Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

Diagnostic value of cytology in detecting human papillomavirus–independent cervical malignancies: a nation-wide study in Korea: Hye-Ra Jung, Junyoung Shin, Chong Woo Yoo, Eun Na Kim, Cheol Lee, Kyeongmin Kim, Ho-chang Lee, Yonghee Lee, Ji Hye Kim, Soo Jin Jung, Yumin Chung, Joo Yeon Kim, Hye Eun Park, Tae Hoen Kim, Wonae Lee, Min-Sun Cho, Ran Hong, Yoon Jung Choi, Younghee Choi, Young Sub Lee, Sang-Ryung Lee, Myunghee Kang, Young Jin Seo, Seung-Sook Lee, Yoon-Jung Hwang, Hyun-Jung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(6):444-452. Published online November 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.10.21

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Abstract PDF: Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) independent cervical malignancies (HPV-IDCMs) have recently been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) 5th edition. These malignancies have historically received limited attention due to their rarity and the potential for evasion of HPV-based screening.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 5,854 biopsy-confirmed cervical malignancies from 22 institutions over 3 years (July 2020–June 2023). Histologic classification followed the WHO guidelines. HPV independence was confirmed by dual negativity for p16 and HPV; discordant cases (p16-positive/HPV-negative) underwent additional HPV testing using paraffin-embedded tissue. Cytological results were matched sequentially to histological confirmation.
Results
The prevalence of HPV-IDCM was 4.4% (257/5,854) overall and was 3.6% (208/5,805 cases) among primary cervical malignancy. Patient age of HPV-IDCM was 29 to 89 years (median, 57.79). Its histologic subtypes included primary adenocarcinoma (n = 116), endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 35), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 72), metastatic carcinoma (n = 14), carcinoma, not otherwise specified (n = 10), neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 3), and others (n = 7). Among 155 cytology-histological matched cases, the overall and primary Pap test detection rates were 85.2% (132/155) and 83.2% (104/125), respectively. The interval between cytology and histologic confirmation extended up to 38 months.
Conclusions
HPV-IDCMs comprised 3.6% of primary cervical malignancies with a high detection rate via cytology (83.2%). These findings affirm the value of cytological screening, particularly in patients with limited screening history or at risk for HPV-independent lesions, and may guide future screening protocols.

Clinicopathological implications of immunohistochemical expression of TBX21, CXCR3, GATA3, CCR4, and TCF1 in nodal follicular helper T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: Bogyeong Han, Sojung Lim, Jeemin Yim, Young Keun Song, Jiwon Koh, Sehui Kim, Cheol Lee, Young A Kim, Yoon Kyung Jeon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(2):59-71. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.01.04

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Background
The classification of nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) has evolved according to histology, cell-of-origin, and genetic alterations. However, the comprehensive expression pattern of follicular helper T-cell (Tfh) markers, T-cell factor-1 (TCF1), and Th1- and Th2-like molecules in nodal PTCL is unclear.
Methods
Eighty-two cases of nodal PTCL were classified into 53 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITLs)/nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma (nTFHL)-AI, 18 PTCLs-Tfh/nTFHL–not otherwise specified (NOS), and 11 PTCLs-NOS according to the revised 4th/5th World Health Organization classifications. Immunohistochemistry for TCF1, TBX21, CXCR3, GATA3, and CCR4 was performed.
Results
TCF1 was highly expressed in up to 68% of patients with nTFHL but also in 44% of patients with PTCL-NOS (p > .05). CXCR3 expression was higher in AITLs than in non-AITLs (p = .035), whereas GATA3 expression was higher in non-AITL than in AITL (p = .007) and in PTCL-Tfh compared to AITL (p = .010). Of the cases, 70% of AITL, 44% of PTCLTfh/ nTFHL-NOS, and 36% of PTCL-NOS were subclassified as the TBX21 subtype; and 15% of AITL, 38% of PTCL-Tfh/nTFHL-NOS, and 36% of PTCL-NOS were subclassified as the GATA3 subtype. The others were an unclassified subtype. CCR4 expression was associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with PTCL-Tfh (p < .001) and nTFHL (p = .023). The GATA3 subtype showed poor overall survival in PTCL-NOS compared to TBX21 (p = .046) and tended to be associated with poor PFS in patients with non-AITL (p = .054).
Conclusions
The TBX21 subtype was more prevalent than the GATA3 subtype in AITL. The GATA3 subtype was associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-AITL and PTCL-NOS.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

T-bet: biological functions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic applications: a systematic review
Xiaowen Yang, Min Sun, Xinyi Tang, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Wenzhi Shen
Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
CXCR Family and Hematologic Malignancies in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment
Yanquan Liu, Huanwen Tang
Biomolecules.2025; 15(5): 716. CrossRef
Diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for lymphoma patients: expert consensus through Nominal Group Technique and Delphi methodology
Attilio Guarini, Valentina Bozzoli, Sabino Ciavarella, Michele Cimminiello, Francesca Donatelli, Angelo Fama, Vincenza Fernanda Fesce, Vincenzo Fraticelli, Francesco Gaudio, Giuseppina Greco, Augusto Martellini, Francesca Merchionne, Rosanna Maria Miccoli
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Significance of TBX21 and GATA3 Subtype Classification in Indolent Adult T‐Cell Leukemia‐Lymphoma With Cutaneous Lesions
Kazuhiro Kawai, Youhei Uchida, Takuro Kanekura
The Journal of Dermatology.2025; 52(11): 1674. CrossRef

Diagnostic distribution and pitfalls of glandular abnormalities in cervical cytology: a 25-year single-center study: Jung-A Sung, Ilias P. Nikas, Haeryoung Kim, Han Suk Ryu, Cheol Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):354-360. Published online November 9, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.09.05

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Abstract PDF

Background
Detection of glandular abnormalities in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests is challenging. This study aimed to review our institute’s experience interpreting such abnormalities, assess cytohistologic concordance, and identify cytomorphologic features associated with malignancy in follow-up histology.
Methods
Patients with cytologically-detected glandular lesions identified in our pathology records from 1995 to 2020 were included in this study.
Results
Of the 683,197 Pap tests performed, 985 (0.144%) exhibited glandular abnormalities, 657 of which had tissue follow-up available. One hundred eighty-eight cases were cytologically interpreted as adenocarcinoma and histologically diagnosed as malignant tumors of various origins. There were 213 cases reported as atypical glandular cells (AGC) and nine cases as adenocarcinoma in cytology, yet they were found to be benign in follow-up histology. In addition, 48 cases diagnosed with AGC and six with adenocarcinoma cytology were found to have cervical squamous lesions in follow-up histology, including four squamous cell carcinomas. Among the cytomorphological features examined, nuclear membrane irregularity, three-dimensional clusters, single-cell pattern, and presence of mitoses were associated with malignant histology in follow-up.
Conclusions
This study showed our institute’s experience detecting glandular abnormalities in cervical cytology over a 25-year period, revealing the difficulty of this task. Nonetheless, the present study indicates that several cytological findings such as membrane irregularity, three-dimensional clusters, single-cell pattern, and evidence of proliferation could help distinguishing malignancy from a benign lesion.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

“Atypical Glandular Cells” on Cervical Cytology: Correlation Between Glandular Cell Component Volume and Histological Follow‐Up
Havva Gokce Terzioglu, Alessa Aragao, Julieta E. Barroeta
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2026; 54(2): 71. CrossRef
Expertise in Gynecological Pathology Impacts Diagnosis of Atypical Glandular Cell Category in Cervical Cytology
Havva Gökce Terzioglu, Alessa Aragao, Julieta E. Barroeta
Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease.2025; 29(4): 297. CrossRef
Analysis of atypical glandular cells in ThinPrep Pap smear and follow-up histopathology
Tengfei Wang, Yinan Hua, Lina Liu, Bing Leng
Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings.2024; 37(3): 403. CrossRef

Cytomorphological Features of Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups in Liquid-Based Cervicovaginal Cytology: A Single Institutional Experience: Youngeun Lee, Cheol Lee, In Ae Park, Hyoung Jin An, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(6):393-398. Published online September 16, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.08.14

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Abstract PDF

Background
Hyperchromatic crowed groups (HCGs) are defined as three-dimensional aggregates of crowded cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, and are frequently encountered in cervicovaginal liquid-based cytology (LBC). Here, we aimed to examine the prevalence of HCGs in cervicovaginal LBC and the cytomorphological characteristics of various epithelial cell clusters presenting as HCGs.
Methods
We first examined the prevalence of HCGs in a “routine cohort” of LBC cytology (n=331), consisting of all cervicovaginal LBCs accessioned over 3 days from outpatient clinics (n=179) and the screening population (n=152). Then we examined a second “high-grade epithelial cell abnormalities (H-ECA) cohort” (n=69) of LBCs diagnosed as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or adenocarcinoma during 1 year.
Results
HCGs was observed in 34.4% of the routine cohort and were significantly more frequent in the epithelial cell abnormality category compared to the non-neoplastic category (p=.003). The majority of HCGs represented atrophy (70%). Of the 69 histologically confirmed H-ECA cases, all contained HCGs. The majority of cases were HSIL (62%), followed by SCC (16%). Individually scattered neoplastic cells outside the HCGs were significantly more frequent in SCCs compared to glandular neoplasia (p=.002). Despite the obscuring thick nature of the HCGs, examining the edges and the different focal planes of the HCGs and the background were helpful in defining the nature of the HCGs.
Conclusions
HCGs were frequently observed in cervicovaginal LBC and were mostly non-neoplastic; however, neoplastic HCGs were mostly high-grade lesions. Being aware of the cytomorphological features of different HCGs is important in order to avoid potential false-negative cytology interpretation.

Citations

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Morphologic Evaluation of Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups Present in Cervical Thin Prep Cytology Tests as Identified by the Hologic Genius Digital Diagnostics System: A Descriptive Study
Lakshmi Harinath, Jonee Matsko, Amy Colaizzi, Esther Elishaev, Liron Pantanowitz, Chengquan Zhao
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2026; 54(3): 173. CrossRef
Can Mitotic Figures in Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups be Cytodiagnostic Criteria for High-Grade Squamous Intra-epithelial Lesions?
Hisae Suzuki, Yumeno Kondo, Chihiro Oda, Takeshi Nishikawa, Mao Takeuchi, Shigenobu Tatsumi, Sho Hosokawa, Satoshi Irino, Tomoko Uchiyama, Tomomi Fujii, Yoshiaki Norimatsu
Journal of Cytology.2024; 41(2): 116. CrossRef
Quantitative Structural Analysis of Hyperchromatic Crowded Cell Groups in Cervical Cytology: Overcoming Diagnostic Pitfalls
Shinichi Tanaka, Tamami Yamamoto, Norihiro Teramoto
Cancers.2024; 16(24): 4258. CrossRef
Atypical glandular cells (AGC): Cytology of glandular lesions of the uterine cervix
Mir Yousufuddin Ali Khan, Sudeshna Bandyopadhyay, Ahmed Alrajjal, Moumita Saha Roy Choudhury, Rouba Ali-Fehmi, Vinod B. Shidham
Cytojournal.2022; 19: 31. CrossRef
Cytopathologic features of human papillomavirus–independent, gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma
Min-Kyung Yeo, Go Eun Bae, Dong-Hyun Kim, In-Ock Seong, Kwang-Sun Suh
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2022; 56(5): 260. CrossRef
The association of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, hyperchromatic crowded groups and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions involving endocervical glands
Suzanne M. Selvaggi
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2021; 49(9): 1008. CrossRef

Review

Primary Age-Related Tauopathy: An Elderly Brain Pathology Frequently Encountered during Autopsy: Daru Kim, Hyung-Seok Kim, Seong-Min Choi, Byeong C. Kim, Min-Cheol Lee, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Jae-Hyuk Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(3):159-163. Published online March 19, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.03.14

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Abstract PDF

Due to the progressive aging of Korean society and the introduction of brain banks to the Korean medical system, the possibility that pathologists will have access to healthy elderly brains has increased. The histopathological analysis of an elderly brain from a subject with relatively well-preserved cognition is quite different from that of a brain from a demented subject. Additionally, the histology of elderly brains differs from that of young brains. This brief review discusses primary age-related tauopathy; this term was coined to describe elderly brains with Alzheimer’s diseasetype neurofibrillary tangles mainly confined to medial temporal structures, and no β-amyloid pathology.

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Original Articles

Intraosseous Hibernoma: A Rare and Unique Intraosseous Lesion: Boram Song, Hye Jin Ryu, Cheol Lee, Kyung Chul Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(5):499-504. Published online August 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.07.28

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Abstract PDF

Background
Hibernoma is a rare benign tumor of adults that is composed of multivacuolated adipocytes resembling brown fat cells. Hibernoma typically occurs in soft tissue, and intraosseous examples are very rare. Intraosseous hibernomas can radiologically mimic metastatic carcinoma and other tumorous conditions. Methods: To collect the intraosseous hibernomas, we searched the pathologic database and reviewed the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained slides of bone biopsy samples performed to differentiate radiologically abnormal bone lesions from 2006 to 2016. A total of six intraosseous hibernoma cases were collected, and clinical and radiological information was verified from electronic medical records. H&E slide review and immunohistochemical staining for CD68, pan-cytokeratin, and S-100 protein were performed. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging of intraosseous hibernomas showed low signal intensity with slightly hyperintense foci on T1 and intermediate to high signal intensity on T2 weighted images. Intraosseous hibernomas appeared as heterogeneous sclerotic lesions with trabecular thickening on computed tomography scans and revealed mild hypermetabolism on positron emission tomography scans. Histopathologically, the bone marrow space was replaced by sheets of multivacuolated, foamy adipocytes resembling brown fat cells, without destruction of bone trabeculae. In immunohistochemical analysis, the tumor cells were negative for CD68 and pan-cytokeratin and positive for S-100 protein. Conclusions: Intraosseous hibernoma is very rare. This tumor can be overlooked due to its rarity and resemblance to bone marrow fat. Pathologists need to be aware of this entity to avoid misdiagnosis of this rare lesion.

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Clinical, Radiological, and Pathological Features of Intraosseous Hibernoma: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series
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Co-expression of MDM2 and CDK4 in transformed human mesenchymal stem cells causes high-grade sarcoma with a dedifferentiated liposarcoma-like morphology
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Implication of PHF2 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Cheol Lee, Bohyun Kim, Boram Song, Kyung Chul Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):359-364. Published online June 13, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.03.16

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Abstract PDF

Background
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is presumed to be associated with adipogenic differentiation. Histone modification is known to be important for adipogenesis, and the function of histone demethylase plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) has been noted. In addition, PHF2 may act as a tumor suppressor via epigenetic regulation of p53 and is reported to be reduced in colon cancer and stomach cancer tissues. In this study, we examined PHF2 expression in CCRCC specimens by immunohistochemistry.
Methods
We studied 254 CCRCCs and 56 non-neoplastic renal tissues from patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy between 2000 and 2003 at the Seoul National University Hospital. Tissue microarray blocks were prepared, and immunohistochemical staining for PHF2 was performed.
Results
Among 254 CCRCC cases, 150 cases (59.1%) showed high expression and 104 cases (40.1%) showed low expression. High expression of PHF2 was significantly correlated with a low Fuhrman nuclear grade (p < .001), smaller tumor size (p < .001), low overall stage (p = .003), longer cancer-specific survival (p = .002), and progression-free survival (p < .001) of the patients. However, it was not an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis adjusted for Fuhrman nuclear grade and overall stage.
Conclusions
Our study showed that low expression of PHF2 is associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis of CCRCC.

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An Experimental Infarct Targeting the Internal Capsule: Histopathological and Ultrastructural Changes: Chang-Woo Han, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Myung Giun Noh, Jin-Myung Kim, Hyung-Seok Kim, Hyung-Sun Kim, Ra Gyung Kim, Jongwook Cho, Hyoung-Ihl Kim, Min-Cheol Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(3):292-305. Published online May 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.02.17

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Abstract PDF

Background
Stroke involving the cerebral white matter (WM) has increased in prevalence, but most experimental studies have focused on ischemic injury of the gray matter. This study was performed to investigate the WM in a unique rat model of photothrombotic infarct targeting the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), focusing on the identification of the most vulnerable structure in WM by ischemic injury, subsequent glial reaction to the injury, and the fundamental histopathologic feature causing different neurologic outcomes.
Methods
Light microscopy with immunohistochemical stains and electron microscopic examinations of the lesion were performed between 3 hours and 21 days post-ischemic injury.
Results
Initial pathological change develops in myelinated axon, concomitantly with reactive change of astrocytes. The first pathology to present is nodular loosening to separate the myelin sheath with axonal wrinkling. Subsequent pathologies include rupture of the myelin sheath with extrusion of axonal organelles, progressive necrosis, oligodendrocyte degeneration and death, and reactive gliosis. Increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity is an early event in the ischemic lesion. WM pathologies result in motor dysfunction. Motor function recovery after the infarct was correlated to the extent of PLIC injury proper rather than the infarct volume.
Conclusions
Pathologic changes indicate that the cerebral WM, independent of cortical neurons, is highly vulnerable to the effects of focal ischemia, among which myelin sheath is first damaged. Early increase of GFAP immunoreactivity indicates that astrocyte response initially begins with myelinated axonal injury, and supports the biologic role related to WM injury or plasticity. The reaction of astrocytes in the experimental model might be important for the study of pathogenesis and treatment of the WM stroke.

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Transglutaminase 2 Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Min Jee Park, Hae Woon Baek, Ye-Young Rhee, Cheol Lee, Jeong Whan Park, Hwal Woong Kim, Kyung Chul Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(1):37-43. Published online January 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2014.10.25

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Abstract PDF

Background
A few recent studies have demonstrated a possible role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in tumorigenesis or progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of this study was to examine TG2 expression and its clinicopathologic significance in a large number of human clear cell RCCs (CCRCCs). Methods: We analyzed 638 CCRCC patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy between 1995 and 2005. The expression of TG2 was determined by immunohistochemistry and categorized into four groups, according to staining intensity: negative (0), mild (1+), moderate (2+), and strong (3+). Results: TG2 staining intensity was negative in 8.5% of CCRCC (n=54), 1+ in 32.6% (n=208), 2+ in 50.5% (n=322), and 3+ in 8.5% (n=54). Strong TG2 expression was correlated with high Fuhrman nuclear grade (p=.011), high T category (p=.049), metastasis (p=.043) and male sex (p<.001) but not with N category.The survival analysis showed a significant association between strong TG2 expression and worse overall and cancer-specific survival (p=.027 and p=.010, respectively). On multivariate analysis, strong TG2 expression was a marginally significant prognostic indicator for Fuhrman nuclear grade and TNM staging (p=.054). Conclusions: Our study is the first to demonstrate the clinicopathologic significance of TG2 expression in a large number of human CCRCC samples. Strong TG2 expression was associated with high nuclear grade and poor prognosis.

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ALK-Positive Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Large Series of Consecutively Resected Korean Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: Cheol Lee, Jeong Whan Park, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Han Nam, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):452-457. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.452

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Abstract PDF

Background

Recently, there have been a few reports of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion. In this study, we screened consecutively resected RCCs from a single institution for ALK protein expression by immunohistochemistry, and then we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization to confirm the ALK gene alteration in ALK immunohistochemistry-positive cases.

Methods

We screened 829 RCCs by ALK immunohistochemistry, and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using ALK dual-color break-apart rearrangement probe. Histological review and additional immunohistochemistry analyses were done in positive cases.

Results

One ALK-positive case was found. Initial diagnosis of this case was papillary RCC type 2. This comprises 0.12% of all RCCs (1/829) and 1.9% of papillary RCCs (1/53). This patient was a 44-year-old male with RCC found during routine health check-up. He was alive without evidence of disease 12 years after surgery. The tumor showed a papillary and tubular pattern, and showed positivity for CD10 (focal), epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin 7, pan-cytokeratin, PAX-2, and vimentin.

Conclusions

We found the first RCC case with ALK gene rearrangement in Korean patients by ALK immunohistochemistry among 829 RCCs. This case showed similar histological and immunohistochemical features to those of previous adult cases with ALK rearrangement, and showed relatively good prognosis.

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Histologic Variations and Immunohistochemical Features of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Cheol Lee, Jeong-Whan Park, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Han Nam, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):426-432. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.426

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Abstract PDF

Background

Due to advancements in treatment of metastatic and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), it has become increasingly important to diagnose metastatic RCC and the specific subtype. In this study, we investigated the diverse histologic features of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) cases in comparison with corresponding primary lesions.

Methods

We identified 119 metastatic CCRCC cases from 81 corresponding primary lesions diagnosed between 1995 and 2010 and evaluated the diverse histologic and immunohistochemical features of these lesions.

Results

A total of 44 primary lesions (54.3%) had a non-clear cell component in addition to a typical clear cell component. Of the 119 metastatic lesions, 63 lesions (52.9%) contained a non-clear cell component, and 29 metastatic lesions were composed of a non-clear cell component only. Rhabdoid features were the most frequent non-clear cell histology among the metastatic lesions. Metastatic CCRCCs mainly showed positive CD10 and epithelial membrane antigen staining and negative cytokeratin 7 staining.

Conclusions

Metastatic CCRCC commonly showed a variety of histologic features. If there is a difficulty to diagnose metastatic CCRCC due to a variety of histologic features or small biopsy specimen, histologic review of the primary lesion and immunohistochemical analysis can help determine the correct diagnosis.

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Letter to the Editor

Perineural Involvement in Benign Mixed Tumor: Se Jin Jung, Jong Cheol Lee, Hye Jeong Choi, Hee Jeong Cha, Young Min Kim, Young Wha Koh, Jae Hee Suh; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):403-404. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.403

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Original Articles

Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Report of 15 Cases Including Three Cases of Concurrent Other-Type Renal Cell Carcinomas: Jeong Hwan Park, Cheol Lee, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):541-547. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.541

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Abstract PDF

Background

Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC) is a recently established subtype of renal epithelial tumor. The aim of this study was to identify the diagnostic criteria of CCPRCC with an emphasis on immunohistochemical studies, and to report three cases with concurrent other-type renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Methods

A total of 515 RCC patients that consecutively underwent surgical resection at Seoul National University Hospital from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2011 were screened. Each case was reviewed based on the histologic features and was evaluated immunohistochemically.

Results

A total of 15 CCPRCCs were identified, which composed 2.9% of the total RCCs. The mean age was 52 years, and the average tumor size was 1.65 cm. All 15 cases showed low nuclear grade, no lymph node metastasis and no distant metastasis. The CCPRCCs showed variable architectural patterns including cystic, trabecular, papillary, and acinar. All of the cases showed moderate to intense immunoreactivity for cytokeratin 7 (CK7). CD10 was negative or showed focal weak positivity. Three cases had concurrent other-type RCC, including a clear cell RCC and an acquired cystic disease-associated RCC.

Conclusions

The strong CK7 and negative or focal weak CD10 expression will be useful for the diagnosis of CCPRCC.

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Wei-Jen Chen, Chin-Chen Pan, Shu-Huei Shen, Hsiao-Jen Chung, Chih-Chieh Lin, Alex T.L. Lin, Yen-Hwa Chang
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Targeted next‐generation sequencing and non‐coding RNA expression analysis of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma suggests distinct pathological mechanisms from other renal tumour subtypes
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ERG Immunohistochemistry and Clinicopathologic Characteristics in Korean Prostate Adenocarcinoma Patients: Ja Hee Suh, Jeong-Whan Park, Cheol Lee, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):423-428. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.423

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Abstract PDF

Background

Transmembrane protease serine 2-ETS related gene (TMPRSS2-ERG) gene fusion, the most common genetic alternation in prostate cancer, is associated with protein expression of the oncogene ERG. Recently, an immunohistochemical staining method using an anti-ERG antibody was shown to have a strong correlation with altered ERG protein expression.

Methods

We analyzed a total of 303 radical prostatectomy specimens (obtained from Korean prostate cancer cases) using a constructed tissue microarray and ERG immunohistochemical staining. Thereafter, we evaluated the association between ERG expression and clinicopathological factors.

Results

The ERG-positive rate was 24.4% (74/303) and significantly higher ERG expression was observed in the subgroup with a lower Gleason score (p=0.004). Analysis of the histologic pattern of prostate adenocarcinomas revealed that tumors with discrete glandular units (Gleason pattern 3) displayed higher frequency of ERG expression (p=0.016). The ERG-positive rate was lower than that found (approximately 50%) in studies involving western populations. Other factors including age, tumor volume, initial protein-specific antigen level, a pathological stage and margin status were not significantly related with the ERG expression.

Conclusions

ERG immunohistochemical staining is significantly higher in tumors with well-formed glands and is associated with a lower Gleason score.

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A cross-sectional study of ERG expression and the relationship with clinicopathological features of Prostate cancer in Southwestern Uganda
Yekosani Mitala, Brian Ssenkumba, Abraham Birungi, Ritah Kiconco, Marvin Mwesigwa Mutakooha, Raymond Atwine
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The relevance of ERG immunoexpression intensity for prostatic adenocarcinoma in radical prostatectomy of 635 samples
Priscilla Mariana Freitas Aguiar Feitosa, Carlos Gustavo Hirth, Isabelle Joyce De Lima Silva‐Fernandes, Conceição Aparecida Dornelas
APMIS.2023; 131(9): 465. CrossRef
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ERG expression in prostate cancer: diagnostic significance and histopathological correlations
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The expression profile and heterogeneity analysis of ERG in 633 consecutive prostate cancers from a single center
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MiR-1271 Inhibits Cell Growth in Prostate Cancer by Targeting ERG
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Ethnicity and ERG frequency in prostate cancer
Jason Sedarsky, Michael Degon, Shiv Srivastava, Albert Dobi
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The Role of Immunohistochemical Analysis as a Tool for the Diagnosis, Prognostic Evaluation and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Arie Carneiro, Álan Roger Gomes Barbosa, Lucas Seiti Takemura, Paulo Priante Kayano, Natasha Kouvaleski Saviano Moran, Carolina Ko Chen, Marcelo Langer Wroclawski, Gustavo Caserta Lemos, Isabela Werneck da Cunha, Marcos Takeo Obara, Marcos Tobias-Machado,
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Anan Fathi, Naglaa A. Mostafa, Nabila Hefzi, Khaled A. Mansour
Egyptian Journal of Pathology.2018; 38(1): 162. CrossRef
Intrafocal heterogeneity of ERG protein expression and gene fusion pattern in prostate cancer
Ja Hee Suh, Jeong Hwan Park, Cheol Lee, Kyung Chul Moon
The Prostate.2017; 77(14): 1438. CrossRef
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Se Un Jeong, Anuja Kashikar Kekatpure, Ja-Min Park, Minkyu Han, Hee Sang Hwang, Hui Jeong Jeong, Heounjeong Go, Yong Mee Cho
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(5): 471. CrossRef
Correlation of ERG immunohistochemistry with molecular detection of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion
Ji-Youn Sung, Hwang Gyun Jeon, Byong Chang Jeong, Seong Il Seo, Seong Soo Jeon, Hyun Moo Lee, Han Yong Choi, So Young Kang, Yoon-La Choi, Ghee Young Kwon
Journal of Clinical Pathology.2016; 69(7): 586. CrossRef
Prostate Cancer Prognosis Defined by the Combined Analysis of 8q, PTEN and ERG
Maria P. Silva, João D. Barros-Silva, Elin Ersvær, Wanja Kildal, Tarjei Sveinsgjerd Hveem, Manohar Pradhan, Joana Vieira, Manuel R. Teixeira, Håvard E. Danielsen
Translational Oncology.2016; 9(6): 575. CrossRef
Overexpression of ERG and Wild-Type PTEN Are Associated with Favorable Clinical Prognosis and Low Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer
Sung Han Kim, Soo Hee Kim, Jae Young Joung, Geon Kook Lee, Eun Kyung Hong, Kyung Min Kang, Ami Yu, Byung Ho Nam, Jinsoo Chung, Ho Kyung Seo, Weon Seo Park, Kang Hyun Lee, Rui Medeiros
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ERG oncoprotein expression in prostate carcinoma patients of different ethnicities
GREGORY M. KELLY, YINK HEAY KONG, ALBERT DOBI, SHIV SRIVASTAVA, ISABELL A. SESTERHENN, RAJADURAI PATHMANATHAN, HUI MENG TAN, SHYH-HAN TAN, SOK CHING CHEONG
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ERG positive prostatic cancer may show a more angiogenetic phenotype
Aleksandra Strzępek, Karolina Kaczmarczyk, Magdalena Białas, Joanna Szpor, Grzegorz Dyduch, Tomasz Szopiński, Piotr Chłosta, Krzysztof Okoń
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Recurrent Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer: Their Clinical Implications and Uses
Daphne Hessels, Jack A. Schalken
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ETV1 directs androgen metabolism and confers aggressive prostate cancer in targeted mice and patients
Esther Baena, Zhen Shao, Douglas E. Linn, Kimberly Glass, Melanie J. Hamblen, Yuko Fujiwara, Jonghwan Kim, Minh Nguyen, Xin Zhang, Frank J. Godinho, Roderick T. Bronson, Lorelei A. Mucci, Massimo Loda, Guo-Cheng Yuan, Stuart H. Orkin, Zhe Li
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Analysis of HPV-other Samples by Performing HPV DNA Sequencing.: Yoo Duk Choi, Chang Woo Han, Woon Jae Chung, Woon Won Jung, Ji Shin Lee, Jong Hee Nam, Min Cheol Lee, Sang Woo Juhng, Ho Sun Choi, Chang Soo Park; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(3):250-253.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.3.250

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
HPV-other samples are designated as being positive on HPV-PCR, but negative when using specific HPV hybridization probes. We wanted to determine the types on the HPV-other samples by performing sequencing, and to know the pathologic status of the uterine cervix according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.
METHODS
For HPV genotying, we used the commercially available HPV DNA Chip test, which contains 15 types of high-risk HPV and 9 types of low-risk HPV. The HPV DNA sequencing was performed for the HPV-other samples of 209 patients who subsequently underwent cervical biopsy.
RESULTS
For 204 of the 209 samples, the HPV types detected by sequencing were absent types at used HPV DNA chip. For the remaining 5 samples, sequencing was impossible due to mixed peaks. HPV-81 (19.6%), HPV-61 (18.6%), HPV-62 (16.7%) and HPV-84 (13.9%) were frequently detected. For the HPV-81, -62, -71, and -72 samples, most of the samples displayed normal or LSIL. However, HPV-84 and -61 were more associated with HSIL or worse, as compared to the other types.
Conclusion
HPV-81, -61, -62 and -84 were frequently found on sequencing analysis of the HPV-other samples. The pathologic status was diverse, according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.

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The Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and the Diagnostic Usefulness of Galectin-3 Immunostaining for the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Chan Choi, Min Cheol Lee, Kyu Hyuk Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2008;19(2):160-163.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.160

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Abstract PDF: The cytologic diagnosis of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) has become one of the common causes of false negative diagnoses when performing fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid gland. We retrospectively reviewed all the aspirates for which a diagnosis of FVPTC had been made based on the surgically excised specimens, regardless of the cytologic diagnosis. 145 FNACs was performed in 135 patients. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized as 2 unsatisfactory specimens (1.4%), 16 benign (11.0%), 49 atypical (33.8%) and 78 malignant lesions (53.8%). The tumor cells consistently showed significant nuclear overlapping, irregular nuclei and fine chromatin in all cases; however, nuclear grooves and inclusions were scarce. Galectin-3 immunostaining was performed on the cell blocks of 65 cases and this was positive for 45 cases (69.2%). The results of our study demonstrate that the determination of minimal cytologic criteria is needed to raise the sensitivity of detecting FVPTC by FNAC, and galectin-3 immunostaining is useful to make decisions on the surgical treatment of cytologically atypical thyroid nodules.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of nm23 Protein in Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast.: Min Hee Jung, Seung Cheol Lee, Yoon Kyung Sohn, In Soo Suh; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):145-151.

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Abstract PDF: The nm23 gene was originally identified from murine melanoma cell lines of varying metastatic potential. A strong association has been observed between reduced expression of nm23 gene and acquisition of metastatic behavior in some tumor cells including breast cancer and melanoma, but not in others such as colon cancer, neuroblastoma, and cervical cancer. It was proposed that nm23 may function as a suppressor gene for tumor metastasis. It has recently been found that the sequence of nm23 and NDP-kinase(NDP-K) was identical. Mortality associated with human breast carcinoma is almost entirely due to subsequent metastasis, but the molecular basis of this metastasis is not understood. Elucidation of the genetic control of metastatic propensity of a tumor is important in determining prognosis and choice of therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of nm23 protein expression with axillary lymph node metastasis and other prognostic factors. Using an immunohistochemical technique and employing a polyclonal antibody to nm23 protein, we have determined nm23 expression in a series of 72 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. Immunostaining for the nm23 gene product have heterogenous cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in 61 patients(84.7%). Sections were scored according to relative abundance(1 = less than 25% of the cells, 2 = 26-75%, 3 = 76-100%). In 61 patients with positive immunostaining, the staining was scored as 1 in 41.6%, 2 in 18.0%, and 3 in 40.2%. The staining of tumor cells was greater than that in normal epithelial cells and stromal cells. No relationship was found between nm23 expression and lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, tumor size, estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors. Therefore, nm23 protein is increased in neoplastic tissues but no correlation with metastatic potential could be demonstrated. The biological mechanism of over-expression of nm23 in malignant cells and its role in tumor progression remain to be determined.

The Study of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Colorectal Carcinoma.: Ho Soo Choi, Bok Soog Yang, Ji Shin Lee, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(3):311-320.

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Abstract PDF: The determination of proliferative activity in the colorectal mucosa has been used for different purposes as the estimation of cancer risk and the assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. But the prognostic significance of proliferative activity in colorectal carcinomas remains controversial. To investigate the prognostic significance of proliferative activity in colorectal carcinomas, the author estimated the proliferative activity immunohisto chemically using the monoclonal antibody PCNA and compared with clinicopathological data in 62 colorectal carcinomas. The results were as follows: 1) The reactivity of PCNA was more pronounced at the infiltrative margins of the tumors and tumor cells within the vascular or lymphatic channels. 2) The mean PCNA index of colorectal carcinomas was 40.5?0.4%. PCNA indices had positive correlations with lymph node invasion(p<0.05), liver, metastasis(p<0.05), Dukes' stage(p<0.01) and TNM classification(p<0.01), and didn't correlated with location of tumor, size of tumor, histological type and lymphtic or vascular invasion. 3) The patients with high PCNA index(more than 45%) represented higher recurrence or metastasis rate(37.5%) than those with low PCNA index (less than 45%)(19.3%) in Dukes B or C colorectal carcinomas during the follow-up periods, but not significant statistically. These results suggested that the reactivity of PCNA may be a useful prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas.

Case Report

Primary Adenosquamous Carcinoma of Jejunum.: Soon Ran Kim, Jung Weon Shim, Hye Kyung Ahn, Young Euy Park, Dae Gi Song, Young Cheol Lee, Myung Seuk Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):182-184.

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Abstract PDF: Adenosquamous carcinomas of the intestine are rare tumors, especially when they occur in the small bowel. We report a case of primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the proximal jejunum in a 66 year old woman with no underlying pathologic condition. The tumor mainly consisted of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma showing keratin pearl and conspicuous intercellular bridges, and minor portion revealed well differentiated adenocarcinoma. The tumor seemed to have originated from the mucosal epithelium, invading the entire wall and metastasizing to the regional lymph nodes. Previous reports of adenosquamous carcinoma of the small intestine have been associated with metastatic disease from distant sites or intestinal duplication. In the colon, squamous cell differentiation have been seen in about 0.05% of adenocarcinomas and in 0.4% of adenomata. The pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the intestine is unknown, but some possible mechanisms are proposed. :1)malignant transformation of squamous cell epithelium in the submucosa, 2)aberrant differentiation of stem cells to squamous cell with subsequent malignant change, 3)squamous metaplasia of glandular cells with subsequent malignant change, 4)transformation of an adenosquamous into an epidermoid carcinoma.

Original Article

Discriminant Analysis of Tumor Cell Subpopulation Based on Morphometric and Photometric Features: Observations on tumor cells of the uterine cervix carcinoma.: Chang Soo Park, Dae Yong Choi, Min Cheol Lee, Sang Woo Juhng; Korean J Pathol. 1993;27(2):108-114.

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Abstract PDF: DNA aneuploid cells are poorly characterized in both biochemical and morphological terms. This study was performed to see the relationship between DNA ploidy and morphometric and photometric nuclear features. DNA contents of tumor cells were measured by image cytometry in 46 cases of micro- or early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Also measured were nuclear area, perimeter, maximum diameter, chromatin pattern index, and staining intensity. Among the 46 cases, 20 cases which had both DNA diploid and aneuploid cell subpopulations were selected, and the two subpopulations were discriminated statistically. Multivariate discriminant analysis seperated clearly the two subpopulations, whereas univariate analysis failed. For canonical discriminant function, nuclear area was selected first, followed by staining intensity in each case. Other variables selected afterwards were nuclear perimeter, maximum diameter, and/or chromatin pattern index in random fashion. Correlation coefficient between the canoncial discriminant function and the variables were 0.20~0.40 for nuclear area and 0.25 or less for the others. The above results suggest that DNA ploidy is a parameter more or less independent on individual morphometric and photometric parameters.

Case Report

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in the Immunocompromised Patients - 3 Cases Report.: Min Keun Shim, Jo Heon Kim, Chang Soo Park, Hyung Seok Kim, Yoo Duk Choi, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(5):358-361.

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Abstract PDF: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease resulting from infection of oligodendrocytes with JC virus. PML was a rare disease, but nowadays not uncommon as AIDS prevailed. Histopathologic features of the affected lesion shows infiltrations of foamy macrophages and hyperchromatic, pleomorphic, reactive astrocytes that may raise the suspicion of a brain tumor. We recently met with 3 cases of PML. Two of the patients had AIDS and the other had been treated for lymphoma. All cases were diagnosed by histopathologic examination in stereotactic brain biopsies.

Original Article

Prognostic Value of CD44v6 Isoform in Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of Breast.: Seung Cheol Lee, Yoon Kyung Sohn, Jung Sik Kwak, Woon Bok Jhung, Jung Wan Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(7):635-643.

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Abstract PDF: CD44 is a family of transmembrane glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Expression of CD44 isofonns (splice variants) has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in several human cancers. We evaluated the expression patterns of the CD44 isofortn (CD 44 splice variant v6) in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast by immunohistochemical and RT-PCR method. Paraffin embedded blocks from seventy-five cases of mastectomized samples were analyzed immunohistochemically using monoclonoal antibody against CD44v6. CD44v6 was detected in fifty-seven cases (76%) of the tumor samples. Adjacent normal myoepithelial cells and ductal epithelial cells revealed focal positive reaction to CD44v6. Thirtytwo cases (80.0%) with lymph nodal metastasis revealed overexpression of CD44v6 monoclonal antibody, but twenty-five cases (71.4%) without nodal metastasis also showed positive reaction to CD44v6 monoclonal antibody, and there is no statistically significant value. Other prognostic factors of infiltrating ductal carcinoma, such as tumor size, histologic grade and hormonal receptors did not show any significant correlation with CD44v6 expression. The RT-PCR studies for 9 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma showed the same band patterns both in the normal and tumor tissues. From the above results, it is concluded that the expression of CD44v6 is not a valuable prognostic marker of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast.

Case Reports

Intracranial Fibro-Osseous Lesion: A case report and literature review.: Jae Weon Lim, Seung Cheol Lee, Byoung Yuk Yi, Yoon Kyung Sohn; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(8):798-801.

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Abstract PDF: Intracranial fibro-osseous lesion, also reported as calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neural axis, is an uncommon lesion of the central nervous system. Since the discovery of this entity by Rhodes and Davis in 1978, there have been a total of 21 cases reported in the literature. We encountered one such case in a 28 year old male, who presented with left hemiparesis for 1 year. By the MR images, a 1.5 cm sized round mass was found at right parietal lobe near motor cortex. The mass lesion enhanced well, homogenously and revealed clear, slightly irregular margin. Excisional biopsy of the mass was performed. Microscopically the lesion was composed of calcified fibrous tissue with an amorphous gray-blue, coarsely fibrillar to chondromyxoid nodular areas. Sparse spindle cells, immunohistochemically negative for GFAP, vimentin and S-100, were scattered within the amorphous material. Palisading spindle or polygonal cells were present at the more cellular periphery of the lesion, which were vimentin positive but S-100 negative. There was no evidence of the pilocytic astrocytes, Rosenthal fibers, or GFAP positive hypertrophic astrocytes. Intracranial fibro-osseous lesions are apparently slow-growing with generally excellent prognosis after wide excision. The etiology remains unclear, but most investigators favor a reactive rather than neoplastic process.

Mesoblastic Nephroma of Adulthood.: Jae Woo Park, Jae Hun Chung, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jong Hee Nam, Chan Choi, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhng; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(6):551-554.

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Abstract: Mesoblastic nephroma is a benign neoplasm of the kidney, which is usually diagnosed during the first six months of life. Incidence in adults is exceedingly rare. We report herein a case of mesoblastic nephroma that occurred in the upper pole of the right kidney of a 39-year-old woman. It was a round mass measuring 3X3X2 cm in dimension. Microscopically, it consisted of uniform spindle cells with foci of hyalinization and dystrophic calcification. Tubular structures were entrapped in the tumor. Upon immunohistochemical staining, the spindle cells were found to be positive for smooth muscle actin, desmin, and vimentin. The epithelial cells of the entrapped tubules were positive for cytokeratin. On electron microscopic examination, the spindle cells demonstrated smooth muscle differentiation identified by indented nuclei, microfilaments beneath the cell membrane, dense bodies, and basal lamina-like materials.

A Diagnostically Challenging Case of an Infarcted Adenomatoid Tumor of the Epididymis.: Sunhee Chang, Sang Hwa Shim, Ji Eun Kwak, Mee Joo, Hanseong Kim, Je G Chi, Keon cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(4):229-231.

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Abstract PDF: We describe a case of an infarcted adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis that was challenging to diagnose. A 20-year-old man presented with acute left scrotal pain. He was found to have a 2x1.5x1 cm tumor that was relatively well circumscribed on gross examination. There was a central necrotic area that exhibited gaping spaces and ghost outlines of epithelial cells. The periphery of the necrotic lesion showed focally viable adenomatoid tumor. The majority of the tissue adjacent to the necrosis consisted of granulation tissue, fibroblastic and myofibroblastic proliferation, and neutrophils. The fibroblasts and myofibroblasts showed plump nuclei, often with small nucleoli. No mitotic activity was present. The differential diagnosis for an infarcted adenomatoid tumor includes malignant mesothelioma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and inflammatory conditions. The key to diagnosing an infarcted adenomatoid tumor is to consider it in the differential diagnosis of any spindle cell tumor with necrosis occurring in the genital tract.

Original Articles

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Anaplastic Carcinoma with Osteoclastlike Giant Cells of the Thyroid.: Ji Shin Lee, Hyang Mi Ko, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhng; J Pathol Transl Med. 1994;5(2):172-175.

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Abstract PDF: Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is one of the most malignant tumors and survival for longer than three years after diagnosis is exceptional. Multinucleated giant cells of osteoclastlike appearances are seen in some of the anaplastic carcinoma, but only three cases in which the diagnosis was made by fine needle aspiration(FNA) cytology are reported in the international literature. We experienced a case of anaplastic carcinoma with osteoclastlike giant cells in a 66-yr-old female, diagnosed by FNA cytology. The smears revealed two cell populations; multinucleated giant cells and large polygonal or spindle shaped malignant cells. The FNA cytodiagnosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma containing osteoclastilke giant cells was substantiated by subsequent biopsy.

A Comparative Study of Immunohistochemistry and PCR-SSCP for Detection of p53 Mutation In Gastric Carcinoma.: Jong Soon Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhung; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(1):21-28.

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Abstract PDF: Mutation of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in exons 4 through 9 was examined in 34 cases of primary advanced gastric cancer using PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism) and the results were compared with p53 protein expression as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a monoclonal antibody(DO-1). p53 protein detected by IHC was observed in 14 cases (41.2%) and genotypic mutation detected by PCR-SSCP in exons 4-9 was observed in 13 cases (38.2%) One case showed an aberrant band on PCR-SSCP both in Exon 7 and Exon 8/9. p53 alteration detected by either IHC or PCR-SSCP was observed in 19 cases (55.9%), but only 8 cases (23.5%) showed both p53 mutation and protein expression. We also tried to obtain the correlation between relative intensity of the shifted bands on PCR-SSCP and percentage of positive cells by IHC, but a significant correlation was not seen between relative intensity of shifted bands on PCR-SSCP and positve cell ratio. A discrepancy between p53 protein expression and p53 mutation is observed in primary gastric carcinomas. The reason for this discrepancy are not apparent. However, examination of gastric carcinomas for mutations in other exons may identify a better correlation with protein overexpression. The results obtained in this study suggest that the negative reaction for p53 immunohistochemistry may not necessarily mean no genetic alteration of the p53 locus.

A Case of Orbital Meningioma Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy.: Ji Shin Lee, Kyung Soo Kim, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhng; J Pathol Transl Med. 1994;5(2):176-179.

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Abstract PDF: Orbital meningioma is a rare neoplasm that, even when suspected by CT or echographic examination, requires careful histologic study for precise identification. Fine needle aspiration(FNA) biopsy has become the diagnostic technique of choice in recent years for investigating orbital masses. There have been a few previous reports on FNA biopsy of orbital menigioma. We experienced a case of orbital meningioma in a 11-yr-old boy, diagnosed by FNA biopsy. The cytohistologic features of aspirated material(intranuclear inclusions. psammoma bodies, and cells arranged in whorls) made it easy to diagnose a meningioma.

Clonality Study in Carcinosarcomas and Malignant Mixed Epithelial Tumors.: Eun Jung Park, Yoo Duk Choi, Jong Hee Nam, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhng, In Seon Choi, Kyung Hee Kim, Chan Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(4):205-211.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Tumors are usually considered to be clonal progeny of single transformed cells. Carcinosarcomas and malignant mixed epithelial tumors are examples where controversies exist regarding the singularity or multiplicity of their cell of origin.
METHODS
The authors examined the clonality of carcinosarcomas (7 cases) and malignant mixed epithelial tumor (5 cases) in female patients by X-chromosome inactivation as a marker. Each component of the tumors were picked up by the laser capture microscope. The polymorphic exon 1 CAG trinucleotide repeat in the X-linked human androgen receptor (HUMARA) gene was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction before and after treatment of the methylation-sensitive endonuclease HpaII.
RESULTS
Eleven cases were informative for clonality determination. Six out of seven carcinosarcomas and three out of four malignant mixed epithelial tumors revealed the same patterns of X-chromosome inactivation, which suggests that they are monoclonal. In contrast, the patterns of X-chromosome inactivation were different between the two tumor components in each cases of carcinosarcoma and malignant mixed epithelial tumor, indicating that they are of polyclonal origin.
CONCLUSIONS
These observations show that although most of carcinosarcomas and malignant mixed epithelial tumors are of monoclonal origin, some of them are of polyclonal origin. This finding suggests that these tumors are genuinely polyclonal, and that they originated in the neoplastic transformation of more than one somatic cells

DNA Ploidy in Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland by Image Analysis.: Ji Shin Lee, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhng; J Pathol Transl Med. 1995;6(1):10-17.

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Abstract PDF: Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland is one of the most malignant tumors. Recently, DNA ploidy measured by flow cytometry and image analysis has been suggested as an additional useful indicator of tumor behavior. Studies on the occurrence and clinical significance of DNA aneuploidy in anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid are rare. In this study, the pattern of DNA ploidy was measured by image analysis on Papanicolaou stained slides in four cases of anaplastic carcinoma and also measured by flow cytometry using paraffin blocks in two cases. In all cases of anaplastic carcinoma. DNA aneuploidy was found by image analaysis. By flow cytometry, one case had a diploid peak and the other case had an arieuploid peak. According to the above results, we conclude that anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid glands have a high incidence of DNA aneuploidy and image analysis using Papanicolaou stained slides is a useful method in detecting DNA aneuploidy.

Case Reports

Cytopathologic Features of Primary Bronchial Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Case Report.: Ji Shin Lee, Jong Soon Kim, Bok Sook Yang, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Sang Woo Juhng; J Pathol Transl Med. 1995;6(1):67-70.

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Abstract PDF: Adenoid cystic carcinoma arising from the submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchial tree is rare. The histopathology and natural history of bronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma have been well documented, but detailed descriptions of its cytomor- phology are few. We report a case of primary bronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma in a 20-year-old female, diagnosed by bronchial brushing cytology. The cytologic specimens showed large clusters of small cells arranged around cystlike spaces containing globular basophilic material.

Cytopathologic Observation of Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Lung: A case report.: Yun Mee Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Min Cheol Lee, Joo Yong Yoo, Kyu Hyuk Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1991;25(4):367-375.

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Abstract PDF: The pulmonary cytology has reached a high level of accuracy. By the examination of the sputum and/or bronchial brushings, it is now possible to make a diagnosis in 70% to 90% of patients with cancer. Primary melanoma of the lung is very rare and there have been reported about 20 cases in the world literature. We present a case of primary malignant melanoma of the lung in a 61-year-old male diagnosed by cytologic examination of sputum, bronchial brushing and aspirated pleural fluid. Histologic examination of bronchoscopic biopsy and examination of the skin and other primary sites confirmed the diagnosis.

Chordoid Glioma: A Report of Two Cases.: Eun Jung Park, Hyun Sik O, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(5):357-361.

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Abstract PDF: Chordoid glioma mainly occurs in the third ventricle, pineal gland, hypothalamus, and suprasella. We report two cases of chordoid gliomas of the third ventricles in adult males. Histologically, the tumors consisted of cords and clusters of oval to polygonal epitheliod cells with abundant cytoplasm. The backgrounds of the tumor show mucinous and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and negative for epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin and neurofilament protein. Histopathologic diagnosis of chordoid glioma should be made judiciously by differentiating them from other chordoid or epithelial tumors of the central nervous system.

Original Articles

Expression of Major Gangliosides in Normal and Alzheimer Disease Brain.: Min Cheol Lee, Young Jong Woo, Seung U Kim, Tadashi Tai; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(6):400-405.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
GM1 ganglioside-bound amyloid beta-protein (GM1/A) has been reported to be involved with senile plaque formation in Alzheimer disease.
METHODS
To investigate the binding of major gangliosides on senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease-specific pathology, we developed four monoclonal antibodies -- GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b -- employing the hydridoma technique, and applied them for immunohistochemical staining at the frontotemporal neocortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer disease brains and age-matched control brains.
RESULTS
Moderate immunopositivity for GM1 and GD1a was noted on the senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Mild immunopositivity for GD1b and GT1b on neurofibrillary tangles was noted. Strong GD1b immunopositivity was observed on a few neurons and neurites. Strong immunopositivity for GT1b, and moderate immunopositivity for GM1 and GD1a were noted on reactive astrocytes.
CONCLUSIONS
These observations suggest that GM1 and GD1a may be involved in the formation of senile plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease brains.

Morphologic Changes of the Parenchymal-Stromal Junction in Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma of the Breast: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Features of Myoepithelial Cell, Basement Membrane.: Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1988;22(1):42-56.

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Abstract PDF: The morphologic study of noninfiltrating and infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast disclosed profound alterations along the parenchymal-stromal junction. But fate of myoepithelial cell, changes of basement membrane and the relationship of fibroblast to myofibroblast remain uncertain. To study the morphologic changes of myoepithelial cell, basement membane and stromal fibroblast, a series of 32 not otherwise specified (NOS) type of infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast with regional lymph node metastases was examined light microscopically after S-100 protein immunoperoxidase staining by biotinavidin system (BAS) and ultrastructurally. The results were as follows. 1) In 18 out of 32 cases, S-100 protein positive myoepithelial cells were observed individually in the parenchyma at the periphery of some carcinomatous duct-like structures or cancer cell nests. The cells were noted in 7 cases of metastatic regional lymph nodes. In 5 cases contained with 2 cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma with focal sarcomatous metaplasia, S-100 protein positive cells were seen in fibroblast-like spindle cells in stroma adjacent to cancer nests. 2) Ultrastructural features of myoepithelial cells showed significant loss of fine microfilament and hemides-mosomes and relative imcrease of coarse large filaments. Morphologic transformation of myoepithelial cells to neoplastic epithelial cells or stromal fibroblast-like spindle cells were suggested in 3 NOR type and 2 metaplastic type carcinomas. 3) The ultrastructural changes of basement membrane disclosed some variations from case to case and even within a single tumor if large number of blocks were studied. Focal destruction, splitting, segmentation and extensive loss of basement membrane arround cancer nests were noted. On the other hand, basement membrane material surrounded cancer nests or individual cancer cells irregularly. 4) Most stromal fibroblasts in infiltrating duct carcinoma had abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum with enlarged plump cytoplasm. Some of them were transformed to myofibroblasts which had perinuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum and peripheral microfilaments with dense bodies in their cytoplasm.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Cell Proliferation in Renal Cell Carcinoma.: Ji Shin Lee, Jong Jae Jung, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(4):273-279.

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Abstract PDF: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein whose expression is a possible cause of increased tumor cell proliferation and has recently been proposed as a prognostic parameter in some tumors. Expression of EGFR was studied immunohistochemically in 62 cases of human renal cell carcinomas to evaluate their possible prognostic roles. We also examined the correlation between EGFR expression and cell proliferation by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Fifty-six cases (90.3%) expressed EGFR, with staining largely confined to the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Staining intensity of EGFR was directly correlated with nuclear grade (p=0.000) and TNM stage (p=0.015). PCNA index was significantly higher in EGFR-positive tumors than in EGFR- negative tumors. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between PCNA index and increasing staining intensity of EGFR (p=0.000). In univariate survival analysis, EGFR expression was significantly associated with shortened survival. However, EGFR expression was not an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. These findings suggest that EGFR expression may be an important cause of tumor cell proliferation in renal cell carcinoma and further studies are needed to evaluate whether EGFR expression analysis provides independent prognostic information.

Cytoskeletal Changes in Cortical Dysplasia.: Min Young Lee, Jae Hun Chung, Young Jong Woo, Hyoung Ihl Kim, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(4):300-309.

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Abstract PDF: Cortical dysplasia is a cause of intractable epilepsy and a candidate for surgical resection to control epileptic attacks. The neuronal cytomegaly and balloon cell change are the diagnostic hallmarks of cortical dysplasia. Little research has been performed about the normal-sized dysplastic neuron which has complex arborizing dendrites and lacks in its polarity. The aim of this study was to define the histopathologic characteristics of the neurons in cortical dysplasia. Twelve cases of cortical dysplasia who underwent partial lobectomy for intractable seizures were selected and immunohistochemical staining for NF-M/H, MAP2, tau, and ubiquitin was performed. The perikarya and dendrite of dysplastic neurons were more intensely labeled with antibodies for the high and medium molecular weight neurofilament proteins (NF-M/H) than normal neurons. Immunoreactivity with the MAP2 antibody expressed mainly within the somatodendritic regions was present in the dysplastic or normal neurons without any significant difference in intensity. The complex arborizing dendrites of dysplastic neurons were easily identified due to pronounced immunoreactivity within the somatodendritic regions. Immunoreactivity with the primary antibody against tau and ubiquitin was present in the normal-looking neurons as well as the dysplastic neurons. This study suggests that the dysplastic neurons in cortical dysplasia are accompanied by changes of cytoskeletal neurofilaments, and the immunohistochemical stains for NF-M/H, MAP2, tau, and ubiquigin are useful to detect them.

Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Cellular Differentiation in Papillary and Solid Epithelial Neoplasm of the Pancreas.: Jae Hyuck Lee, Min Cheol Lee, Chang Soo Park, Kyu Hyuk Cho; Korean J Pathol. 1992;26(1):40-52.

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Abstract PDF: Papillary and solid epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas from five patients were studied using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to define the cellular origin of this type of tumor. The tumors ranged in diameter form 5.5 to 15 cm Grossly, these were well circumscribed by a firm, gray-white, fibrous capsule and their cut-surface showed mainly area containing mucinous substance with necrotic and hemorrhagic material, with some solid portion. Microscopically, there was a solid and papillary pattern, with uniform cells typically having round to ovoid nuclei containing indistinct nucleoli and eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, numerous PAS-positive granules were found. Immunostaining was positive for neuron-specific enolase(three of five cases), alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin(three of five cases) in the solid and papillary portion of the tumor. But no polypeptide hormone immunoreactive cells were present in all cases except for gastrin which showed focally weak positivity in the papillary area. Ultrastructurally, the papillary and solid epithelial neopasm of the pancreas showed evidence of acinar cell differentiation, because in the cell of one observed some zymogen-like granules and presence of annulate lamellae. But also, abundant typical neurosecretory granules were detected in the tumor cells ultrastructurally. Both facts suggested acinar and islet cell differentiation of the tumor. From the these findings, it concluded that papillary and solid epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas may be originated from a primordial cell which will be able to render both endocrine and exocine component.

An Ultrastructural Morphometric study of Follicular Center Lymphocytes of the palatine Tonsil: Reinvestigation of the Lukes-Collins' Classification of Malignant lymphoma.: Min Cheol Lee, Jong Han Shin; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(5):493-505.

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Abstract PDF: The model of lymphocyte differentiation described for Lukes-Collins' classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is related particularly to morphological alterations of nuclei of follicular center lymphocytes by antigenic stimulation. The authors carried out ultrastructural and morphometric studies to investigate morphological alterations during lymphocyte transformation on the nuclear profiles of follicular center, parafollicular and mantle zone lymphocytes in ten tonsillectomy cases of chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis. The nuclear parameters measured included nuclear area, contour index, frequency invagination and cleft, depth of invagination and nuclear diameters. Follicular centers contained a mixed population of lymphocytes consisting of untransformed (type 1), partially transformed (type 2) and fully transformed (type 3) lymphocytes. During lymphocyte transformation in both follicular, and parafollicular and mantle zones, the nuclei had a gradual and progressive increase in size. The nuclear contour index of type 2 nuclei of both follicular and parafollicular and mantle zones tended to be higher than those of type 1 and 3, indicating a greater degree of irregularity and variability of nuclear profiles. Invaginated and cleaved lymphocytes were not confined to me transformed lymphocytes. A considerable portion of lymphocytes had invaginations and clefts in parafollicular and mantle zone as well as follicular center. No difference on the depth of invagination was noted in type 1, type 2 and type 3 lymphocytes. The results indicate that some promise of the Lukes-Collins conepts of follicular center cells and the process of lymphocyte transformation in follicular centers may be necessary to revise

Case Reports

Malignant Granular Cell Tumor of the Shoulder: A case report.: Jae Hun Chung, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jong Hee Nam, Chan Choi, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(6):475-479.

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Abstract PDF: A malignant granular cell tumor (MGCT) occurred in the left shoulder of a 62-year-old man. The patient underwent wide marginal excision followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A metastatic tumor was identified in the axillary lymph node 22 months after the excision of the shoulder mass. The primary tumor was a poorly circumscribed mass measuring 5 5 4 cm. On cut section, it was a solid mass with yellowish tan color. Histologically, both primary and metastatic tumor consisted of polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm and a vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Two to three mitotic figures per ten high power fields at 200 were counted. Tumor cells were weakly stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) preparation both before and after diastase digestion, and were positive for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and vimentin. By electron microscopy, the cytoplasm was filled with numerous autophagolysosomes containing myelin figures, mitochondria, and fragmented rough endoplasmic reticula. Basal laminae and angulated bodies were also noted. These findings suggest schwannian differentiation of this tumor.

Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of Stomach: A case report.: Jung Weon Shim, Hye Kyung Ahn, Young Cheol Lee, Joo Seop Kim, Young Euy Park; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(6):666-668.

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Abstract PDF: A case of primary gastric carcinoma with patterns resembling those of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is reproted. This patient who represented high serum alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) underwent a subtotal gastrectomy for stomach cancer and lobectomy of liver metastasis. The hepatoid component of the tumor was characterized by solid nests of large polygonal cells arranged in cords and trabeculae, with central nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm; single-nuclear giant cells were frequently noted. These tumor cells of stomach stained positive immunohistochemically for AFP, ACT(alpha-1-antitrypsin), AACT(alpha-1-antichy-motrypsin). Thus, this hepatoid gastric adenocarcinoma tumor cells demonstrated both morphologic and immunohistochemical features of partial differentiation to the HCC. Careful histologic examination in conjunction with the immunohistochemical demonstration of AFP can provide a useful contribution to the diagnosis of this rare histological type of gastric carcinoma And the presence of metastatic hepatoid adenocarcinoma from the stomach should be considered in a patient with hepatic tumor mimicking HCC. Because of frequent venous and lymphatic invasion, as well as liver metastasis, prognosis appears to be poor. The authors reviewed 45 cases of hepatoid adenocarcinoma of stomach reported in the literature, also.

Original Article

Expression of Neuron Specific Enolase, Chromogranin, and Synaptophysin in Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumors.: Hyung Seok Kim, Jae Ha Hwang, Jong Jae Jung, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(8):588-596.

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Abstract PDF: The presence and distribution of pan-neuroendocrine markers such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin (CG), and synaptophysin (SYP) were investigated by immunohistochemistry in 15 cases of neuroblastic tumors, including four cases of neuroblastomas, six cases of ganglioneuroblastomas, and five cases of ganglioneuromas. Three cases of normal sympathetic ganglion were used for the normal control group. NSE was observed in all cases and both in ganglion cells and in neuropils. NSE was detected not only in the majority of the neuroblasts showing signs of differentiation, but also in some poorly differentiated neuroblasts. All cases of neuroblastic tumors were positive for CG, however, some variability of staining intensity and distribution patterns were noted. CG was found mainly in differentiated neuroblasts with enlarged cytoplasm and nuclei along the periphery of the perikaria, and was also found in the perinuclear regions of some undifferentiated cells. SYP was positive in 9 of 11 cases. In all of the 9 cases, SYP was detected in some differentiating neuroblasts and differentiated neuroblasts, as well as the mature ganglion cells. However, it has scarcely stained in dot or granular pattern. Two CG-negative tumors were also negative for SYP. Our data indicate that antibodies against NSE and CG are helpful as a diagnostic aid for neuroblastic tumors.

Case Report

Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma in a 58-year-old Woman: A case report.: Joo Heon Kim, Myoung Jae Kang, Dong Geun Lee, Ho Yeul Choi, Sang Ho Kim, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(1):122-125.

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Abstract: A case of left parietal pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma that occurred in a 58-year-old woman is reported clinicopathologically. Histopathologic diagnosis of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma was made because of the unique pleomorphic histologic features, positive glial fibrillary acidic protein in immunohistochemical staining. The flow cytometric analysis reveals DNA aneuploidy and relatively high S-phase fraction. The pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is considered as a special subgroup of glioma on the basis of superficial cortical location, GFAP expression, marked cellular atypia, xanthomatous cells, and relatively favorable prognosis.

Original Articles

Neurofilament Protein Subtype Expression in Neuronal Migration Disorders.: Hyun Sik Oh, Yoo Duk Choi, Hyun Joong Kim, Kyung Hwa Lee, Myoung Kyu Kim, Young Jong Woo, Jae Hyu Kim, Min Cheol Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(6):413-420.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Neuronal migration disorder (NMD) is one of the causes of medically intractable epilepsy. As neurosurgical treatments for medically intractable epilepsy have expanded recently, precise histopathologic diagnosis is required. Histopathologic grading of NMD is important due to its association with neocortical development and expectation of prognosis. Many studies revealed abnormalities of neuronal cytoskeletal protein in abnormal neuronal cells of NMD.
METHODS
We performed immunohistochemical staining for neurofilament protein (NF) subtypes, one of the neuronal cytoskeletal proteins, and investigated the staining pattern of specific cells in each grade of NMD.
RESULTS
NF-L was more intensely labeled in perikarya, dendrites, and axons of normal or small sized dysplastic neurons, cytomegalic neurons, and balloon cells than of normal-looking neurons. Furthermore, positive reaction was more intense in high-grade lesion. NF-H and NF-M were mainly positive in the axons of gray and white matter and weakly positive in a few cytomegalic neurons and some balloon cells.
CONCLUSION
NF-L is a better marker than NF-H and NF-M for the detection of normal or small sized dysplastic neurons, cytomegalic neurons, and balloon cells and for grading of NMD.

Morphologic Study on the Mesothelial Hyperplasia in the Rat.: Chan Choi, Min Cheol Lee, Kyu Hyuk Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 1985;19(2):160-167.

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Abstract PDF: Reactive mesothelial cells are frequently found in the smear, of body fludid dffusion when associated with liver cirrhosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, congestive heart failure or pulmonary infarction. But it is not easy to differentiate these reactive mesothelial cells from macrophages or various types of malignant cells. In order to investigate the morphology of hyperplastic mesothelial cells, in comparison with the various types of malignant cells in the effusion, this experiment was designed. The tissue reaction was evoked by intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 ml of 2% Talcum suspension. The results obtained were as follows: 1) On light microscopic observation of the tissure, until 5 days, cytoplasm and nucleus of mesothelial cells became larger and nucleoi became prominent. After then, cytoplasm and nucleus became smaller and at 28 days after injection of Talcum suspension, cellular features became similar to those of normal ones. 2) On cytologic observation of touch print specimens, hyperplastic mesothelial cells became round to oval, and their cytoplasm became conspicuous. Nuclei were vesicular, and nucleoi were prominent. N/C ratio was decreased than normal. 3) On electron microscopic observation, hyperplastic mesothelial cells did not have microvilli, but had a few cytoplasmic globular projections, loosely approximated cellular junctions, larger and more abundant intracytoplaomic vesicles when compared with normal one. Chromatin clumping, irregular thickening of nuclear membrane and prominent nucleoi were also noted.

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