015; 77(1): 20. CrossRef
The Transforming Growth Factor β1/Interleukin-31 Pathway Is Upregulated in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Is Associated with Disease Severity and Survival
Xueping Yu, Ruyi Guo, Desong Ming, Yong Deng, Milong Su, Chengzu Lin, Julan Li, Zhenzhong Lin, Zhijun Su, R. L. Hodinka
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2015; 22(5): 484. CrossRef
NFAT1 and JunB Cooperatively Regulate IL-31 Gene Expression in CD4+ T Cells in Health and Disease
Ji Sun Hwang, Gi-Cheon Kim, EunBee Park, Jung-Eun Kim, Chang-Suk Chae, Won Hwang, Changhon Lee, Sung-Min Hwang, Hui Sun Wang, Chang-Duk Jun, Dipayan Rudra, Sin-Hyeog Im
The Journal of Immunology.2015; 194(4): 1963. CrossRef
Interleukin-31: A Novel Diagnostic Marker of Allergic Diseases
Anja Rabenhorst, Karin Hartmann
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of IL-31 in regulation of Th2 cytokine levels in patients with nasal polyps
Hong Ouyang, Jie Cheng, Yajun Zheng, Jingdong Du
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2014; 271(10): 2703. CrossRef
Polymorphisms of interleukin-31 are associated with anti-CCP levels in females with rheumatoid arthritis
JI-IN YU, YOUNG-RAN PARK, SHIN-SEOK LEE, SOO-CHEON CHAE
Journal of Genetics.2014; 93(3): 813. CrossRef
IL-31 Associated with Coronary Artery Lesion Formation in Kawasaki Disease
Wan-Ning Tseng, Mao-Hung Lo, Mindy Ming-Huey Guo, Kai-Sheng Hsieh, Wei-Chiao Chang, Ho-Chang Kuo, Chien-Sheng Chen
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(8): e105195. CrossRef

Case Report

Hyaline Vascular Castleman Disease Involving Renal Parenchyma and a Lymph Node: A Case Report: Ji Hyun Kwon, Soo Kee Min, Mi Kyung Shin, Yong Seong Lee, Young-Goo Lee, Young Hyeh Ko; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(1):79-82. Published online February 23, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.79

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Abstract PDF

Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative lesion that is predominantly found in the mediastinum. Retroperitoneal and pararenal localizations are very rare. We describe a 36-year-old man with a hyaline vascular type of Castleman disease involving renal parenchyma and a paraaortic lymph node. Most reported renal Castleman disease was plasma cell type with systemic symptoms. Herein, we report the first Korean case of the hyaline vascular type of Castleman disease involving the renal parenchyma and the paraaortic lymph node simultaneously.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Hiding in the kidney: a series of 13 lymphoid proliferations clinically mimicking renal carcinoma
Jihoon William Lee, Marie E. Perrone, Daniel E. Sabath, Daniel W. Lin, George R. Schade, Funda Vakar-Lopez, Maria Tretiakova
Virchows Archiv.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary hyaline vascular Castleman disease in the kidney: a report and brief literature review
Ibrahim Elsharawi, Sorin Selegean
Journal of Hematopathology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Castleman Disease of the Kidney in Computed Tomography Urography
Kai Wang, Fengjuan Xing, Heng Ma, Wenjuan Li
Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2022; 18(1): 74. CrossRef
Primary hyaline vascular Castleman disease of the kidney: case report and literature review
Yunzhu Li, Haixia Zhao, Bingyin Su, Chan Yang, Shurong Li, Wanlei Fu
Diagnostic Pathology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Castleman’s Disease of the Kidney Mimicking Renal Cell Carcinoma on FDG PET/CT
Yang Wang, Aisheng Dong, Bo Yang, Jianping Lu
Clinical Nuclear Medicine.2018; 43(5): e160. CrossRef
Unicentric hyaline vascular type of castleman disease of the renal hilum with diagnostic dilemma: A case report and review of literature
AmitKumar Adhya, ManasRanjan Pradhan
Oncology Journal of India.2018; 2(4): 96. CrossRef

Original Articles

Expression of DNA Topoisomerase II-alpha as a Proliferating Marker in Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder based on World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Classification: A Correlation with Expression of Ki-67 and Apoptosis: Tae Jin Lee, Dong Ki Lee, Eon Sub Park, Jae Hyung Yoo; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(5):305-313.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
DNA topoisomerase II-alpha is linked with active cell proliferation in mammalian cells. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the expression of DNA topoisomerase II-alpha as a proliferating marker, and the expression of Ki-67 and apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder based on World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) consensus classification.
METHODS
73 urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder after transurethral resection and 25 carcinomas after radical cystectomy were investigated for histologic grading based on WHO and WHO/ISUP consensus classification. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of 98 specimens from 73 patients were immunohistochemically stained for DNA topoisomerase II-alpha and Ki-67, and in situ TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method for evaluation of apoptotic cells was performed. For each case, a DNA topoisomerase II-alpha, Ki-67, and apoptotic indices were determined.
RESULTS
The histologic grades of 73 cases based on the WHO grading system were 21.9% (16 cases) in grade 1, 65.8% (48 cases) in grade 2, and 12.3% (9 cases). 5.5% (4 cases) of papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential, 47.9% (35 cases) of urothelial carcinoma of low grade, and 46.6% (34 cases) in urothelial carcinoma of high grade were reclassified using the WHO/ISUP consensus classification. Histologic grades based on two grading systems were correlated to invasion and stage (p<0.05). DNA topoisomerase II-alpha, Ki-67, and apoptotic indices were correlated to histologic grades based on two grading system and invasion. Also, the correlation of DNA topoisomerase II-alpha and Ki-67 indices, and DNA topoisomerase II-alpha and apoptotic indices were significant, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
DNA topoisomerase II-alpha appears to be an useful marker for assessing the proliferation potential of urothelial carcinoma of in the urinary bladder.

Neoplastic Stromal Cells of Intracranial Hemangioblastomas Disclose Pericyte-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-like Phenotype.: Yong Han Jung, Jeong Kim, Bo Mi Kim, Eun Kyoung Kim, Mi Seon Kang, Soojin Jung, Young Il Yang, Shin Kwang Khang; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):564-572.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.564

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Stromal cells (SCs) of hemangioblastomas (HBs) have been regarded as true neoplastic components, but their ontogeny remains unclear. Convincing evidence suggests that embryonic mesenchymal cells may be the cells of origin of HBs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunophenotypic characteristics of neoplastic SCs using a set of markers against endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and pericytes.
METHODS
Intracranial HBs (n=46), angiolipoma (n=9), and pyogenic granuloma (n=11) were retrieved and the immunophenotypic profile of SCs was determined by immune stainings.
RESULTS
The MIB-1 labeling index was significantly higher in SCs compared to that of ECs and vSMCs, regardless of the type of lesion. The neoplastic SCs of HBs consistently expressed both MSC and pericyte markers, but did not express markers of ECs and vSMCs. Double immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that the neoplastic SCs of HBs expressing MSC or pericyte markers directly abutted onto the ECs of capillaries/venules.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the neoplastic SCs of HBs share the immunophenotypic profile and distribution with those of pericyte-derived MSCs. Thus, HBs might originate from a distinctive population of pericyte-derived MSCs in the central nervous system.

Citations

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Role of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in the Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Hemangioblastomas
Shigeki Takada, Masato Hojo, Noriyoshi Takebe, Kenji Tanigaki, Susumu Miyamoto
World Neurosurgery.2018; 117: e187. CrossRef
Endogenous Gastric-Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells Contribute to Formation of Cancer Stroma and Progression of Gastric Cancer
Eun-Kyung Kim, Hye-Jung Kim, Young-Il Yang, Jong Tae Kim, Min-Young Choi, Chang Soo Choi, Kwang-Hee Kim, Jeong-Han Lee, Won-Hee Jang, Soon-Ho Cheong
Korean Journal of Pathology.2013; 47(6): 507. CrossRef

Type and Incidence of Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Korea: 2001-2007.: Kyung Un Choi, Hae Youn Kang, Heasoo Koo, Mi Seon Kwon, Dong Hoon Kim, Mi Jung Kim, Su Jin Kim, Young Sill Kim, Chul Hwan Kim, Yong Koo Park, Hye Rim Park, Seung Sam Paik, Jin Young Yoo, Anhi Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Kyu Yun Jang, Young Chae Chu, Joon Hyuk Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):557-563.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.557

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The Korean Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nationwide retrospective analysis of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) to provide the clinicopathologic characteristics of STS within the population of the Republic of Korea.
METHODS
The cases of STS were collected during a 7-year period (2001-2007) from 19 institutes in Korea. All cases were classified according to the histologic criteria proposed by the World Health Organization. Clinicopathologic data were reviewed.
RESULTS
Data from 722 patients (median age, 50 years) were collected. Data showed a slight male predominance. The most frequent types of STS in decreasing order were liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, leiomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. STS occurred throughout the body, although approximately half (47.8%) were located in the extremities. The majority of STS was histologically classified as high grade with a large tumor size (>5 cm). The overall survival rate for the patients was 76.3% (median follow-up time, 26 months; range, 1 to 89 months). Histologic grade, tumor size, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, tumor site, and resection status were prognostic. Significant independent adverse prognostic factors were large tumor size (>5 cm) and tumor site other than extremities.
CONCLUSIONS
We reported the distribution and characteristics of STS in the Republic of Korea.

Citations

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Distribution and survival of primary sarcoma in Korea: A single center analysis of 2017 cases
Sung Jun Jo, Kyeong Sik Kim, Kyo Won Lee, Jae Berm Park, Yoon-La Choi, Jeong Il Yu, Su Jin Lee, Dong Il Choi, Sung Joo Kim
Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology.2018; 14(1): 30. CrossRef

An Analysis of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis according to Morphologic Subtypes.: Min Ju Kim, Dokyung Kim, Beom Jin Lim, Hyeon Joo Jeong; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(6):589-596.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.6.589

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The histological subtypes of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) have different significance and influence clinical presentations and outcomes in patients with FSGS. However, no such data has been reported in Korea.
METHODS
We reviewed renal biopsy specimens of 69 adult patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic FSGS between 2000 and 2008, subclassified them according to the Columbia classification and correlated the results with clinical findings.
RESULTS
The frequencies of the FSGS subtypes were not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 28), tip (n = 21), perihilar (n = 11), collapsing (n = 5) and cellular types (n = 4) in descending order. Nephrotic syndrome was more common in patients with the tip and collapsing types than the perihilar type. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease stage 4/5 at the time of renal biopsy was significantly higher in patients with the cellular type than the NOS or the tip type. The remission rate after treatment tended to be higher in patients with the NOS type (22.0%) and the tip type (15.2%) than the perihilar (6.8%) and collapsing types (3.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
Classifying FSGS subtypes may be helpful to predict of clinical features and renal outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Podocytopathy and Morphologic Changes in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Hyeon Joo Jeong
Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology.2013; 17(1): 13. CrossRef
Pathology and Classification of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Yong-Jin Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology.2012; 16(1): 21. CrossRef

Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children: Histologic Subtypes and Prognosis.: Woo Hee Jung, Yee Jeong Kim, Soon Hee Jung, Hyunee Yim, Cheol Joo Yoo; Korean J Pathol. 1992;26(6):573-581.

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Abstract PDF: Thirty cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in patients under the age of 15 years were reviewed retrospectively to find out characteristics of histologic subtypes related to prognosis. Histologic diagnosis were embryonal in 21(70%), alveolar in 7(23%) and mixed type in 2(7%). Cellular anaplasia was noted in 6 cases. Round to polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasmic rim or globules were most characteristic cytologic feature or rhabdomyosarcomas, being followed by myofibrils. Myxoid and edematous stroma in embryonal type and alveolar pattern in alveolar type wee nost characteristic growth pattern. Immunohistochemically, tumors were positive for desmin, actin and myoglobin in 97%, 27%, and 40%, respectively. Consequently, characteristic cytologic features are important to differentiate rhabdomyosarcomas form other kinds of small round cell tumor and growth pattern is more critical in categorizing histologic subtypes. Desmin is far more useful than actin or myoglobin in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Case Reports

A Case of Intestinal Anthrax with Recovery after Surgical Intervention .: Jong Im Lee, Jung Ran Kim, Dong Hoon Kim, Byoung Ook Jeoung; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(2):268-271.

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Abstract PDF: Anthrax in man is usually cutaneous, resulting from contact with materials derived from infected livestock. Internal organs are infrequently involved,. This report concerns a case of primary anthrax of intestine. The first case of primary anthrax of intestine is to our knowledge in Korea. The patient was a 14-year-old male who has complained of nausea, vomiting and acute abdominal pain. History was otherwise noncontributory except for ingestion raw meat of the dead cattle, one day before the onset of the disease. The cattle presumably died due to Bacillus anthracis in a village Bae-Ban Dong in the city of Kyung ju, Kyung Pook. Among 15 sufferers, 2 cases died 3 days later. Bacillus anthracis isolated from the raw beef, blood samples of two patients and throat culture of one patient. At laparotomy, the peritoneal cavity was full of serosanginous fluid. Right hemicolectomy including partial resection of ileum was done. The bowel was segmentally dilated, hemorrhagic and necrotic, especially at terminal ileum. The mucosa was edematous and largely ulcerated covered with greenish yellow exudate. The intense vascular congestion with hemorrhage and numerous colonization of bacteria were present through the entire wall. The organisms were large, gram-positive and PAS-negative bacilli in long chain. Bacterial emboli were scattered in lymphatics. The other feature was band like lymphoid cell infiltration in ulcer base and submucosal layer. Payer's patches were prominent and the germinal centers were necrotic. Interfollicular spaces exhibited aggregates of numerous atypical lymphoid cells. The cells were five times larger than resting lymphocytes and had several prominent nucleoli and abundant amphophilic cytoplasm. On immunohistochemical staining, most of atypical cells were positive for T-cell marker and Ki-I Ag. The mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged, showing reactive feature, and the atypical cells were also demonstrated. The patient recovered completely.

Urinary Cytologic Findings of Plasmacytoid Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: A Case Report .: Mi Ok Park, Yong Jin Kim, Jae Bok Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 1999;10(1):67-71.

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Abstract PDF: We report a case of 53-year-old man with plasmacytoid transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, which may be confused with plasmacytoma. The patient initially presented with gross hematuria and dysuria for two months. Cystoscopy and radiologic studies revealed multiple intraluminal protruding masses on the urinary bladder invading perivesical fat tissue. After urinary cytologic examination and cystoscopic biopsy, radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissections were done. Urine cytology showed single cells and poorly cohesive cells with round eccentric nuclei, bi-or multi-nucleation, indistinct nucleoli, coarse chromatin, and abundant basophilic cytoplasm within relatively clear background. The cytologic findings of tumor cells were similar to the plasma cells seen in plasmacytoma. The tumor of the bladder was composed of discohesive, individual cancer cells with diffuse pattern that simulated lymphoma or plasmacytoma. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies clearly established the epithelial nature of the neoplasm. Recognition of this plasmacytoid type of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder can avoid the misdiagnosis.

Ki-1 Positive Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type, Mistaken as Dermatomyositis: A Case Report and Literature Review.: Hyun Jung Kim, Eunah Shin, Jung Yeon Kim, Kyeongmee Park, Young Jin Yoo, Seung Sook Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(4):278-283.

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Abstract PDF: We report a case of a 38-year-old male with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, showing unusual clinical and pathological features. The patient was admitted for soft tissue swelling and tenderness in both legs. The patient had been treated intermittently 8 months prior for repeated muco-cutaneous ulcers. A muscle biopsy showed medium-sized atypical lymphoid cells with bizarre nuclei and plump cytoplasm, infiltrating to the skeletal muscle fibers with angiocentricity. The immunoresults were Ki-1+, CD56+, cytoplasmic CD3+, with EBV-in situ hybridization +. The patient rapidly deteriorated and died of sepsis and respiratory failure shortly after initiation of low-dose chemotherapy. A careful review of previous biopsies revealed scarce atypical lymphoid cells around vessels with similar immunoprofiles without the presence of Ki-1 positive cells. This case emphasizes that an extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma may have a dermatomyositis-like diffuse presentation. Ki-1 co-expression can be an unexpected event in a process of the disease course; however, this should be validated with future studies.

Potter's Syndrome with Adult Polycystic Renal Disease: An autopsy case report.: Hwa Sook Jeong, Beom Soo Park, Geon Kook Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(4):361-365.

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Abstract PDF: Potter's syndrome including bilateral renal agenesis or polycystic renal disease, bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia and characteristic face was first described in 1946. Although a great number of cases of Potter's syndrome was reported, Potter's syndrome with adult polycystic kidney disease(Potter type III) was very rarely found. In this report, we described an autopsy case of Potter's syndrome having adult polycystic kidneys disease, bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia and characteristic face in conjunction with multiple hepatic cysts, features of congenital hepatic fibrosis and a pancreatic cyst. Microscopically, all cysts were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells, showing positive for epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratins.

Original Article

Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1,2,3 and Type IV Collagen in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Influence on Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis.: Eun Sun Jung, Byung Gee Kim, Jo Hyun Park, Sang In Shim; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(4):251-258.

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Abstract PDF: Matrix metalloproteinases are believed to play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. But little is known about the role of them in the gastric adenocarcinoma. We investigated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2,3 in eighty paraffin blocks of the primary gastric adenocarcinoma tissues with immunohistochemistry and analysed their correlation with lymph node metastasis and survival. MMP-1,2,3 were expressed most intensely in the fibroblasts around the tumor stroma. In our study the increased immunoreactivity of MMP-2 only showed statistically significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P=0.0517, Odd's ratio=2.274). But MMP-1,2,3 all were correlated with survival. Type IV collagen was observed in the vascular basement membranes and tumor basement membranes and showed statistically significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P=0.0002, Odd's ratio=0.194) and prognosis (P=0.0001). The immunoreactivity of MMP-2 and type IV collagen was inversely correlated (Kendall's Tau-b correlation = 0.37482, P=0.0001). Our results suggest that in human gastric adenocarcinoma the increased immunoreactivity of MMP-2 and the decreased immunoreactivity of type IV collagen has an important role in lymph node metastasis and prognosis. MMP-1,3 are not correlated with lymph node metastasis but correlated with survival. The mechanism responsible for the production of MMP by the host fibroblasts remains obscure and requires further investigation.

Case Reports

Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion Myopathy: A case report .: Sung Hye Park, Kwang Kuk Kim, Suk Yoon Kang, Shin Kwang Kang; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(4):303-306.

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Abstract PDF: Authors report a typical case of congenital fiber type disproportion (CFTD) with unique clinicopathologic characteristics. The patient was a 13-year-old boy who presented with weakness of lower extremities, especially proximal muscle, since his infancy. He has suffered from severe scoliosis which got worse since the age of 12. He showed mild dysarthria, high arched palate, and fish face. All routine laboratory data were within normal limits. EMG findings suggested myopathy. The muscle biopsy revealed fiber type disproportion with type 1 predominance. While most of the type 1 myofibers were atrophic or normal in size, the type 2 fibers showed universal hypertrophy. The difference of mean diameter between the larger and the smaller fibers was 27.9%. The patient's clinicopathologic settings fulfilled the criteria of CFTD.

Achondrogenesis Type 2: An autopsy case.: Joon Mee Kim, Young Chae Chu, Soo Kee Min, Hee Jeung Cha, Je Geun Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(5):482-488.

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Abstract PDF: Achondrogenesis type 2 is a lethal form of congenital skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe short-limbed dwarfism, decreased vertebral ossification and normal ossification of the skull. We report an autopsy case of achondrogenesis type 2 in a female fetus terminated at 29 weeks of gestation. External morphology revealed a relatively large head, short upper and lower extremities, short neck, and distended abdomen. The x-ray finding showed normal calvarial ossification, hypoplastic ilium and unossified ischium, and metaphyseal flares of the femur and tibia. Histologically, chondrocytes were large and irregular with increased vascularity.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Solid Type Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Buccal Mucosa: A Case Report .: Jeana Kim, Kyoung Mee Kim, Young Sill Kim, Anhi Lee, Sang In Shim, Byung Kee Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2000;11(2):89-92.

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Abstract PDF: Adenoid cystic carcinoma constitutes 4 percent of all benign and malignant epithelial salivary gland tumors and is a highly malignant tumor of the salivary glands. The cytologic presentation in aspirates is usually characteristic with spherical clusters(balls) of small tumor cells filled with hyaline material. But in case of the poorly differentiated variety(solid type), it is difficult to differentiate from other tumors because sheets of small, fairly monotonous malignant cells, with somewhat larger and more conspicuous nuclei are only seen. The cytologic findings of fine needle aspiration of solid type adenoid cystic carcinoma of buccal mucosa in a 51-year-old man are presented. On cytologic findings, solid sheets of monotonous tumor cells with focal necrosis was noted on a hemorrhagic background and the characteristic cytologic features of adenoid cystic carcinoma was absent.

Original Articles

Giatn Lymph Node Hyperplasia : Analysis of 17 Cases with Special Reference to 5 Cases of Plasma Cell Type.: Jeong Hee Cho, Seong Hoe Park, Yong Il Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1990;24(3):204-214.

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Abstract PDF: This report describes the pathologic features of 17 cases of Castleman's disease, examined at the Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital during a period from 1973 to 1989. The lesions in 12 cases were hyaline-vascular type and the remainders plasma cell type. The pathologic features favoring the plasma cell type over the hyaline vascular type included a sufficient number to large-sized follicles. However, a histologic overlapping between two types was present. In the hyaline vascular type the age of the patients ranged from 7 to 76 years and they appeared to be no particular sex predominence. The majority of the lesions occurred in the neck and within the chest. Almost all cases presented with a solitary mass except three cases. Neither conventional symptoms nor systemic manifestations were associated. The plasma cell type was characterized by presentation of constitutional symptoms, involvement of intra abdominal and inguinal lymphnodes, in association with unusual clinicopathologic features including IgA nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, systemic progressive sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, and anemia. Immunohistochemical study was performed in three cases of the plasma cell type. Two cases revealed poly-clonal plasma cell infiltration. In a patient with IgA nephropathy, however, serum IgA was increase and a strong immunoreactivity to IgA heavy chain was found. Another case, associated with systemic progressive sclerosis and neuropathy, revealed monoclonal plasma cell infiltration (IgG and lambda light chain). The above results support a possibility that in some of the plasma cell type an altered immune mechanism is involved in its pathogenesis.

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in the inflammatory and neoplastic uterine cervical lesions.: Hye Jin Jeong, Eung Seok Lee, Zhen Hua Lin, Seol Hee Park, In Sun Kim, Jae Sung Kang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2001;12(2):73-80.

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Abstract PDF: The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) in the uterine cervix was investigated to define the possible etiologic role in cervical carcinogenesis. The viral genotyping and LMP-1 30bp deletion were also studied. The materials included 169 uterine cervical swabs(152 within normal limits, 12 atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance, 3 low grade intraepithelial lesions, and 2 high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and 104 uterine cervical tissues obtained from hysterectomy specimens(32 carcinoma in situ, 9 microinvasive squamous cell carcinomas, 37 invasive squamous cell carcinomas, 7 adenocarcinomas, 7 adenosquamous carcinomas, and 12 cervicitis). EBV detected by PCR for EBNA-1 was positive in 52(56.5%) of 92 invasive and noninvasive cervical carcinomas, and 80(48.8%) of 164 inflammatory or normal cervices. The viruses detected in carcinomas were all type A, and LMP-1 30bp deletion form was more frequent in premalignant and malignant cervical lesions than in nonneoplastic cervices. From the above results, it may be concluded that EBV is one of common viruses detected in uterine cervix of Korean women, and type A virus and LMP-1 30bp deletion form may have a role in cervical carcinogenesis.

Case Reports

Oncocytic Type Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm Mimicking Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of the Pancreas: A Case Report.: Tae Jung Jang, Jong Im Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(3):172-174.

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Abstract PDF: Oncocytic type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm is a newly defined subgroup of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. A 35-year-old woman presented complaining of epigastric pain for one month. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a multilocular cystic mass in the distal body and tail of the pancreas. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed no communication between the mass and the main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Microscopical examination showed a fibrous cyst wall; polypoid tumors exhibiting thin stalks, with extensive arborizing papillary growths from these stalks; and a focally cribriform pattern, lined by plump cells with abundant eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm. Red granules were detected in the cytoplasm of tumor cells on modified Gomori trichrome stain. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells contained abundant cytoplasm packed with numerous mitochondria and intracellular and intercellular lumina. We describe an oncocytic type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm having the clinical characteristics of a mucinous cystic neoplasm.

Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors with Heterologous Gastrointestinal Type Epithelium or with Striated Skeletal Muscle: report of two cases.: Ki Ouk Min, Eun Joo Seo, Young Shin Kim, Kyo Young Lee, Sang In Shim; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(1):50-56.

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Abstract PDF: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors of the ovary are rare, accounting for no more than 0.5% of all ovarian neoplasms. These tumors occur predominantly in women 10 to 30 years of age. Heterologous elements are found in over 20% of the moderately and poorly differentiated Sertoli- Leydig cell tumors. The most common element is gastrointestinal mucin-secreting epithelium, found in approximately 20% of all cases. Approximately 4% of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors contain immature skeletal muscle and/or cartilaginous elements. The origin of these neoplasms is regarded as neometaplasia of the mesodermal neoplastic element. While the degree of differentiation of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors is probably of greater importance in determining prognosis than the presence of heterologous components, recent evidence does point to an unfavorable effect on clinical outcome when heterologous mesenchymal components such as cartilage and striated muscle are present. We experienced two cases of ovarian heterologous Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with gastrointestinal type epithelium and striated skeletal muscle in 20 and 21 year-old females, respectively. One case involved a patient who had complained of amenorrhea for 3 years while the other case involved a patient who had complained of left lower abdominal tenderness and amenorrhea for one and one half years. It was determined by ultrasonography of the pelvis that the two patients suffered from right and left ovarian masses. Both patients underwent adnexectomy. These tumors were large with partly solid and partly cystic areas. Based on light microscopic examination one case was classified as an intermediate Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with heterologous gastrointestinal type epithelium, while the other case was classified as a poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with heterologous striated skeletal muscle.

Original Article

A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer.: Woo Ho Kim, Cheol Keun Park, Young Bae Kim, Youn Wha Kim, Ho Guen Kim, Han Ik Bae, Kyu Sang Song, Hee Kyung Chang, Hee Jin Chang, Yang Seok Chae; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(2):106-113.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
AND METHODS: The Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists developed a standardized pathology reporting format for gastric cancer in collaboration with the Korean Gastric Cancer Association. RESULTS: The diagnostic parameters are divided into two part: the standard part and the optional part. The standard part contains most of the items listed in the Japanese classification, the TNM classification by UICC, the WHO classification, and the Korean Gastric Cancer Association classification. Therefore, the standard part is adequate for routine surgical pathology service. We included detailed descriptions on each item.
CONCLUSIONS
The authors anticipate that this standardization can improve the diagnostic accuracy and decrease the discrepancies that occur in the pathologic diagnosis of gastric cancer. Furthermore, the standard format can encourage large scale multi-institutional collaborative studies.

Case Report

Epithelioid Myofibroblastoma of Mammary-type in Chest Wall: A Case Report.: Hyun Jung Kim, Hunkyung Lee, Ok Jun Lee, Kyung Ja Cho, Jae Y Ro; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(2):130-133.

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Abstract PDF: Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of the soft tissue is a benign mesenchymal tumor, and it is a recently established clinical entity. We report a case of myofibroblastoma of the chest wall with a prominent epithelioid feature, that occurred in a 12-year old female. Although the lesion occurred in the breast area, there was no breast parenchyma in or around the mass, which favored soft tissue of the chest wall origin. The tumor was immunohistochemically identical to the mammary-type myofibroblastoma with diffuse and strong positivity against CD34 and desmin. The myoepithelial differentiation of the tumor was further supported by the electron microscopic analysis. This case indicates that mammary-type myofibroblastoma can occur in a young girl. The mammary-type myofibroblastoma should be considered a differential diagnosis, among epithelioid soft tissue neoplasms in the chest wall when the proper immunohistochemical work-up is done.

Original Article

Primary MALT(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) Type Lymphoma of the Liver.: Do Youn Park, Jee Yeon Kim, Hyo Jeong Chae, Jin Sook Lee, Chang Hun Lee, Mee Young Sol, Kang Suek Suh, Sun Kyung Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(12):1317-1319.

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Abstract PDF: Primary non-Hodgkin' lymphomas of the liver, an organ normally devoid of a native lymphoid tissue, are very rare. We recently experienced a case of a primary low-grade hepatic B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type in a 36-year-old woman. The ultrasonography revealed a 5 cm sized mass in the right lobe of the liver. A right segmentectomy of the liver was done and showed a relatively well-circumscribed brownish yellow lobulated homogenous mass, measuring 5.5x4.5 cm in size. Histologic sections of liver mass revealed large lymphoid follicles with reactive germinal centers, follicular colonization by centrocyte-like cells (CCL cells), and lymphoepithelial lesions. The CCL cells were positive for B-cell (CD20), LCA (CD45RA), Bcl-2 oncoprotein, and lambda light chain.

Case Report

Multiple Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors with Diverse Hormonal Expression in a Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I Patient: A Case Report.: Jang Han Kim, Kuhn Uk Lee, Woo Ho Kim, Yong Il Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(3):184-186.

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Abstract PDF: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I is characterized by multiple tumors, particularly in the parathyroid glands, the pituitary gland and the pancreatic islet. We observed multiple pancreatic islet cell tumors with diverse hormonal expression in a MEN-I patient. The patient suffered from protracted diarrhea and multiple gastrododuodenal ulcers for 10 years. In abdominal computed tomography, space occupying lesions were detected in the distal pancreas. Distal pancreatectomy was done. Three tumors that measured 2.0 X 1.0 cm (A), 1.0 X 1.0 cm (B), and 1.0 X 0.5 cm (C) were discovered. Microscopic examination revealed another tumor, 1.0 X 0.5 cm (D). Microadenomas, less than 0.5 cm, were also found throughout the pancreas. Immunohistochemical stainings for insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, glucagon, somatostain, and chromogranin were performed. Tumor A was trabecular and acinar in form and showed weak cytoplasmic reactivity to insulin. Tumor B was a gyriform and a few cells showed cytoplasmic reactivity to pancreatic polypeptide. Tumor C was trabecular in form and showed cytoplasmic reactivity to chromogranin. Direct invasion and distant metastasis were not found.

Original Articles

Histopathologic Features and Immunophenotype of 19 Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas.: Hee Sung Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Howe J Ree; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(12):1111-1119.

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Abstract PDF: The diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphoma is based on a combination of clinical, histological, immunophenotypic and genetic criteria. Nineteen cases of primary cutaneous lymphomas were studied for clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features. Seventeen (89%) cases were T cell origin and two cases (11%) were B cell origin. CD30-positive cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder was the most frequent subtype, occupying 42% (8 cases) of the cases. CD8 was positive in 5 cases consisting of 3 cutaneous T cell lymphomas and 2 anaplastic large cell lymphomas. CD4 was positive in 2 cases of mycosis fungoides and 3 cases of lymphomatoid papulosis. Six (67%) of 9 cases of cutaneous T cell lymphoma were positive for TIA-1. Ten (83%) out of 12 cases showed clonal rearrangements of TCR gamma genes, however, one T/NK cell lymphoma and one anaplastic large cell lymphoma did not. EBV association was detected only in T/NK cell lymphomas among 10 cases examined. In conclusion, our study showed higher proportion of CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and less frequent mycosis fungoides in Korea compared to the incidences in Western countries. Our immunostaining results suggested that mycosis fungoides and lymphomatoid papulosis are CD4-positive T cell origin, however, the remaining primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma is predominantly CD8-positive cytotoxic T cell origin.

Correlation between Transforming Growth Factor-beta and Procollagen III with Regenerative Activity in Acute Liver Injury, and the Effect of Prostaglandin E2.: Nam Hoon Cho, Chan Il Park; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(5):367-387.

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Abstract PDF: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role in hepatic fibrogenesis. It is thought to inhibit regeneration of the hepatocytes. The aim of this present study was to clarify the correlation of TGF-beta, collagen type III (PIIINP) and the regenerating activity of hepatocytes, and the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) on them in acute liver injury. Two hundred and sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200g on average, were divided into six experimental groups and two control groups; group I-CCl4 only administration, group II-partial hepatectomy(PH) only, group III-PH following CCl4 administration, group IV-olive oil only administration, group V-sham operation, group VI-CCl4 administration with pretreatment of PgE2, group VII- PH with pretreatment of PgE2, and group VIII- PH following CCl4 administration with pretreatment of PgE2. Five rats were sacrificed at 12, 24, 36, 48, 96 and 168 hours after the administration of CCl4 or PH in each experimental group. The liver was tested with immunohistochemical stain for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and in situ hybridization for TGF-beta. Radioimmunoassay for serum PIIINP was also performed. The results were as follows: TGF-beta was expressed mainly in the perisinusoidal cells and periportal mesenchymal cells. The TGF-beta positive cells were most numerous in the combined group of CCl4 plus PH. TGF-beta expression tended to have an inverse relation, with the PCNA index in all experimental groups. The PCNA index was highest in the CCl4 only group and lowest in the combined group of CCl4 plus PH. The PH only group showed a peak PCNA index at 48 hours. In the CCl4 only group and the combined group of CCl4 plus PH, serum PIIINP appeared to increase at 12 hours or more after the expression of hepatic TGF-beta. Pretreatment of PgE2 revealed that TGF-beta precipitously disappeared at 48-96 hours after insult. PgE2 influenced the vanishing period, not the emerging time of TGF-beta and had a remarkable effect on the amount of TGF-beta especially in the PH following CCl4 administration group, which resulted in significant accentuation of PCNA indices. In conclusion, PH of the prior injured liver induces a marked increase of TGF-beta followed by a significant suppression of regeneration of the remaining liver, and PgE2 overtly suppresses the expression of TGF-beta.

Immunohistochemical Study for Ki-1 and EMA Antigens in Large Cell Lymphoma including Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.: Soon Ae Oak, Young Hyeh Ko, Jung Dal Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(2):135-143.

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Abstract PDF: To evaluate the frequency of EM A and Ki-I antigen expression in the large cell lymphoma and to define the histologic characteristics of Ki-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 40 cases of malignant lymphoma, diffuse large cell type were immunostained by Ki-I and EMA monoclonal antibodies. Eight cases of large cell lymphomas expressed EMA, among which 4 cases were positive for Ki-I antibody as well. The positive rate for EMA was much higher in T cell lymphomas than in B cell lymphomas. Among 4 cases of Ki-I positive lymphomas, 2 cases showing membrane staining of Ki-1 with prototypic histologic feature of anaplastic large cell lymphoma were classified as Ki-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma(ALCL). Ki-I positive ALCL were T-cell in one and non-T, non-B cell type in the other, respectively. The remaining 2 cases of Ki-1 positive lymphomas showing cytoplasmic staining were classified as both B-cell centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma and T-cell pleomorphic large cell lymphoma.

Pathologic Study of Breast Cancer in Korea.: Sang Kook Lee, Gyung Hyuck Ko; Korean J Pathol. 1987;21(4):257-266.

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Abstract PDF: From a retrospective study of 366 cases of breast cancer, following results are obtained. 1) Relative incidence of breast cancer is increased during recent 7 years as compared with total female cancer. 2) Invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component (ICPI) account for 78% of total breast cancer, and its ratio shows little variance during recent 7 years and as compared with previous studies. 3) The incidence of invasive lobular carcinoma is increased as compared with 10 years ago, but it seems more likely that the increase is due to difference in diagnostic criteria rather than due to real increase in incidence. 4) The average patients' age of five major histologic types of breast cancer is 47.3 year. The patient's age of invasive ductal carcinoma is highest and that of ICPI is lowest. 5) Outer upper quadrant is the most frequent site of breast cancer. Left side is slightly more frequent than right side. There is little variance among the histologic types in tumor location. 6) The average symptom duration of patients of major types of breast cancer is 8.4 month. It is longest in invasive ductal carcinoma and shortest in ICPI. 7) Invasive lobular carcinoma is largest in tumor size and intraductal carcinoma is smallest, among the major histological types. 8) Intraductal carcinoma is most freqnently accompanied by nipple discharge and Paget's disease. 9) The rate of axillary lymph node metastasis is highest in invasive lobular carcinoma, followed by invasive ductal carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and ICPI, in order of freqnency. 10) Distant metastasis is to the bone, lung, liver and brain, in order of freqnency. Medullary carcinoma shows the highest rate of distant metastasis. 11) The important prognostic factors of breast cancer are histologic types, status of axillary lymph node metastasis, size of tumor and histologic grade of malignancy. But there is little difference in prognosis between invasive ductal carcinoma and medullary carcinoma.

Expression of the GLUT1 and p53 Protein in Atypical Mucosal Lesions Obtained from Gastric Biopsy Specimens.: In Gu Do, Youn Wha Kim, Yong Koo Park; Korean J Pathol. 2006;40(1):32-38.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of atypical mucosal lesions by performing hematoxylin-eosin staining is too subjective, and it is also subject to considerable inter-observer variation. There is a need for reliable immunohistochemical markers that can give reproducible results and that are not subject to individual interpretation.
METHODS
We reviewed a total of 199 cases of gastric biopsy specimens, which were all diagnosed as atypical mucosal lesions, and 124 cases of the adenocarcinomas specimens had been classified from category 1 (C1) to C5 according to the Vienna classification. We also examined the immunohistochemical expressions of the glucose transporter GLUT1 and the p53 protein in the gastric biopsy specimens to determine if they were useful markers for differentiatial diagnosis under the Vienna classifications.
RESULTS
None of the specimens in categories C1 to C3 showed GLUT1 expression, but 10.1% of the C4 specimens and 25.0% of the C5 specimens were GLUT1-positive (p<0.05). The expression of p53 was undetectable in the C1 specimens, but this was expressed in 2.9% of the C2 specimens, 15.6% of the C3 specimens, 37.8% of the C4 specimens, and 65.3% of the C5 specimens (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The Vienna classification is very applicable to the gastric biopsy specimens of the atypical mucosal lesions, and the GLUT1 and p53 expressions are candidates as highly useful markers to differentiate the Vienna C4 lesions from the C3 and C5 lesions.

HER-2/neu Oncogene Amplification by Chromogenic in situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemical Expression of Topoisomerase II-alpha in the Breast Cancer.: Tae Jin Lee, Hyung Goon Oh, Gui Young Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, Eon Sub Park, Jae Hyung Yoo; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(1):26-34.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Amplifications of the HER-2/neu oncogene and the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene are important determiners of the response to chemotherapy in the breast cancer. For detecting HER-2/neu amplification, fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry are currently regarded as standard methods. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) is investigated as a new modification of in situ hybridization. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of CISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in detecting HER-2/neu oncogene amplification and to investigate the prognostic significance of the HER-2/neu oncogene and the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene in breast cancer.
METHODS
Using CISH and IHC the amplifications and protein expressions of the HER-2/neu oncogene were studied on paraffin sections of 43 infiltrating duct carcinomas. The expression of the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene was studied immunohistochemically.
RESULTS
Of the 43 infiltrating duct carcinomas, amplifications of the HER-2/neu oncogene by CISH were observed in 8 cases (18.6%), and the HER-2/neu protein was deemed overexpressed by IHC in 9 cases (20.9%). The amplifications of the HER-2/neu oncogene showed a statistically significant correlation with tumor size, histological grade, and the Topoisomerase II-alpha index. The Topoisomerase II-alpha index showed a statistically significant correlation with tumor size, lymph node status, stage, histologic grade, and estrogen receptor status.
CONCLUSIONS
CISH is a useful alternative for determining HER-2/neu amplification, especially for confirming the immunohistochemical staining results. HER-2/neu amplification and the Topoisomerase II-alpha gene index may be prognostic factors of breast cancer.

A Standardized Pathology Report for Colorectal Cancer.: Hee Jin Chang, Cheol Keun Park, Woo Ho Kim, Young Bae Kim, Youn Wha Kim, Ho Guen Kim, Han Ik Bae, Kyu Sang Song, Mee Soo Chang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yang Seok Chae; Korean J Pathol. 2006;40(3):193-203.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
AND METHODS: For standardizing the pathology report and diagnosis of colorectal cancers, the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists has developed a pathology reporting format for colorectal cancer in collaboration with the Korean Society of Coloproctology.
RESULTS
The diagnostic parameters are divided into two parts: the standard part and the optional part. The standard part contains most of the items listed in the Japanese classification, the TNM classification by AJCC, and the WHO classification. We included detailed descriptions on each item.
CONCLUSIONS
The standardized pathology report for colorectal cancers is adequate for its application to routine surgical pathology reports, and it is also helpful to decrease the discrepancies that occur during the pathologic diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, this reporting format could encourage nationwide multi-center collaborative studies.

Case Reports

Multiple Plexiform Schwannomas Associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 2: A case report.: Ho Sung Park, Myoung Ja Chung, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Byung Cook Ahn; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(5):389-392.

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Abstract PDF: Plexiform schwannoma is a rare benign tumor arising from the peripheral nerve sheath and characterized by a multinodular and plexiform growth pattern. This tumor usually arises sporadically. In rare cases, plexiform schwannomas have been associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. Plexiform schwannoma should be differentiated from plexiform neurofibroma, because the latter is pathognomonic tumor of neurofibromatosis type 1 and has a potential of malignant transformation. We report a case of multiple plexiform schwannomas associated with bilateral acoustic neuromas and meningioma.

Papillary Craniopharyngiona: A report of two cases.: Gu Kong, Eun Kyung Hong, Jung Dal Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1992;26(2):171-174.

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Abstract PDF: Two cases of suprasellar papillary craniopharyngioma are presented. The tumors are exclusively composed of well-formed papillary squamous epithelium and show morphologic homogeneity. There is no palisading basal layer in squamous epithelium. Clinical and radiologic findings, exclusive occurrence in adult and lack of calcification, are much different from conventional craniopharyngioma. Differences between papillary craniopharyngiom and conventional craniopharyngioma are discussed.

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma of Fetal Type: Report of a case.: Soon Bong Chung, Il Seon Lee, Hee Kyung Chang, Bang Hur, Man Ha Huh; Korean J Pathol. 1992;26(2):186-190.

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Abstract PDF: Adenocarcionma of fetal type is in lung is a newly recognized malignant tumor sharing morphologic features with the epithelial component of the pulmonary blastoma devoid of sarcomatous component. We present a case of adenocarcinoma of fetal type in a 28-year-old female, consisting of numerous branching tubules or glands and morula-like epithelial complexes. Histologically, the tubules and glands were composed of glycogne-rich nonciliated epithelial cells showing in part argyrophilia. Some of tubular and morula-like epithelial cells revealed immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase. We report this case with a review of literatures with special references on the histogenisis. This report is the pathologically confirmed second case of the pulmonary adenocarcinoma of fetal type in Korea, following the report of Cho and Lee, 1990.

Original Article

Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Replication Error-Positive Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Korean.: Jae Hyuk Lee, Mi Hwa Kim, Wan Sik Lee, Young Jin Kim, Mi Sun Jee, Kwang Min Lee, Sang Woo Juhng, Chan Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(7):488-493.

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to obtain the clinicopathological characteristics of replication error-positive (RER ) gastric adenocarcinoma in Korean, and to identify the significance of RER in adenoma stage of gastric carcinogenesis. Microsatellite instability was examined at D2S71, D2S119, D3S1067, D6S87, D11S905, DM, AR, VWF, HPRT, and BAT-26 loci. Frameshift mutation of BAX gene was analyzed in RER tumors. Normal and tumor DNA of 76 cases of gastric carcinoma and 25 cases of adenoma were examined. RER was found in 8 of 76 cases (10.5%), and it was more frequently found in adenocarcinoma of female (17.7%) than those of male (4.8%). The frequency of RER was not different between the histologic types, age of the patient, anatomical location of the carcinoma, and the stage. The RER found in adenoma suggests that RER contributes to the malignant transformation early in the adenoma stage of the gastric carcinogenesis. None of the RER tumors revealed frameshift mutation of the BAX gene.

Case Report

Primary Appendiceal Papillary Adenocarcinoma of Colonic Type: Report of a case.: Yun Kyung Kang, Ghee Young Choe, Yong Il Kim, Kuk Jin Choe; Korean J Pathol. 1992;26(3):306-309.

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Abstract PDF: We report a case of colonic type-papillary adenocarcinoma of appendiceal origin in a 73-year-old male patient. The patient presented with right lower quadrant mass and was operated for a preoperative diagnosis of inflammatory small bowel mass. The mid one-third of the appendix showed a 3.5x3.3 cm sized, broad-based, intraluminal papillary mass. Microscopically, it was a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma and revealed a strong immunoreactivity to carcinoembryonic antigen. Tumor desmoplasia and acute inflammatory change were prominent.

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